X-Git-Url: https://git.madduck.net/etc/vim.git/blobdiff_plain/b38a3b94bde9a2f651fe1e9df452de0fd28eb577..c891c65b6b2de7c257244cc409276b485130c275:/README.md?ds=inline diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 4d5f159..57f3ac2 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ *Black* is the uncompromising Python code formatter. By using it, you -agree to cease control over minutiae of hand-formatting. In return, +agree to cede control over minutiae of hand-formatting. In return, *Black* gives you speed, determinism, and freedom from `pycodestyle` nagging about formatting. You will save time and mental energy for more important matters. @@ -27,44 +27,44 @@ content instead. possible. -## NOTE: This is an early pre-release +## Installation and Usage -*Black* can already successfully format itself and the standard library. -It also sports a decent test suite. However, it is still very new. -Things will probably be wonky for a while. This is made explicit by the -"Alpha" trove classifier, as well as by the "a" in the version number. -What this means for you is that **until the formatter becomes stable, -you should expect some formatting to change in the future**. - -Also, as a temporary safety measure, *Black* will check that the -reformatted code still produces a valid AST that is equivalent to the -original. This slows it down. If you're feeling confident, use -``--fast``. - - -## Installation +### Installation *Black* can be installed by running `pip install black`. It requires Python 3.6.0+ to run but you can reformat Python 2 code with it, too. -*Black* is able to parse all of the new syntax supported on Python 3.6 -but also *effectively all* the Python 2 syntax at the same time. -## Usage +### Usage +To get started right away with sensible defaults: ``` +black {source_file_or_directory} +``` + +### Command line options + +Black doesn't provide many options. You can list them by running +`black --help`: + +```text black [OPTIONS] [SRC]... Options: -l, --line-length INTEGER Where to wrap around. [default: 88] - --check Don't write back the files, just return the + --check Don't write the files back, just return the status. Return code 0 means nothing would change. Return code 1 means some files would be reformatted. Return code 123 means there was an internal error. + --diff Don't write the files back, just output a diff + for each file on stdout. --fast / --safe If --fast given, skip temporary sanity checks. [default: --safe] + -q, --quiet Don't emit non-error messages to stderr. Errors + are still emitted, silence those with + 2>/dev/null. --version Show the version and exit. --help Show this message and exit. ``` @@ -74,11 +74,28 @@ Options: * it will read from standard input and write to standard output if `-` is used as the filename; * it only outputs messages to users on standard error; -* exits with code 0 unless an internal error occured (or `--check` was +* exits with code 0 unless an internal error occurred (or `--check` was used). -## The philosophy behind *Black* +### NOTE: This is a beta product + +*Black* is already successfully used by several projects, small and big. +It also sports a decent test suite. However, it is still very new. +Things will probably be wonky for a while. This is made explicit by the +"Beta" trove classifier, as well as by the "b" in the version number. +What this means for you is that **until the formatter becomes stable, +you should expect some formatting to change in the future**. That being +said, no drastic stylistic changes are planned, mostly responses to bug +reports. + +Also, as a temporary safety measure, *Black* will check that the +reformatted code still produces a valid AST that is equivalent to the +original. This slows it down. If you're feeling confident, use +``--fast``. + + +## The *Black* code style *Black* reformats entire files in place. It is not configurable. It doesn't take previous formatting into account. It doesn't reformat @@ -87,12 +104,13 @@ recognizes [YAPF](https://github.com/google/yapf)'s block comments to the same effect, as a courtesy for straddling code. -### How *Black* formats files +### How *Black* wraps lines *Black* ignores previous formatting and applies uniform horizontal and vertical whitespace to your code. The rules for horizontal -whitespace are pretty obvious and can be summarized as: do whatever -makes `pycodestyle` happy. +whitespace can be summarized as: do whatever makes `pycodestyle` happy. +The coding style used by *Black* can be viewed as a strict subset of +PEP 8. As for vertical whitespace, *Black* tries to render one full expression or simple statement per line. If this fits the allotted line length, @@ -115,13 +133,13 @@ brackets and put that in a separate indented line. ```py3 # in: -l = [[n for n in list_bosses()], [n for n in list_employees()]] +TracebackException.from_exception(exc, limit, lookup_lines, capture_locals) # out: -l = [ - [n for n in list_bosses()], [n for n in list_employees()] -] +TracebackException.from_exception( + exc, limit, lookup_lines, capture_locals +) ``` If that still doesn't fit the bill, it will decompose the internal @@ -148,7 +166,7 @@ def very_important_function( debug: bool = False, ): """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`.""" - with open(file, 'w') as f: + with open(file, "w") as f: ... ``` @@ -160,19 +178,13 @@ between two distinct sections of the code that otherwise share the same indentation level (like the arguments list and the docstring in the example above). -Unnecessary trailing commas are removed if an expression fits in one -line. This makes it 1% more likely that your line won't exceed the -allotted line length limit. - -*Black* avoids spurious vertical whitespace. This is in the spirit of -PEP 8 which says that in-function vertical whitespace should only be -used sparingly. One exception is control flow statements: *Black* will -always emit an extra empty line after ``return``, ``raise``, ``break``, -``continue``, and ``yield``. This is to make changes in control flow -more prominent to readers of your code. - -That's it. The rest of the whitespace formatting rules follow PEP 8 and -are designed to keep `pycodestyle` quiet. +If a data structure literal (tuple, list, set, dict) or a line of "from" +imports cannot fit in the allotted length, it's always split into one +element per line. This minimizes diffs as well as enables readers of +code to find which commit introduced a particular entry. This also +makes *Black* compatible with [isort](https://pypi.org/p/isort/). Use +`multi_line_output=3`, `include_trailing_comma=True`, +`force_grid_wrap=0`, and `line_length=88` in your isort config. ### Line length @@ -214,23 +226,309 @@ bother you if you overdo it by a few km/h". ### Empty lines -*Black* will allow single empty lines left by the original editors, -except when they're added within parenthesized expressions. Since such -expressions are always reformatted to fit minimal space, this whitespace -is lost. +*Black* avoids spurious vertical whitespace. This is in the spirit of +PEP 8 which says that in-function vertical whitespace should only be +used sparingly. + +*Black* will allow single empty lines inside functions, and single and +double empty lines on module level left by the original editors, except +when they're within parenthesized expressions. Since such expressions +are always reformatted to fit minimal space, this whitespace is lost. It will also insert proper spacing before and after function definitions. It's one line before and after inner functions and two lines before and -after module-level functions. *Black* will put those empty lines also -between the function definition and any standalone comments that -immediately precede the given function. If you want to comment on the -entire function, use a docstring or put a leading comment in the function -body. +after module-level functions. *Black* will not put empty lines between +function/class definitions and standalone comments that immediately precede +the given function/class. + + +### Trailing commas + +*Black* will add trailing commas to expressions that are split +by comma where each element is on its own line. This includes function +signatures. + +Unnecessary trailing commas are removed if an expression fits in one +line. This makes it 1% more likely that your line won't exceed the +allotted line length limit. Moreover, in this scenario, if you added +another argument to your call, you'd probably fit it in the same line +anyway. That doesn't make diffs any larger. + +One exception to removing trailing commas is tuple expressions with +just one element. In this case *Black* won't touch the single trailing +comma as this would unexpectedly change the underlying data type. Note +that this is also the case when commas are used while indexing. This is +a tuple in disguise: ```numpy_array[3, ]```. + +One exception to adding trailing commas is function signatures +containing `*`, `*args`, or `**kwargs`. In this case a trailing comma +is only safe to use on Python 3.6. *Black* will detect if your file is +already 3.6+ only and use trailing commas in this situation. If you +wonder how it knows, it looks for f-strings and existing use of trailing +commas in function signatures that have stars in them. In other words, +if you'd like a trailing comma in this situation and *Black* didn't +recognize it was safe to do so, put it there manually and *Black* will +keep it. + + +### Strings + +*Black* prefers double quotes (`"` and `"""`) over single quotes (`'` +and `'''`). It will replace the latter with the former as long as it +does not result in more backslash escapes than before. + +*Black* also standardizes string prefixes, making them always lowercase. +On top of that, if your code is already Python 3.6+ only or it's using +the `unicode_literals` future import, *Black* will remove `u` from the +string prefix as it is meaningless in those scenarios. + +The main reason to standardize on a single form of quotes is aesthetics. +Having one kind of quotes everywhere reduces reader distraction. +It will also enable a future version of *Black* to merge consecutive +string literals that ended up on the same line (see +[#26](https://github.com/ambv/black/issues/26) for details). + +Why settle on double quotes? They anticipate apostrophes in English +text. They match the docstring standard described in PEP 257. An +empty string in double quotes (`""`) is impossible to confuse with +a one double-quote regardless of fonts and syntax highlighting used. +On top of this, double quotes for strings are consistent with C which +Python interacts a lot with. + +On certain keyboard layouts like US English, typing single quotes is +a bit easier than double quotes. The latter requires use of the Shift +key. My recommendation here is to keep using whatever is faster to type +and let *Black* handle the transformation. + + +### Line Breaks & Binary Operators + +*Black* will break a line before a binary operator when splitting a block +of code over multiple lines. This is so that *Black* is compliant with the +recent changes in the [PEP 8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#should-a-line-break-before-or-after-a-binary-operator) +style guide, which emphasizes that this approach improves readability. + +This behaviour may raise ``W503 line break before binary operator`` warnings in +style guide enforcement tools like Flake8. Since ``W503`` is not PEP 8 compliant, +you should tell Flake8 to ignore these warnings. + + +### Slices + +PEP 8 [recommends](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#whitespace-in-expressions-and-statements) +to treat ``:`` in slices as a binary operator with the lowest priority, and to +leave an equal amount of space on either side, except if a parameter is omitted +(e.g. ``ham[1 + 1 :]``). It also states that for extended slices, both ``:`` +operators have to have the same amount of spacing, except if a parameter is +omitted (``ham[1 + 1 ::]``). *Black* enforces these rules consistently. + +This behaviour may raise ``E203 whitespace before ':'`` warnings in style guide +enforcement tools like Flake8. Since ``E203`` is not PEP 8 compliant, you should +tell Flake8 to ignore these warnings. + + +### Parentheses + +Some parentheses are optional in the Python grammar. Any expression can +be wrapped in a pair of parentheses to form an atom. There are a few +interesting cases: + +- `if (...):` +- `while (...):` +- `for (...) in (...):` +- `assert (...), (...)` +- `from X import (...)` +- assignments like: + - `target = (...)` + - `target: type = (...)` + - `some, *un, packing = (...)` + - `augmented += (...)` + +In those cases, parentheses are removed when the entire statement fits +in one line, or if the inner expression doesn't have any delimiters to +further split on. If there is only a single delimiter and the expression +starts or ends with a bracket, the parenthesis can also be successfully +omitted since the existing bracket pair will organize the expression +neatly anyway. Otherwise, the parentheses are added. + +Please note that *Black* does not add or remove any additional nested +parentheses that you might want to have for clarity or further +code organization. For example those parentheses are not going to be +removed: +```py3 +return not (this or that) +decision = (maybe.this() and values > 0) or (maybe.that() and values < 0) +``` + + +### Call chains + +Some popular APIs, like ORMs, use call chaining. This API style is known +as a [fluent interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface). +*Black* formats those treating dots that follow a call or an indexing +operation like a very low priority delimiter. It's easier to show the +behavior than to explain it. Look at the example: +```py3 +def example(session): + result = ( + session.query(models.Customer.id) + .filter( + models.Customer.account_id == account_id, + models.Customer.email == email_address, + ) + .order_by(models.Customer.id.asc()) + .all() + ) +``` + + +### Typing stub files + +PEP 484 describes the syntax for type hints in Python. One of the +use cases for typing is providing type annotations for modules which +cannot contain them directly (they might be written in C, or they might +be third-party, or their implementation may be overly dynamic, and so on). + +To solve this, [stub files with the `.pyi` file +extension](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484/#stub-files) can be +used to describe typing information for an external module. Those stub +files omit the implementation of classes and functions they +describe, instead they only contain the structure of the file (listing +globals, functions, and classes with their members). The recommended +code style for those files is more terse than PEP 8: + +* prefer `...` on the same line as the class/function signature; +* avoid vertical whitespace between consecutive module-level functions, + names, or methods and fields within a single class; +* use a single blank line between top-level class definitions, or none + if the classes are very small. + +*Black* enforces the above rules. There are additional guidelines for +formatting `.pyi` file that are not enforced yet but might be in +a future version of the formatter: + +* all function bodies should be empty (contain `...` instead of the body); +* do not use docstrings; +* prefer `...` over `pass`; +* for arguments with a default, use `...` instead of the actual default; +* avoid using string literals in type annotations, stub files support + forward references natively (like Python 3.7 code with `from __future__ + import annotations`); +* use variable annotations instead of type comments, even for stubs that + target older versions of Python; +* for arguments that default to `None`, use `Optional[]` explicitly; +* use `float` instead of `Union[int, float]`. + + +## Editor integration + +### Emacs + +Use [proofit404/blacken](https://github.com/proofit404/blacken). + + +### PyCharm + +1. Install `black`. + + $ pip install black + +2. Locate your `black` installation folder. + + On MacOS / Linux / BSD: + + $ which black + /usr/local/bin/black # possible location + + On Windows: + + $ where black + %LocalAppData%\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts\black.exe # possible location + +3. Open External tools in PyCharm with `File -> Settings -> Tools -> External Tools`. + +4. Click the + icon to add a new external tool with the following values: + - Name: Black + - Description: Black is the uncompromising Python code formatter. + - Program: