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-# black
+[](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/)
-[](https://travis-ci.org/ambv/black)
+The Uncompromising Code Formatter
-> Any color you like.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+> âAny color you like.â
-*Black* is the uncompromising Python code formatter. By using it, you
-agree to cease control over minutiae of hand-formatting. In return,
-*Black* gives you speed, determinism, and freedom from `pycodestyle`
-nagging about formatting. You will save time and mental energy for
-more important matters.
+_Black_ is the uncompromising Python code formatter. By using it, you agree to cede
+control over minutiae of hand-formatting. In return, _Black_ gives you speed,
+determinism, and freedom from `pycodestyle` nagging about formatting. You will save time
+and mental energy for more important matters.
-Blackened code looks the same regardless of the project you're reading.
-Formatting becomes transparent after a while and you can focus on the
-content instead.
+Blackened code looks the same regardless of the project you're reading. Formatting
+becomes transparent after a while and you can focus on the content instead.
-*Black* makes code review faster by producing the smallest diffs
-possible.
+_Black_ makes code review faster by producing the smallest diffs possible.
+Try it out now using the [Black Playground](https://black.vercel.app). Watch the
+[PyCon 2019 talk](https://youtu.be/esZLCuWs_2Y) to learn more.
-## NOTE: This is an early pre-release
+---
-*Black* can already successfully format itself and the standard library.
-It also sports a decent test suite. However, it is still very new.
-Things will probably be wonky for a while. This is made explicit by the
-"Alpha" trove classifier, as well as by the "a" in the version number.
-What this means for you is that **until the formatter becomes stable,
-you should expect some formatting to change in the future**.
+**[Read the documentation on ReadTheDocs!](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable)**
-Also, as a temporary safety measure, *Black* will check that the
-reformatted code still produces a valid AST that is equivalent to the
-original. This slows it down. If you're feeling confident, use
-``--fast``.
+---
+## Installation and usage
-## Usage
+### Installation
-*Black* can be installed by running `pip install black`.
+_Black_ can be installed by running `pip install black`. It requires Python 3.8+ to run.
+If you want to format Jupyter Notebooks, install with `pip install "black[jupyter]"`.
-```
-black [OPTIONS] [SRC]...
-
-Options:
- -l, --line-length INTEGER Where to wrap around. [default: 88]
- --check Don't write back the files, just return the
- status. Return code 0 means nothing changed.
- Return code 1 means some files were reformatted.
- Return code 123 means there was an internal
- error.
- --fast / --safe If --fast given, skip temporary sanity checks.
- [default: --safe]
- --version Show the version and exit.
- --help Show this message and exit.
-```
-
-
-## The philosophy behind *Black*
-
-*Black* reformats entire files in place. It is not configurable. It
-doesn't take previous formatting into account. It doesn't reformat
-blocks that start with `# fmt: off` and end with `# fmt: on`. It also
-recognizes [YAPF](https://github.com/google/yapf)'s block comments to
-the same effect, as a courtesy for straddling code.
+If you can't wait for the latest _hotness_ and want to install from GitHub, use:
+`pip install git+https://github.com/psf/black`
-### How *Black* formats files
+### Usage
-*Black* ignores previous formatting and applies uniform horizontal
-and vertical whitespace to your code. The rules for horizontal
-whitespace are pretty obvious and can be summarized as: do whatever
-makes `pycodestyle` happy.
+To get started right away with sensible defaults:
-As for vertical whitespace, *Black* tries to render one full expression
-or simple statement per line. If this fits the allotted line length,
-great.
-```py3
-# in:
-l = [1,
- 2,
- 3,
-]
-
-# out:
-l = [1, 2, 3]
+```sh
+black {source_file_or_directory}
```
-If not, *Black* will look at the contents of the first outer matching
-brackets and put that in a separate indented line.
-```py3
-# in:
-l = [[n for n in list_bosses()], [n for n in list_employees()]]
+You can run _Black_ as a package if running it as a script doesn't work:
-# out:
-l = [
- [n for n in list_bosses()], [n for n in list_employees()]
-]
+```sh
+python -m black {source_file_or_directory}
```
-If that still doesn't fit the bill, it will decompose the internal
-expression further using the same rule, indenting matching brackets
-every time. If the contents of the matching brackets pair are
-comma-separated (like an argument list, or a dict literal, and so on)
-then *Black* will first try to keep them on the same line with the
-matching brackets. If that doesn't work, it will put all of them in
-separate lines.
-```py3
-# in:
-def very_important_function(template: str, *variables, file: os.PathLike, debug: bool = False):
- """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`."""
- with open(file, 'w') as f:
- ...
-
-# out:
-def very_important_function(
- template: str,
- *variables,
- file: os.PathLike,
- debug: bool = False,
-):
- """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`."""
- with open(file, 'w') as f:
- ...
-```
+Further information can be found in our docs:
-You might have noticed that closing brackets are always dedented and
-that a trailing comma is always added. Such formatting produces smaller
-diffs; when you add or remove an element, it's always just one line.
-Also, having the closing bracket dedented provides a clear delimiter
-between two distinct sections of the code that otherwise share the same
-indentation level (like the arguments list and the docstring in the
-example above).
-
-Unnecessary trailing commas are removed if an expression fits in one
-line. This makes it 1% more likely that your line won't exceed the
-allotted line length limit.
-
-*Black* avoids spurious vertical whitespace. This is in the spirit of
-PEP 8 which says that in-function vertical whitespace should only be
-used sparingly. One exception is control flow statements: *Black* will
-always emit an extra empty line after ``return``, ``raise``, ``break``,
-``continue``, and ``yield``. This is to make changes in control flow
-more prominent to readers of your code.
-
-That's it. The rest of the whitespace formatting rules follow PEP 8 and
-are designed to keep `pycodestyle` quiet.
-
-
-### Line length
-
-You probably noticed the peculiar default line length. *Black* defaults
-to 88 characters per line, which happens to be 10% over 80. This number
-was found to produce significantly shorter files than sticking with 80
-(the most popular), or even 79 (used by the standard library). In
-general, [90-ish seems like the wise choice](https://youtu.be/wf-BqAjZb8M?t=260).
-
-If you're paid by the line of code you write, you can pass
-`--line-length` with a lower number. *Black* will try to respect that.
-However, sometimes it won't be able to without breaking other rules. In
-those rare cases, auto-formatted code will exceed your allotted limit.
-
-You can also increase it, but remember that people with sight disabilities
-find it harder to work with line lengths exceeding 100 characters.
-It also adversely affects side-by-side diff review on typical screen
-resolutions. Long lines also make it harder to present code neatly
-in documentation or talk slides.
-
-If you're using Flake8, you can bump `max-line-length` to 88 and forget
-about it. Alternatively, use [Bugbear](https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8-bugbear)'s
-B950 warning instead of E501 and keep the max line length at 80 which
-you are probably already using. You'd do it like this:
-```ini
-[flake8]
-max-line-length = 80
-...
-select = C,E,F,W,B,B950
-ignore = E501
-```
+- [Usage and Configuration](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage_and_configuration/index.html)
-You'll find *Black*'s own .flake8 config file is configured like this.
-If you're curious about the reasoning behind B950, Bugbear's documentation
-explains it. The tl;dr is "it's like highway speed limits, we won't
-bother you if you overdo it by a few km/h".
+_Black_ is already [successfully used](https://github.com/psf/black#used-by) by many
+projects, small and big. _Black_ has a comprehensive test suite, with efficient parallel
+tests, and our own auto formatting and parallel Continuous Integration runner. Now that
+we have become stable, you should not expect large formatting changes in the future.
+Stylistic changes will mostly be responses to bug reports and support for new Python
+syntax. For more information please refer to the
+[The Black Code Style](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/index.html).
+Also, as a safety measure which slows down processing, _Black_ will check that the
+reformatted code still produces a valid AST that is effectively equivalent to the
+original (see the
+[Pragmatism](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/current_style.html#ast-before-and-after-formatting)
+section for details). If you're feeling confident, use `--fast`.
-### Editor integration
+## The _Black_ code style
-There is currently no integration with any text editors. Vim and
-Atom/Nuclide integration is planned by the author, others will require
-external contributions.
+_Black_ is a PEP 8 compliant opinionated formatter. _Black_ reformats entire files in
+place. Style configuration options are deliberately limited and rarely added. It doesn't
+take previous formatting into account (see
+[Pragmatism](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/current_style.html#pragmatism)
+for exceptions).
-Patches welcome! ⨠ð° â¨
+Our documentation covers the current _Black_ code style, but planned changes to it are
+also documented. They're both worth taking a look:
+- [The _Black_ Code Style: Current style](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/current_style.html)
+- [The _Black_ Code Style: Future style](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/future_style.html)
-## Testimonials
+Changes to the _Black_ code style are bound by the Stability Policy:
-**Dusty Phillips**, [writer](https://smile.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=dusty+phillips):
+- [The _Black_ Code Style: Stability Policy](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/index.html#stability-policy)
-> Black is opinionated so you don't have to be.
+Please refer to this document before submitting an issue. What seems like a bug might be
+intended behaviour.
-**Hynek Schlawack**, [creator of `attrs`](http://www.attrs.org/), core
-developer of Twisted and CPython:
+### Pragmatism
-> An auto-formatter that doesn't suck is all I want for Xmas!
+Early versions of _Black_ used to be absolutist in some respects. They took after its
+initial author. This was fine at the time as it made the implementation simpler and
+there were not many users anyway. Not many edge cases were reported. As a mature tool,
+_Black_ does make some exceptions to rules it otherwise holds.
-**Carl Meyer**, [Django](https://www.djangoproject.com/) core developer:
+- [The _Black_ code style: Pragmatism](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/current_style.html#pragmatism)
-> At least the name is good.
+Please refer to this document before submitting an issue just like with the document
+above. What seems like a bug might be intended behaviour.
-**Kenneth Reitz**, creator of [`requests`](http://python-requests.org/)
-and [`pipenv`](https://docs.pipenv.org/):
+## Configuration
-> This vastly improves the formatting of our code. Thanks a ton!
+_Black_ is able to read project-specific default values for its command line options
+from a `pyproject.toml` file. This is especially useful for specifying custom
+`--include` and `--exclude`/`--force-exclude`/`--extend-exclude` patterns for your
+project.
+You can find more details in our documentation:
-## Tests
+- [The basics: Configuration via a file](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage_and_configuration/the_basics.html#configuration-via-a-file)
-Just run:
+And if you're looking for more general configuration documentation:
-```
-python setup.py test
-```
+- [Usage and Configuration](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage_and_configuration/index.html)
-## This tool requires Python 3.6.0+ to run
+**Pro-tip**: If you're asking yourself "Do I need to configure anything?" the answer is
+"No". _Black_ is all about sensible defaults. Applying those defaults will have your
+code in compliance with many other _Black_ formatted projects.
-But you can reformat Python 2 code with it, too. *Black* is able to parse
-all of the new syntax supported on Python 3.6 but also *effectively all*
-the Python 2 syntax at the same time, as long as you're not using print
-statements.
+## Used by
-By making the code exclusively Python 3.6+, I'm able to focus on the
-quality of the formatting and re-use all the nice features of the new
-releases (check out [pathlib](https://docs.python.org/3/library/pathlib.html) or
-f-strings) instead of wasting cycles on Unicode compatibility, and so on.
+The following notable open-source projects trust _Black_ with enforcing a consistent
+code style: pytest, tox, Pyramid, Django, Django Channels, Hypothesis, attrs,
+SQLAlchemy, Poetry, PyPA applications (Warehouse, Bandersnatch, Pipenv, virtualenv),
+pandas, Pillow, Twisted, LocalStack, every Datadog Agent Integration, Home Assistant,
+Zulip, Kedro, OpenOA, FLORIS, ORBIT, WOMBAT, and many more.
+The following organizations use _Black_: Facebook, Dropbox, KeepTruckin, Lyft, Mozilla,
+Quora, Duolingo, QuantumBlack, Tesla, Archer Aviation.
-## License
+Are we missing anyone? Let us know.
-MIT
-
-
-## Contributing
+## Testimonials
-In terms of inspiration, *Black* is about as configurable as *gofmt* and
-*rustfmt* are. This is deliberate.
+**Mike Bayer**, [author of `SQLAlchemy`](https://www.sqlalchemy.org/):
-Bug reports and fixes are always welcome! However, before you suggest a
-new feature or configuration knob, ask yourself why you want it. If it
-enables better integration with some workflow, fixes an inconsistency,
-speeds things up, and so on - go for it! On the other hand, if your
-answer is "because I don't like a particular formatting" then you're not
-ready to embrace *Black* yet. Such changes are unlikely to get accepted.
-You can still try but prepare to be disappointed.
+> I can't think of any single tool in my entire programming career that has given me a
+> bigger productivity increase by its introduction. I can now do refactorings in about
+> 1% of the keystrokes that it would have taken me previously when we had no way for
+> code to format itself.
-More details can be found in [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md).
+**Dusty Phillips**,
+[writer](https://smile.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=dusty+phillips):
+> _Black_ is opinionated so you don't have to be.
-## Change Log
+**Hynek Schlawack**, [creator of `attrs`](https://www.attrs.org/), core developer of
+Twisted and CPython:
-### 18.3a3
+> An auto-formatter that doesn't suck is all I want for Xmas!
-* added ability to pipe formatting from stdin to stdin (#25)
+**Carl Meyer**, [Django](https://www.djangoproject.com/) core developer:
-### 18.3a2
+> At least the name is good.
-* changed positioning of binary operators to occur at beginning of lines
- instead of at the end, following [a recent change to PEP8](https://github.com/python/peps/commit/c59c4376ad233a62ca4b3a6060c81368bd21e85b)
- (#21)
+**Kenneth Reitz**, creator of [`requests`](https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
+and [`pipenv`](https://readthedocs.org/projects/pipenv/):
-* ignore empty bracket pairs while splitting. This avoids very weirdly
- looking formattings (#34, #35)
+> This vastly improves the formatting of our code. Thanks a ton!
-* remove a trailing comma if there is a single argument to a call
+## Show your style
-* if top level functions were separated by a comment, don't put four
- empty lines after the upper function
+Use the badge in your project's README.md:
-* fixed unstable formatting of newlines with imports
+```md
+[](https://github.com/psf/black)
+```
-* fixed unintentional folding of post scriptum standalone comments
- into last statement if it was a simple statement (#18, #28)
+Using the badge in README.rst:
-* fixed missing space in numpy-style array indexing (#33)
+```
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg
+ :target: https://github.com/psf/black
+```
-* fixed spurious space after star-based unary expressions (#31)
+Looks like this:
+[](https://github.com/psf/black)
+## License
-### 18.3a1
+MIT
-* added `--check`
+## Contributing
-* only put trailing commas in function signatures and calls if it's
- safe to do so. If the file is Python 3.6+ it's always safe, otherwise
- only safe if there are no `*args` or `**kwargs` used in the signature
- or call. (#8)
+Welcome! Happy to see you willing to make the project better. You can get started by
+reading this:
-* fixed invalid spacing of dots in relative imports (#6, #13)
+- [Contributing: The basics](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/the_basics.html)
-* fixed invalid splitting after comma on unpacked variables in for-loops
- (#23)
+You can also take a look at the rest of the contributing docs or talk with the
+developers:
-* fixed spurious space in parenthesized set expressions (#7)
+- [Contributing documentation](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/index.html)
+- [Chat on Discord](https://discord.gg/RtVdv86PrH)
-* fixed spurious space after opening parentheses and in default
- arguments (#14, #17)
+## Change log
-* fixed spurious space after unary operators when the operand was
- a complex expression (#15)
+The log has become rather long. It moved to its own file.
+See [CHANGES](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/latest/change_log.html).
-### 18.3a0
+## Authors
-* first published version, Happy ð° Day 2018!
+The author list is quite long nowadays, so it lives in its own file.
-* alpha quality
+See [AUTHORS.md](./AUTHORS.md)
-* date-versioned (see: https://calver.org/)
+## Code of Conduct
+Everyone participating in the _Black_ project, and in particular in the issue tracker,
+pull requests, and social media activity, is expected to treat other people with respect
+and more generally to follow the guidelines articulated in the
+[Python Community Code of Conduct](https://www.python.org/psf/codeofconduct/).
-## Authors
+At the same time, humor is encouraged. In fact, basic familiarity with Monty Python's
+Flying Circus is expected. We are not savages.
-Glued together by [Åukasz Langa](mailto:lukasz@langa.pl).
+And if you _really_ need to slap somebody, do it with a fish while dancing.