X-Git-Url: https://git.madduck.net/etc/vim.git/blobdiff_plain/1e0ec543ff3a7de715c8ee3359c8defb2c2c0e0d..07b68e2425d2caadc2edf8fe021f60a32c6f44a7:/src/black/linegen.py?ds=inline diff --git a/src/black/linegen.py b/src/black/linegen.py index 8cf32c9..a2e41bf 100644 --- a/src/black/linegen.py +++ b/src/black/linegen.py @@ -1,35 +1,67 @@ """ Generating lines of code. """ -from functools import partial, wraps import sys -from typing import Collection, Iterator, List, Optional, Set, Union - -from dataclasses import dataclass, field - -from black.nodes import WHITESPACE, RARROW, STATEMENT, STANDALONE_COMMENT -from black.nodes import ASSIGNMENTS, OPENING_BRACKETS, CLOSING_BRACKETS -from black.nodes import Visitor, syms, first_child_is_arith, ensure_visible -from black.nodes import is_docstring, is_empty_tuple, is_one_tuple, is_one_tuple_between -from black.nodes import is_walrus_assignment, is_yield, is_vararg, is_multiline_string -from black.nodes import is_stub_suite, is_stub_body, is_atom_with_invisible_parens -from black.nodes import wrap_in_parentheses -from black.brackets import max_delimiter_priority_in_atom -from black.brackets import DOT_PRIORITY, COMMA_PRIORITY -from black.lines import Line, line_to_string, is_line_short_enough -from black.lines import can_omit_invisible_parens, can_be_split, append_leaves -from black.comments import generate_comments, list_comments, FMT_OFF +from functools import partial, wraps +from typing import Collection, Iterator, List, Optional, Set, Union, cast + +from black.brackets import COMMA_PRIORITY, DOT_PRIORITY, max_delimiter_priority_in_atom +from black.comments import FMT_OFF, generate_comments, list_comments +from black.lines import ( + Line, + append_leaves, + can_be_split, + can_omit_invisible_parens, + is_line_short_enough, + line_to_string, +) +from black.mode import Feature, Mode, Preview +from black.nodes import ( + ASSIGNMENTS, + CLOSING_BRACKETS, + OPENING_BRACKETS, + RARROW, + STANDALONE_COMMENT, + STATEMENT, + WHITESPACE, + Visitor, + ensure_visible, + is_arith_like, + is_atom_with_invisible_parens, + is_docstring, + is_empty_tuple, + is_lpar_token, + is_multiline_string, + is_name_token, + is_one_sequence_between, + is_one_tuple, + is_rpar_token, + is_stub_body, + is_stub_suite, + is_vararg, + is_walrus_assignment, + is_yield, + syms, + wrap_in_parentheses, +) from black.numerics import normalize_numeric_literal -from black.strings import get_string_prefix, fix_docstring -from black.strings import normalize_string_prefix, normalize_string_quotes -from black.trans import Transformer, CannotTransform, StringMerger -from black.trans import StringSplitter, StringParenWrapper, StringParenStripper -from black.mode import Mode -from black.mode import Feature - -from blib2to3.pytree import Node, Leaf +from black.strings import ( + fix_docstring, + get_string_prefix, + normalize_string_prefix, + normalize_string_quotes, +) +from black.trans import ( + CannotTransform, + StringMerger, + StringParenStripper, + StringParenWrapper, + StringSplitter, + Transformer, + hug_power_op, +) from blib2to3.pgen2 import token - +from blib2to3.pytree import Leaf, Node # types LeafID = int @@ -40,7 +72,8 @@ class CannotSplit(CannotTransform): """A readable split that fits the allotted line length is impossible.""" -@dataclass +# This isn't a dataclass because @dataclass + Generic breaks mypyc. +# See also https://github.com/mypyc/mypyc/issues/827. class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): """Generates reformatted Line objects. Empty lines are not emitted. @@ -48,9 +81,10 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): in ways that will no longer stringify to valid Python code on the tree. """ - mode: Mode - remove_u_prefix: bool = False - current_line: Line = field(init=False) + def __init__(self, mode: Mode) -> None: + self.mode = mode + self.current_line: Line + self.__post_init__() def line(self, indent: int = 0) -> Iterator[Line]: """Generate a line. @@ -72,7 +106,7 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): """Default `visit_*()` implementation. Recurses to children of `node`.""" if isinstance(node, Leaf): any_open_brackets = self.current_line.bracket_tracker.any_open_brackets() - for comment in generate_comments(node): + for comment in generate_comments(node, preview=self.mode.preview): if any_open_brackets: # any comment within brackets is subject to splitting self.current_line.append(comment) @@ -90,9 +124,7 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): normalize_prefix(node, inside_brackets=any_open_brackets) if self.mode.string_normalization and node.type == token.STRING: - node.value = normalize_string_prefix( - node.value, remove_u_prefix=self.remove_u_prefix - ) + node.value = normalize_string_prefix(node.value) node.value = normalize_string_quotes(node.value) if node.type == token.NUMBER: normalize_numeric_literal(node) @@ -126,7 +158,7 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): """Visit a statement. This implementation is shared for `if`, `while`, `for`, `try`, `except`, - `def`, `with`, `class`, `assert`, `match`, `case` and assignments. + `def`, `with`, `class`, `assert`, and assignments. The relevant Python language `keywords` for a given statement will be NAME leaves within it. This methods puts those on a separate line. @@ -134,13 +166,48 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): `parens` holds a set of string leaf values immediately after which invisible parens should be put. """ - normalize_invisible_parens(node, parens_after=parens) + normalize_invisible_parens(node, parens_after=parens, preview=self.mode.preview) for child in node.children: - if child.type == token.NAME and child.value in keywords: # type: ignore + if is_name_token(child) and child.value in keywords: yield from self.line() yield from self.visit(child) + def visit_funcdef(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]: + """Visit function definition.""" + if Preview.annotation_parens not in self.mode: + yield from self.visit_stmt(node, keywords={"def"}, parens=set()) + else: + yield from self.line() + + # Remove redundant brackets around return type annotation. + is_return_annotation = False + for child in node.children: + if child.type == token.RARROW: + is_return_annotation = True + elif is_return_annotation: + if child.type == syms.atom and child.children[0].type == token.LPAR: + if maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom( + child, + parent=node, + remove_brackets_around_comma=False, + ): + wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=False) + else: + wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=False) + is_return_annotation = False + + for child in node.children: + yield from self.visit(child) + + def visit_match_case(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]: + """Visit either a match or case statement.""" + normalize_invisible_parens(node, parens_after=set(), preview=self.mode.preview) + + yield from self.line() + for child in node.children: + yield from self.visit(child) + def visit_suite(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]: """Visit a suite.""" if self.mode.is_pyi and is_stub_suite(node): @@ -150,8 +217,12 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): def visit_simple_stmt(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]: """Visit a statement without nested statements.""" - if first_child_is_arith(node): - wrap_in_parentheses(node, node.children[0], visible=False) + prev_type: Optional[int] = None + for child in node.children: + if (prev_type is None or prev_type == token.SEMI) and is_arith_like(child): + wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=False) + prev_type = child.type + is_suite_like = node.parent and node.parent.type in STATEMENT if is_suite_like: if self.mode.is_pyi and is_stub_body(node): @@ -178,7 +249,9 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): for child in children: yield from self.visit(child) - if child.type == token.ASYNC: + if child.type == token.ASYNC or child.type == STANDALONE_COMMENT: + # STANDALONE_COMMENT happens when `# fmt: skip` is applied on the async + # line. break internal_stmt = next(children) @@ -191,6 +264,31 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): yield from self.line() yield from self.visit(child) + def visit_power(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]: + for idx, leaf in enumerate(node.children[:-1]): + next_leaf = node.children[idx + 1] + + if not isinstance(leaf, Leaf): + continue + + value = leaf.value.lower() + if ( + leaf.type == token.NUMBER + and next_leaf.type == syms.trailer + # Ensure that we are in an attribute trailer + and next_leaf.children[0].type == token.DOT + # It shouldn't wrap hexadecimal, binary and octal literals + and not value.startswith(("0x", "0b", "0o")) + # It shouldn't wrap complex literals + and "j" not in value + ): + wrap_in_parentheses(node, leaf) + + if Preview.remove_redundant_parens in self.mode: + remove_await_parens(node) + + yield from self.visit_default(node) + def visit_SEMI(self, leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]: """Remove a semicolon and put the other statement on a separate line.""" yield from self.line() @@ -226,7 +324,24 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): if is_docstring(leaf) and "\\\n" not in leaf.value: # We're ignoring docstrings with backslash newline escapes because changing # indentation of those changes the AST representation of the code. - docstring = normalize_string_prefix(leaf.value, self.remove_u_prefix) + if Preview.normalize_docstring_quotes_and_prefixes_properly in self.mode: + # There was a bug where --skip-string-normalization wouldn't stop us + # from normalizing docstring prefixes. To maintain stability, we can + # only address this buggy behaviour while the preview style is enabled. + if self.mode.string_normalization: + docstring = normalize_string_prefix(leaf.value) + # visit_default() does handle string normalization for us, but + # since this method acts differently depending on quote style (ex. + # see padding logic below), there's a possibility for unstable + # formatting as visit_default() is called *after*. To avoid a + # situation where this function formats a docstring differently on + # the second pass, normalize it early. + docstring = normalize_string_quotes(docstring) + else: + docstring = leaf.value + else: + # ... otherwise, we'll keep the buggy behaviour >.< + docstring = normalize_string_prefix(leaf.value) prefix = get_string_prefix(docstring) docstring = docstring[len(prefix) :] # Remove the prefix quote_char = docstring[0] @@ -238,9 +353,9 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): quote_len = 1 if docstring[1] != quote_char else 3 docstring = docstring[quote_len:-quote_len] docstring_started_empty = not docstring + indent = " " * 4 * self.current_line.depth if is_multiline_string(leaf): - indent = " " * 4 * self.current_line.depth docstring = fix_docstring(docstring, indent) else: docstring = docstring.strip() @@ -262,7 +377,30 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): # We could enforce triple quotes at this point. quote = quote_char * quote_len - leaf.value = prefix + quote + docstring + quote + + # It's invalid to put closing single-character quotes on a new line. + if Preview.long_docstring_quotes_on_newline in self.mode and quote_len == 3: + # We need to find the length of the last line of the docstring + # to find if we can add the closing quotes to the line without + # exceeding the maximum line length. + # If docstring is one line, then we need to add the length + # of the indent, prefix, and starting quotes. Ending quotes are + # handled later. + lines = docstring.splitlines() + last_line_length = len(lines[-1]) if docstring else 0 + + if len(lines) == 1: + last_line_length += len(indent) + len(prefix) + quote_len + + # If adding closing quotes would cause the last line to exceed + # the maximum line length then put a line break before the + # closing quotes + if last_line_length + quote_len > self.mode.line_length: + leaf.value = prefix + quote + docstring + "\n" + indent + quote + else: + leaf.value = prefix + quote + docstring + quote + else: + leaf.value = prefix + quote + docstring + quote yield from self.visit_default(leaf) @@ -281,9 +419,14 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): self.visit_try_stmt = partial( v, keywords={"try", "except", "else", "finally"}, parens=Ø ) - self.visit_except_clause = partial(v, keywords={"except"}, parens=Ø) - self.visit_with_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"with"}, parens=Ø) - self.visit_funcdef = partial(v, keywords={"def"}, parens=Ø) + if self.mode.preview: + self.visit_except_clause = partial( + v, keywords={"except"}, parens={"except"} + ) + self.visit_with_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"with"}, parens={"with"}) + else: + self.visit_except_clause = partial(v, keywords={"except"}, parens=Ø) + self.visit_with_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"with"}, parens=Ø) self.visit_classdef = partial(v, keywords={"class"}, parens=Ø) self.visit_expr_stmt = partial(v, keywords=Ø, parens=ASSIGNMENTS) self.visit_return_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"return"}, parens={"return"}) @@ -293,8 +436,8 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]): self.visit_decorated = self.visit_decorators # PEP 634 - self.visit_match_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"match"}, parens=Ø) - self.visit_case_block = partial(v, keywords={"case"}, parens=Ø) + self.visit_match_stmt = self.visit_match_case + self.visit_case_block = self.visit_match_case def transform_line( @@ -331,7 +474,7 @@ def transform_line( and not (line.inside_brackets and line.contains_standalone_comments()) ): # Only apply basic string preprocessing, since lines shouldn't be split here. - if mode.experimental_string_processing: + if Preview.string_processing in mode: transformers = [string_merge, string_paren_strip] else: transformers = [] @@ -339,7 +482,9 @@ def transform_line( transformers = [left_hand_split] else: - def rhs(line: Line, features: Collection[Feature]) -> Iterator[Line]: + def _rhs( + self: object, line: Line, features: Collection[Feature] + ) -> Iterator[Line]: """Wraps calls to `right_hand_split`. The calls increasingly `omit` right-hand trailers (bracket pairs with @@ -366,7 +511,13 @@ def transform_line( line, line_length=mode.line_length, features=features ) - if mode.experimental_string_processing: + # HACK: nested functions (like _rhs) compiled by mypyc don't retain their + # __name__ attribute which is needed in `run_transformer` further down. + # Unfortunately a nested class breaks mypyc too. So a class must be created + # via type ... https://github.com/mypyc/mypyc/issues/884 + rhs = type("rhs", (), {"__call__": _rhs})() + + if Preview.string_processing in mode: if line.inside_brackets: transformers = [ string_merge, @@ -390,6 +541,9 @@ def transform_line( transformers = [delimiter_split, standalone_comment_split, rhs] else: transformers = [rhs] + # It's always safe to attempt hugging of power operations and pretty much every line + # could match. + transformers.append(hug_power_op) for transform in transformers: # We are accumulating lines in `result` because we might want to abort @@ -424,7 +578,10 @@ def left_hand_split(line: Line, _features: Collection[Feature] = ()) -> Iterator current_leaves is body_leaves and leaf.type in CLOSING_BRACKETS and leaf.opening_bracket is matching_bracket + and isinstance(matching_bracket, Leaf) ): + ensure_visible(leaf) + ensure_visible(matching_bracket) current_leaves = tail_leaves if body_leaves else head_leaves current_leaves.append(leaf) if current_leaves is head_leaves: @@ -500,7 +657,7 @@ def right_hand_split( # there are no standalone comments in the body and not body.contains_standalone_comments(0) # and we can actually remove the parens - and can_omit_invisible_parens(body, line_length, omit_on_explode=omit) + and can_omit_invisible_parens(body, line_length) ): omit = {id(closing_bracket), *omit} try: @@ -622,9 +779,9 @@ def dont_increase_indentation(split_func: Transformer) -> Transformer: @wraps(split_func) def split_wrapper(line: Line, features: Collection[Feature] = ()) -> Iterator[Line]: - for line in split_func(line, features): - normalize_prefix(line.leaves[0], inside_brackets=True) - yield line + for split_line in split_func(line, features): + normalize_prefix(split_line.leaves[0], inside_brackets=True) + yield split_line return split_wrapper @@ -759,7 +916,9 @@ def normalize_prefix(leaf: Leaf, *, inside_brackets: bool) -> None: leaf.prefix = "" -def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None: +def normalize_invisible_parens( + node: Node, parens_after: Set[str], *, preview: bool +) -> None: """Make existing optional parentheses invisible or create new ones. `parens_after` is a set of string leaf values immediately after which parens @@ -768,7 +927,7 @@ def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None: Standardizes on visible parentheses for single-element tuples, and keeps existing visible parentheses for other tuples and generator expressions. """ - for pc in list_comments(node.prefix, is_endmarker=False): + for pc in list_comments(node.prefix, is_endmarker=False, preview=preview): if pc.value in FMT_OFF: # This `node` has a prefix with `# fmt: off`, don't mess with parens. return @@ -777,7 +936,9 @@ def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None: # Fixes a bug where invisible parens are not properly stripped from # assignment statements that contain type annotations. if isinstance(child, Node) and child.type == syms.annassign: - normalize_invisible_parens(child, parens_after=parens_after) + normalize_invisible_parens( + child, parens_after=parens_after, preview=preview + ) # Add parentheses around long tuple unpacking in assignments. if ( @@ -788,45 +949,164 @@ def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None: check_lpar = True if check_lpar: - if child.type == syms.atom: - if maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(child, parent=node): + if ( + preview + and child.type == syms.atom + and node.type == syms.for_stmt + and isinstance(child.prev_sibling, Leaf) + and child.prev_sibling.type == token.NAME + and child.prev_sibling.value == "for" + ): + if maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom( + child, + parent=node, + remove_brackets_around_comma=True, + ): + wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=False) + elif preview and isinstance(child, Node) and node.type == syms.with_stmt: + remove_with_parens(child, node) + elif child.type == syms.atom: + if maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom( + child, + parent=node, + ): wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=False) elif is_one_tuple(child): wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=True) elif node.type == syms.import_from: # "import from" nodes store parentheses directly as part of # the statement - if child.type == token.LPAR: + if is_lpar_token(child): + assert is_rpar_token(node.children[-1]) # make parentheses invisible - child.value = "" # type: ignore - node.children[-1].value = "" # type: ignore + child.value = "" + node.children[-1].value = "" elif child.type != token.STAR: # insert invisible parentheses node.insert_child(index, Leaf(token.LPAR, "")) node.append_child(Leaf(token.RPAR, "")) break + elif ( + index == 1 + and child.type == token.STAR + and node.type == syms.except_clause + ): + # In except* (PEP 654), the star is actually part of + # of the keyword. So we need to skip the insertion of + # invisible parentheses to work more precisely. + continue elif not (isinstance(child, Leaf) and is_multiline_string(child)): wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=False) - check_lpar = isinstance(child, Leaf) and child.value in parens_after + comma_check = child.type == token.COMMA if preview else False + + check_lpar = isinstance(child, Leaf) and ( + child.value in parens_after or comma_check + ) -def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node: LN, parent: LN) -> bool: +def remove_await_parens(node: Node) -> None: + if node.children[0].type == token.AWAIT and len(node.children) > 1: + if ( + node.children[1].type == syms.atom + and node.children[1].children[0].type == token.LPAR + ): + if maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom( + node.children[1], + parent=node, + remove_brackets_around_comma=True, + ): + wrap_in_parentheses(node, node.children[1], visible=False) + + # Since await is an expression we shouldn't remove + # brackets in cases where this would change + # the AST due to operator precedence. + # Therefore we only aim to remove brackets around + # power nodes that aren't also await expressions themselves. + # https://peps.python.org/pep-0492/#updated-operator-precedence-table + # N.B. We've still removed any redundant nested brackets though :) + opening_bracket = cast(Leaf, node.children[1].children[0]) + closing_bracket = cast(Leaf, node.children[1].children[-1]) + bracket_contents = cast(Node, node.children[1].children[1]) + if bracket_contents.type != syms.power: + ensure_visible(opening_bracket) + ensure_visible(closing_bracket) + elif ( + bracket_contents.type == syms.power + and bracket_contents.children[0].type == token.AWAIT + ): + ensure_visible(opening_bracket) + ensure_visible(closing_bracket) + # If we are in a nested await then recurse down. + remove_await_parens(bracket_contents) + + +def remove_with_parens(node: Node, parent: Node) -> None: + """Recursively hide optional parens in `with` statements.""" + # Removing all unnecessary parentheses in with statements in one pass is a tad + # complex as different variations of bracketed statements result in pretty + # different parse trees: + # + # with (open("file")) as f: # this is an asexpr_test + # ... + # + # with (open("file") as f): # this is an atom containing an + # ... # asexpr_test + # + # with (open("file")) as f, (open("file")) as f: # this is asexpr_test, COMMA, + # ... # asexpr_test + # + # with (open("file") as f, open("file") as f): # an atom containing a + # ... # testlist_gexp which then + # # contains multiple asexpr_test(s) + if node.type == syms.atom: + if maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom( + node, + parent=parent, + remove_brackets_around_comma=True, + ): + wrap_in_parentheses(parent, node, visible=False) + if isinstance(node.children[1], Node): + remove_with_parens(node.children[1], node) + elif node.type == syms.testlist_gexp: + for child in node.children: + if isinstance(child, Node): + remove_with_parens(child, node) + elif node.type == syms.asexpr_test and not any( + leaf.type == token.COLONEQUAL for leaf in node.leaves() + ): + if maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom( + node.children[0], + parent=node, + remove_brackets_around_comma=True, + ): + wrap_in_parentheses(node, node.children[0], visible=False) + + +def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom( + node: LN, + parent: LN, + remove_brackets_around_comma: bool = False, +) -> bool: """If it's safe, make the parens in the atom `node` invisible, recursively. Additionally, remove repeated, adjacent invisible parens from the atom `node` as they are redundant. Returns whether the node should itself be wrapped in invisible parentheses. - """ - if ( node.type != syms.atom or is_empty_tuple(node) or is_one_tuple(node) or (is_yield(node) and parent.type != syms.expr_stmt) - or max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node) >= COMMA_PRIORITY + or ( + # This condition tries to prevent removing non-optional brackets + # around a tuple, however, can be a bit overzealous so we provide + # and option to skip this check for `for` and `with` statements. + not remove_brackets_around_comma + and max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node) >= COMMA_PRIORITY + ) ): return False @@ -844,12 +1124,16 @@ def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node: LN, parent: LN) -> bool: first = node.children[0] last = node.children[-1] - if first.type == token.LPAR and last.type == token.RPAR: + if is_lpar_token(first) and is_rpar_token(last): middle = node.children[1] # make parentheses invisible - first.value = "" # type: ignore - last.value = "" # type: ignore - maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(middle, parent=parent) + first.value = "" + last.value = "" + maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom( + middle, + parent=parent, + remove_brackets_around_comma=remove_brackets_around_comma, + ) if is_atom_with_invisible_parens(middle): # Strip the invisible parens from `middle` by replacing @@ -924,7 +1208,8 @@ def generate_trailers_to_omit(line: Line, line_length: int) -> Iterator[Set[Leaf if ( prev and prev.type == token.COMMA - and not is_one_tuple_between( + and leaf.opening_bracket is not None + and not is_one_sequence_between( leaf.opening_bracket, leaf, line.leaves ) ): @@ -951,7 +1236,8 @@ def generate_trailers_to_omit(line: Line, line_length: int) -> Iterator[Set[Leaf if ( prev and prev.type == token.COMMA - and not is_one_tuple_between(leaf.opening_bracket, leaf, line.leaves) + and leaf.opening_bracket is not None + and not is_one_sequence_between(leaf.opening_bracket, leaf, line.leaves) ): # Never omit bracket pairs with trailing commas. # We need to explode on those. @@ -980,7 +1266,7 @@ def run_transformer( result.extend(transform_line(transformed_line, mode=mode, features=features)) if ( - transform.__name__ != "rhs" + transform.__class__.__name__ != "rhs" or not line.bracket_tracker.invisible or any(bracket.value for bracket in line.bracket_tracker.invisible) or line.contains_multiline_strings()