X-Git-Url: https://git.madduck.net/etc/vim.git/blobdiff_plain/f62f1ddc2fee683aeae55d1fea71fee77184cd2d..7a2956811534d7d20128ba6e911721749052b627:/README.md diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 3baffd3..32db2bf 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,15 +1,16 @@ -![Black Logo](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/black/master/docs/_static/logo2-readme.png) +![Black Logo](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/black/main/docs/_static/logo2-readme.png)

The Uncompromising Code Formatter

-Build Status Actions Status +Actions Status Documentation Status -Coverage Status -License: MIT +Coverage Status +License: MIT PyPI Downloads +conda-forge Code style: black

@@ -25,19 +26,12 @@ becomes transparent after a while and you can focus on the content instead. _Black_ makes code review faster by producing the smallest diffs possible. -Try it out now using the [Black Playground](https://black.now.sh). Watch the +Try it out now using the [Black Playground](https://black.vercel.app). Watch the [PyCon 2019 talk](https://youtu.be/esZLCuWs_2Y) to learn more. --- -_Contents:_ **[Installation and usage](#installation-and-usage)** | -**[Code style](#the-black-code-style)** | **[Pragmatism](#pragmatism)** | -**[pyproject.toml](#pyprojecttoml)** | **[Editor integration](#editor-integration)** | -**[blackd](#blackd)** | **[Version control integration](#version-control-integration)** -| **[Ignoring unmodified files](#ignoring-unmodified-files)** | **[Used by](#used-by)** -| **[Testimonials](#testimonials)** | **[Show your style](#show-your-style)** | -**[Contributing](#contributing-to-black)** | **[Change Log](#change-log)** | -**[Authors](#authors)** +**[Read the documentation on ReadTheDocs!](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable)** --- @@ -45,1140 +39,116 @@ _Contents:_ **[Installation and usage](#installation-and-usage)** | ### Installation -_Black_ can be installed by running `pip install black`. It requires Python 3.6.0+ to -run but you can reformat Python 2 code with it, too. +_Black_ can be installed by running `pip install black`. It requires Python 3.6.2+ to +run. If you want to format Jupyter Notebooks, install with `pip install black[jupyter]`. + +If you can't wait for the latest _hotness_ and want to install from GitHub, use: + +`pip install git+https://github.com/psf/black` ### Usage To get started right away with sensible defaults: -``` +```sh black {source_file_or_directory} ``` -### Command line options - -_Black_ doesn't provide many options. You can list them by running `black --help`: - -```text -Usage: black [OPTIONS] [SRC]... - - The uncompromising code formatter. - -Options: - -c, --code TEXT Format the code passed in as a string. - -l, --line-length INTEGER How many characters per line to allow. - [default: 88] - - -t, --target-version [py27|py33|py34|py35|py36|py37|py38] - Python versions that should be supported by - Black's output. [default: per-file auto- - detection] - - --pyi Format all input files like typing stubs - regardless of file extension (useful when - piping source on standard input). - - -S, --skip-string-normalization - Don't normalize string quotes or prefixes. - --check Don't write the files back, just return the - status. Return code 0 means nothing would - change. Return code 1 means some files - would be reformatted. Return code 123 means - there was an internal error. - - --diff Don't write the files back, just output a - diff for each file on stdout. - - --color / --no-color Show colored diff. Only applies when - `--diff` is given. - - --fast / --safe If --fast given, skip temporary sanity - checks. [default: --safe] - - --include TEXT A regular expression that matches files and - directories that should be included on - recursive searches. An empty value means - all files are included regardless of the - name. Use forward slashes for directories - on all platforms (Windows, too). Exclusions - are calculated first, inclusions later. - [default: \.pyi?$] - - --exclude TEXT A regular expression that matches files and - directories that should be excluded on - recursive searches. An empty value means no - paths are excluded. Use forward slashes for - directories on all platforms (Windows, too). - Exclusions are calculated first, inclusions - later. [default: /(\.eggs|\.git|\.hg|\.mypy - _cache|\.nox|\.tox|\.venv|\.svn|_build|buck- - out|build|dist)/] - - --force-exclude TEXT Like --exclude, but files and directories - matching this regex will be excluded even - when they are passed explicitly as arguments - - -q, --quiet Don't emit non-error messages to stderr. - Errors are still emitted; silence those with - 2>/dev/null. - - -v, --verbose Also emit messages to stderr about files - that were not changed or were ignored due to - --exclude=. - - --version Show the version and exit. - --config FILE Read configuration from PATH. - -h, --help Show this message and exit. -``` - -_Black_ is a well-behaved Unix-style command-line tool: - -- it does nothing if no sources are passed to it; -- it will read from standard input and write to standard output if `-` is used as the - filename; -- it only outputs messages to users on standard error; -- exits with code 0 unless an internal error occurred (or `--check` was used). - -### Using _Black_ with other tools - -While _Black_ enforces formatting that conforms to PEP 8, other tools may raise warnings -about _Black_'s changes or will overwrite _Black_'s changes. A good example of this is -[isort](https://pypi.org/p/isort). Since _Black_ is barely configurable, these tools -should be configured to neither warn about nor overwrite _Black_'s changes. - -Actual details on _Black_ compatible configurations for various tools can be found in -[compatible_configs](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/docs/compatible_configs.md). - -### Migrating your code style without ruining git blame - -A long-standing argument against moving to automated code formatters like _Black_ is -that the migration will clutter up the output of `git blame`. This was a valid argument, -but since Git version 2.23, Git natively supports -[ignoring revisions in blame](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-blame#Documentation/git-blame.txt---ignore-revltrevgt) -with the `--ignore-rev` option. You can also pass a file listing the revisions to ignore -using the `--ignore-revs-file` option. The changes made by the revision will be ignored -when assigning blame. Lines modified by an ignored revision will be blamed on the -previous revision that modified those lines. - -So when migrating your project's code style to _Black_, reformat everything and commit -the changes (preferably in one massive commit). Then put the full 40 characters commit -identifier(s) into a file. +You can run _Black_ as a package if running it as a script doesn't work: +```sh +python -m black {source_file_or_directory} ``` -# Migrate code style to Black -5b4ab991dede475d393e9d69ec388fd6bd949699 -``` - -Afterwards, you can pass that file to `git blame` and see clean and meaningful blame -information. -```console -$ git blame important.py --ignore-revs-file .git-blame-ignore-revs -7a1ae265 (John Smith 2019-04-15 15:55:13 -0400 1) def very_important_function(text, file): -abdfd8b0 (Alice Doe 2019-09-23 11:39:32 -0400 2) text = text.lstrip() -7a1ae265 (John Smith 2019-04-15 15:55:13 -0400 3) with open(file, "r+") as f: -7a1ae265 (John Smith 2019-04-15 15:55:13 -0400 4) f.write(formatted) -``` +Further information can be found in our docs: -You can even configure `git` to automatically ignore revisions listed in a file on every -call to `git blame`. - -```console -$ git config blame.ignoreRevsFile .git-blame-ignore-revs -``` - -**The one caveat is that GitHub and GitLab do not yet support ignoring revisions using -their native UI of blame.** So blame information will be cluttered with a reformatting -commit on those platforms. (If you'd like this feature, there's an open issue for -[GitLab](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/31423) and please let GitHub -know!) +- [Usage and Configuration](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage_and_configuration/index.html) ### NOTE: This is a beta product -_Black_ is already [successfully used](#used-by) by many projects, small and big. It -also sports a decent test suite. However, it is still very new. Things will probably be -wonky for a while. This is made explicit by the "Beta" trove classifier, as well as by -the "b" in the version number. What this means for you is that **until the formatter -becomes stable, you should expect some formatting to change in the future**. That being -said, no drastic stylistic changes are planned, mostly responses to bug reports. - -Also, as a temporary safety measure, _Black_ will check that the reformatted code still -produces a valid AST that is equivalent to the original. This slows it down. If you're -feeling confident, use `--fast`. +_Black_ is already [successfully used](https://github.com/psf/black#used-by) by many +projects, small and big. Black has a comprehensive test suite, with efficient parallel +tests, and our own auto formatting and parallel Continuous Integration runner. However, +_Black_ is still beta. Things will probably be wonky for a while. This is made explicit +by the "Beta" trove classifier, as well as by the "b" in the version number. What this +means for you is that **until the formatter becomes stable, you should expect some +formatting to change in the future**. That being said, no drastic stylistic changes are +planned, mostly responses to bug reports. + +Also, as a safety measure which slows down processing, _Black_ will check that the +reformatted code still produces a valid AST that is effectively equivalent to the +original (see the +[Pragmatism](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/current_style.html#ast-before-and-after-formatting) +section for details). If you're feeling confident, use `--fast`. ## The _Black_ code style -_Black_ reformats entire files in place. It is not configurable. It doesn't take -previous formatting into account. It doesn't reformat blocks that start with -`# fmt: off` and end with `# fmt: on`. `# fmt: on/off` have to be on the same level of -indentation. It also recognizes [YAPF](https://github.com/google/yapf)'s block comments -to the same effect, as a courtesy for straddling code. - -### How _Black_ wraps lines - -_Black_ ignores previous formatting and applies uniform horizontal and vertical -whitespace to your code. The rules for horizontal whitespace can be summarized as: do -whatever makes `pycodestyle` happy. The coding style used by _Black_ can be viewed as a -strict subset of PEP 8. - -As for vertical whitespace, _Black_ tries to render one full expression or simple -statement per line. If this fits the allotted line length, great. +_Black_ is a PEP 8 compliant opinionated formatter. _Black_ reformats entire files in +place. Style configuration options are deliberately limited and rarely added. It doesn't +take previous formatting into account (see [Pragmatism](#pragmatism) for exceptions). -```py3 -# in: +Our documentation covers the current _Black_ code style, but planned changes to it are +also documented. They're both worth taking a look: -j = [1, - 2, - 3 -] +- [The _Black_ Code Style: Current style](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/current_style.html) +- [The _Black_ Code Style: Future style](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/future_style.html) -# out: +Please refer to this document before submitting an issue. What seems like a bug might be +intended behaviour. -j = [1, 2, 3] -``` - -If not, _Black_ will look at the contents of the first outer matching brackets and put -that in a separate indented line. - -```py3 -# in: - -ImportantClass.important_method(exc, limit, lookup_lines, capture_locals, extra_argument) - -# out: - -ImportantClass.important_method( - exc, limit, lookup_lines, capture_locals, extra_argument -) -``` - -If that still doesn't fit the bill, it will decompose the internal expression further -using the same rule, indenting matching brackets every time. If the contents of the -matching brackets pair are comma-separated (like an argument list, or a dict literal, -and so on) then _Black_ will first try to keep them on the same line with the matching -brackets. If that doesn't work, it will put all of them in separate lines. - -```py3 -# in: - -def very_important_function(template: str, *variables, file: os.PathLike, engine: str, header: bool = True, debug: bool = False): - """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`.""" - with open(file, 'w') as f: - ... - -# out: - -def very_important_function( - template: str, - *variables, - file: os.PathLike, - engine: str, - header: bool = True, - debug: bool = False, -): - """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`.""" - with open(file, "w") as f: - ... -``` - -_Black_ prefers parentheses over backslashes, and will remove backslashes if found. - -```py3 -# in: - -if some_short_rule1 \ - and some_short_rule2: - ... - -# out: - -if some_short_rule1 and some_short_rule2: - ... - - -# in: - -if some_long_rule1 \ - and some_long_rule2: - ... - -# out: - -if ( - some_long_rule1 - and some_long_rule2 -): - ... - -``` - -Backslashes and multiline strings are one of the two places in the Python grammar that -break significant indentation. You never need backslashes, they are used to force the -grammar to accept breaks that would otherwise be parse errors. That makes them confusing -to look at and brittle to modify. This is why _Black_ always gets rid of them. - -If you're reaching for backslashes, that's a clear signal that you can do better if you -slightly refactor your code. I hope some of the examples above show you that there are -many ways in which you can do it. - -However there is one exception: `with` statements using multiple context managers. -Python's grammar does not allow organizing parentheses around the series of context -managers. - -We don't want formatting like: - -```py3 -with make_context_manager1() as cm1, make_context_manager2() as cm2, make_context_manager3() as cm3, make_context_manager4() as cm4: - ... # nothing to split on - line too long -``` - -So _Black_ will now format it like this: - -```py3 -with \ - make_context_manager(1) as cm1, \ - make_context_manager(2) as cm2, \ - make_context_manager(3) as cm3, \ - make_context_manager(4) as cm4 \ -: - ... # backslashes and an ugly stranded colon -``` - -You might have noticed that closing brackets are always dedented and that a trailing -comma is always added. Such formatting produces smaller diffs; when you add or remove an -element, it's always just one line. Also, having the closing bracket dedented provides a -clear delimiter between two distinct sections of the code that otherwise share the same -indentation level (like the arguments list and the docstring in the example above). - -If a data structure literal (tuple, list, set, dict) or a line of "from" imports cannot -fit in the allotted length, it's always split into one element per line. This minimizes -diffs as well as enables readers of code to find which commit introduced a particular -entry. This also makes _Black_ compatible with [isort](https://pypi.org/p/isort/) with -the following configuration. - -
-A compatible `.isort.cfg` - -``` -[settings] -multi_line_output=3 -include_trailing_comma=True -force_grid_wrap=0 -use_parentheses=True -line_length=88 -``` - -The equivalent command line is: - -``` -$ isort --multi-line=3 --trailing-comma --force-grid-wrap=0 --use-parentheses --line-width=88 [ file.py ] -``` - -
- -### Line length - -You probably noticed the peculiar default line length. _Black_ defaults to 88 characters -per line, which happens to be 10% over 80. This number was found to produce -significantly shorter files than sticking with 80 (the most popular), or even 79 (used -by the standard library). In general, -[90-ish seems like the wise choice](https://youtu.be/wf-BqAjZb8M?t=260). - -If you're paid by the line of code you write, you can pass `--line-length` with a lower -number. _Black_ will try to respect that. However, sometimes it won't be able to without -breaking other rules. In those rare cases, auto-formatted code will exceed your allotted -limit. - -You can also increase it, but remember that people with sight disabilities find it -harder to work with line lengths exceeding 100 characters. It also adversely affects -side-by-side diff review on typical screen resolutions. Long lines also make it harder -to present code neatly in documentation or talk slides. - -If you're using Flake8, you can bump `max-line-length` to 88 and forget about it. -Alternatively, use [Bugbear](https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8-bugbear)'s B950 warning -instead of E501 and keep the max line length at 80 which you are probably already using. -You'd do it like this: - -```ini -[flake8] -max-line-length = 80 -... -select = C,E,F,W,B,B950 -ignore = E203, E501, W503 -``` - -You'll find _Black_'s own .flake8 config file is configured like this. Explanation of -why W503 and E203 are disabled can be found further in this documentation. And if you're -curious about the reasoning behind B950, -[Bugbear's documentation](https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8-bugbear#opinionated-warnings) -explains it. The tl;dr is "it's like highway speed limits, we won't bother you if you -overdo it by a few km/h". - -**If you're looking for a minimal, black-compatible flake8 configuration:** - -```ini -[flake8] -max-line-length = 88 -extend-ignore = E203 -``` - -### Empty lines - -_Black_ avoids spurious vertical whitespace. This is in the spirit of PEP 8 which says -that in-function vertical whitespace should only be used sparingly. - -_Black_ will allow single empty lines inside functions, and single and double empty -lines on module level left by the original editors, except when they're within -parenthesized expressions. Since such expressions are always reformatted to fit minimal -space, this whitespace is lost. - -It will also insert proper spacing before and after function definitions. It's one line -before and after inner functions and two lines before and after module-level functions -and classes. _Black_ will not put empty lines between function/class definitions and -standalone comments that immediately precede the given function/class. - -_Black_ will enforce single empty lines between a class-level docstring and the first -following field or method. This conforms to -[PEP 257](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/#multi-line-docstrings). - -_Black_ won't insert empty lines after function docstrings unless that empty line is -required due to an inner function starting immediately after. - -### Trailing commas - -_Black_ will add trailing commas to expressions that are split by comma where each -element is on its own line. This includes function signatures. - -Unnecessary trailing commas are removed if an expression fits in one line. This makes it -1% more likely that your line won't exceed the allotted line length limit. Moreover, in -this scenario, if you added another argument to your call, you'd probably fit it in the -same line anyway. That doesn't make diffs any larger. - -One exception to removing trailing commas is tuple expressions with just one element. In -this case _Black_ won't touch the single trailing comma as this would unexpectedly -change the underlying data type. Note that this is also the case when commas are used -while indexing. This is a tuple in disguise: `numpy_array[3, ]`. - -One exception to adding trailing commas is function signatures containing `*`, `*args`, -or `**kwargs`. In this case a trailing comma is only safe to use on Python 3.6. _Black_ -will detect if your file is already 3.6+ only and use trailing commas in this situation. -If you wonder how it knows, it looks for f-strings and existing use of trailing commas -in function signatures that have stars in them. In other words, if you'd like a trailing -comma in this situation and _Black_ didn't recognize it was safe to do so, put it there -manually and _Black_ will keep it. - -### Strings - -_Black_ prefers double quotes (`"` and `"""`) over single quotes (`'` and `'''`). It -will replace the latter with the former as long as it does not result in more backslash -escapes than before. - -_Black_ also standardizes string prefixes, making them always lowercase. On top of that, -if your code is already Python 3.6+ only or it's using the `unicode_literals` future -import, _Black_ will remove `u` from the string prefix as it is meaningless in those -scenarios. - -The main reason to standardize on a single form of quotes is aesthetics. Having one kind -of quotes everywhere reduces reader distraction. It will also enable a future version of -_Black_ to merge consecutive string literals that ended up on the same line (see -[#26](https://github.com/psf/black/issues/26) for details). - -Why settle on double quotes? They anticipate apostrophes in English text. They match the -docstring standard described in -[PEP 257](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/#what-is-a-docstring). An empty -string in double quotes (`""`) is impossible to confuse with a one double-quote -regardless of fonts and syntax highlighting used. On top of this, double quotes for -strings are consistent with C which Python interacts a lot with. - -On certain keyboard layouts like US English, typing single quotes is a bit easier than -double quotes. The latter requires use of the Shift key. My recommendation here is to -keep using whatever is faster to type and let _Black_ handle the transformation. - -If you are adopting _Black_ in a large project with pre-existing string conventions -(like the popular -["single quotes for data, double quotes for human-readable strings"](https://stackoverflow.com/a/56190)), -you can pass `--skip-string-normalization` on the command line. This is meant as an -adoption helper, avoid using this for new projects. - -### Numeric literals - -_Black_ standardizes most numeric literals to use lowercase letters for the syntactic -parts and uppercase letters for the digits themselves: `0xAB` instead of `0XAB` and -`1e10` instead of `1E10`. Python 2 long literals are styled as `2L` instead of `2l` to -avoid confusion between `l` and `1`. - -### Line breaks & binary operators - -_Black_ will break a line before a binary operator when splitting a block of code over -multiple lines. This is so that _Black_ is compliant with the recent changes in the -[PEP 8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#should-a-line-break-before-or-after-a-binary-operator) -style guide, which emphasizes that this approach improves readability. - -This behaviour may raise `W503 line break before binary operator` warnings in style -guide enforcement tools like Flake8. Since `W503` is not PEP 8 compliant, you should -tell Flake8 to ignore these warnings. - -### Slices - -PEP 8 -[recommends](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#whitespace-in-expressions-and-statements) -to treat `:` in slices as a binary operator with the lowest priority, and to leave an -equal amount of space on either side, except if a parameter is omitted (e.g. -`ham[1 + 1 :]`). It recommends no spaces around `:` operators for "simple expressions" -(`ham[lower:upper]`), and extra space for "complex expressions" -(`ham[lower : upper + offset]`). _Black_ treats anything more than variable names as -"complex" (`ham[lower : upper + 1]`). It also states that for extended slices, both `:` -operators have to have the same amount of spacing, except if a parameter is omitted -(`ham[1 + 1 ::]`). _Black_ enforces these rules consistently. - -This behaviour may raise `E203 whitespace before ':'` warnings in style guide -enforcement tools like Flake8. Since `E203` is not PEP 8 compliant, you should tell -Flake8 to ignore these warnings. - -### Parentheses - -Some parentheses are optional in the Python grammar. Any expression can be wrapped in a -pair of parentheses to form an atom. There are a few interesting cases: - -- `if (...):` -- `while (...):` -- `for (...) in (...):` -- `assert (...), (...)` -- `from X import (...)` -- assignments like: - - `target = (...)` - - `target: type = (...)` - - `some, *un, packing = (...)` - - `augmented += (...)` - -In those cases, parentheses are removed when the entire statement fits in one line, or -if the inner expression doesn't have any delimiters to further split on. If there is -only a single delimiter and the expression starts or ends with a bracket, the -parenthesis can also be successfully omitted since the existing bracket pair will -organize the expression neatly anyway. Otherwise, the parentheses are added. - -Please note that _Black_ does not add or remove any additional nested parentheses that -you might want to have for clarity or further code organization. For example those -parentheses are not going to be removed: - -```py3 -return not (this or that) -decision = (maybe.this() and values > 0) or (maybe.that() and values < 0) -``` - -### Call chains - -Some popular APIs, like ORMs, use call chaining. This API style is known as a -[fluent interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface). _Black_ formats -those by treating dots that follow a call or an indexing operation like a very low -priority delimiter. It's easier to show the behavior than to explain it. Look at the -example: - -```py3 -def example(session): - result = ( - session.query(models.Customer.id) - .filter( - models.Customer.account_id == account_id, - models.Customer.email == email_address, - ) - .order_by(models.Customer.id.asc()) - .all() - ) -``` - -### Typing stub files - -PEP 484 describes the syntax for type hints in Python. One of the use cases for typing -is providing type annotations for modules which cannot contain them directly (they might -be written in C, or they might be third-party, or their implementation may be overly -dynamic, and so on). - -To solve this, -[stub files with the `.pyi` file extension](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484/#stub-files) -can be used to describe typing information for an external module. Those stub files omit -the implementation of classes and functions they describe, instead they only contain the -structure of the file (listing globals, functions, and classes with their members). The -recommended code style for those files is more terse than PEP 8: - -- prefer `...` on the same line as the class/function signature; -- avoid vertical whitespace between consecutive module-level functions, names, or - methods and fields within a single class; -- use a single blank line between top-level class definitions, or none if the classes - are very small. - -_Black_ enforces the above rules. There are additional guidelines for formatting `.pyi` -file that are not enforced yet but might be in a future version of the formatter: - -- all function bodies should be empty (contain `...` instead of the body); -- do not use docstrings; -- prefer `...` over `pass`; -- for arguments with a default, use `...` instead of the actual default; -- avoid using string literals in type annotations, stub files support forward references - natively (like Python 3.7 code with `from __future__ import annotations`); -- use variable annotations instead of type comments, even for stubs that target older - versions of Python; -- for arguments that default to `None`, use `Optional[]` explicitly; -- use `float` instead of `Union[int, float]`. - -## Pragmatism +### Pragmatism Early versions of _Black_ used to be absolutist in some respects. They took after its initial author. This was fine at the time as it made the implementation simpler and there were not many users anyway. Not many edge cases were reported. As a mature tool, -_Black_ does make some exceptions to rules it otherwise holds. This section documents -what those exceptions are and why this is the case. - -### The magic trailing comma - -_Black_ in general does not take existing formatting into account. - -However, there are cases where you put a short collection or function call in your code -but you anticipate it will grow in the future. - -For example: +_Black_ does make some exceptions to rules it otherwise holds. -```py3 -TRANSLATIONS = { - "en_us": "English (US)", - "pl_pl": "polski", -} -``` - -Early versions of _Black_ used to ruthlessly collapse those into one line (it fits!). -Now, you can communicate that you don't want that by putting a trailing comma in the -collection yourself. When you do, _Black_ will know to always explode your collection -into one item per line. - -How do you make it stop? Just delete that trailing comma and _Black_ will collapse your -collection into one line if it fits. - -### r"strings" and R"strings" +- [The _Black_ code style: Pragmatism](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/current_style.html#pragmatism) -_Black_ normalizes string quotes as well as string prefixes, making them lowercase. One -exception to this rule is r-strings. It turns out that the very popular -[MagicPython](https://github.com/MagicStack/MagicPython/) syntax highlighter, used by -default by (among others) GitHub and Visual Studio Code, differentiates between -r-strings and R-strings. The former are syntax highlighted as regular expressions while -the latter are treated as true raw strings with no special semantics. +Please refer to this document before submitting an issue just like with the document +above. What seems like a bug might be intended behaviour. -## pyproject.toml +## Configuration _Black_ is able to read project-specific default values for its command line options from a `pyproject.toml` file. This is especially useful for specifying custom -`--include` and `--exclude` patterns for your project. - -**Pro-tip**: If you're asking yourself "Do I need to configure anything?" the answer is -"No". _Black_ is all about sensible defaults. - -### What on Earth is a `pyproject.toml` file? - -[PEP 518](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0518/) defines `pyproject.toml` as a -configuration file to store build system requirements for Python projects. With the help -of tools like [Poetry](https://poetry.eustace.io/) or -[Flit](https://flit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) it can fully replace the need for -`setup.py` and `setup.cfg` files. - -### Where _Black_ looks for the file - -By default _Black_ looks for `pyproject.toml` starting from the common base directory of -all files and directories passed on the command line. If it's not there, it looks in -parent directories. It stops looking when it finds the file, or a `.git` directory, or a -`.hg` directory, or the root of the file system, whichever comes first. - -If you're formatting standard input, _Black_ will look for configuration starting from -the current working directory. - -You can also explicitly specify the path to a particular file that you want with -`--config`. In this situation _Black_ will not look for any other file. - -If you're running with `--verbose`, you will see a blue message if a file was found and -used. - -Please note `blackd` will not use `pyproject.toml` configuration. - -### Configuration format - -As the file extension suggests, `pyproject.toml` is a -[TOML](https://github.com/toml-lang/toml) file. It contains separate sections for -different tools. _Black_ is using the `[tool.black]` section. The option keys are the -same as long names of options on the command line. - -Note that you have to use single-quoted strings in TOML for regular expressions. It's -the equivalent of r-strings in Python. Multiline strings are treated as verbose regular -expressions by Black. Use `[ ]` to denote a significant space character. - -
-Example `pyproject.toml` - -```toml -[tool.black] -line-length = 88 -target-version = ['py37'] -include = '\.pyi?$' -exclude = ''' - -( - /( - \.eggs # exclude a few common directories in the - | \.git # root of the project - | \.hg - | \.mypy_cache - | \.tox - | \.venv - | _build - | buck-out - | build - | dist - )/ - | foo.py # also separately exclude a file named foo.py in - # the root of the project -) -''' -``` - -
- -### Lookup hierarchy - -Command-line options have defaults that you can see in `--help`. A `pyproject.toml` can -override those defaults. Finally, options provided by the user on the command line -override both. - -_Black_ will only ever use one `pyproject.toml` file during an entire run. It doesn't -look for multiple files, and doesn't compose configuration from different levels of the -file hierarchy. - -## Editor integration - -### Emacs - -Options include the following: - -- [purcell/reformatter.el](https://github.com/purcell/reformatter.el) -- [proofit404/blacken](https://github.com/proofit404/blacken) -- [Elpy](https://github.com/jorgenschaefer/elpy). - -### PyCharm/IntelliJ IDEA - -1. Install `black`. - -```console -$ pip install black -``` - -2. Locate your `black` installation folder. - -On macOS / Linux / BSD: - -```console -$ which black -/usr/local/bin/black # possible location -``` - -On Windows: - -```console -$ where black -%LocalAppData%\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts\black.exe # possible location -``` - -Note that if you are using a virtual environment detected by PyCharm, this is an -unneeded step. In this case the path to `black` is `$PyInterpreterDirectory$/black`. - -3. Open External tools in PyCharm/IntelliJ IDEA - -On macOS: - -`PyCharm -> Preferences -> Tools -> External Tools` - -On Windows / Linux / BSD: - -`File -> Settings -> Tools -> External Tools` - -4. Click the + icon to add a new external tool with the following values: - - - Name: Black - - Description: Black is the uncompromising Python code formatter. - - Program: - - Arguments: `"$FilePath$"` - -5. Format the currently opened file by selecting `Tools -> External Tools -> black`. +`--include` and `--exclude`/`--force-exclude`/`--extend-exclude` patterns for your +project. - - Alternatively, you can set a keyboard shortcut by navigating to - `Preferences or Settings -> Keymap -> External Tools -> External Tools - Black`. +You can find more details in our documentation: -6. Optionally, run _Black_ on every file save: +- [The basics: Configuration via a file](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage_and_configuration/the_basics.html#configuration-via-a-file) - 1. Make sure you have the - [File Watcher](https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/7177-file-watchers) plugin - installed. - 2. Go to `Preferences or Settings -> Tools -> File Watchers` and click `+` to add a - new watcher: - - Name: Black - - File type: Python - - Scope: Project Files - - Program: - - Arguments: `$FilePath$` - - Output paths to refresh: `$FilePath$` - - Working directory: `$ProjectFileDir$` +And if you're looking for more general configuration documentation: - - Uncheck "Auto-save edited files to trigger the watcher" +- [Usage and Configuration](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage_and_configuration/index.html) -### Wing IDE - -Wing supports black via the OS Commands tool, as explained in the Wing documentation on -[pep8 formatting](https://wingware.com/doc/edit/pep8). The detailed procedure is: - -1. Install `black`. - -```console -$ pip install black -``` - -2. Make sure it runs from the command line, e.g. - -```console -$ black --help -``` - -3. In Wing IDE, activate the **OS Commands** panel and define the command **black** to - execute black on the currently selected file: - -- Use the Tools -> OS Commands menu selection -- click on **+** in **OS Commands** -> New: Command line.. - - Title: black - - Command Line: black %s - - I/O Encoding: Use Default - - Key Binding: F1 - - [x] Raise OS Commands when executed - - [x] Auto-save files before execution - - [x] Line mode - -4. Select a file in the editor and press **F1** , or whatever key binding you selected - in step 3, to reformat the file. - -### Vim - -Commands and shortcuts: - -- `:Black` to format the entire file (ranges not supported); -- `:BlackUpgrade` to upgrade _Black_ inside the virtualenv; -- `:BlackVersion` to get the current version of _Black_ inside the virtualenv. - -Configuration: - -- `g:black_fast` (defaults to `0`) -- `g:black_linelength` (defaults to `88`) -- `g:black_skip_string_normalization` (defaults to `0`) -- `g:black_virtualenv` (defaults to `~/.vim/black` or `~/.local/share/nvim/black`) - -To install with [vim-plug](https://github.com/junegunn/vim-plug): - -``` -Plug 'psf/black', { 'branch': 'stable' } -``` - -or with [Vundle](https://github.com/VundleVim/Vundle.vim): - -``` -Plugin 'psf/black' -``` - -and execute the following in a terminal: - -```console -$ cd ~/.vim/bundle/black -$ git checkout origin/stable -b stable -``` - -or you can copy the plugin from -[plugin/black.vim](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/stable/plugin/black.vim). - -``` -mkdir -p ~/.vim/pack/python/start/black/plugin -curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/black/master/plugin/black.vim -o ~/.vim/pack/python/start/black/plugin/black.vim -``` - -Let me know if this requires any changes to work with Vim 8's builtin `packadd`, or -Pathogen, and so on. - -This plugin **requires Vim 7.0+ built with Python 3.6+ support**. It needs Python 3.6 to -be able to run _Black_ inside the Vim process which is much faster than calling an -external command. - -On first run, the plugin creates its own virtualenv using the right Python version and -automatically installs _Black_. You can upgrade it later by calling `:BlackUpgrade` and -restarting Vim. - -If you need to do anything special to make your virtualenv work and install _Black_ (for -example you want to run a version from master), create a virtualenv manually and point -`g:black_virtualenv` to it. The plugin will use it. - -To run _Black_ on save, add the following line to `.vimrc` or `init.vim`: - -``` -autocmd BufWritePre *.py execute ':Black' -``` - -To run _Black_ on a key press (e.g. F9 below), add this: - -``` -nnoremap :Black -``` - -**How to get Vim with Python 3.6?** On Ubuntu 17.10 Vim comes with Python 3.6 by -default. On macOS with Homebrew run: `brew install vim`. When building Vim from source, -use: `./configure --enable-python3interp=yes`. There's many guides online how to do -this. - -**I get an import error when using _Black_ from a virtual environment**: If you get an -error message like this: - -```text -Traceback (most recent call last): - File "", line 63, in - File "/home/gui/.vim/black/lib/python3.7/site-packages/black.py", line 45, in - from typed_ast import ast3, ast27 - File "/home/gui/.vim/black/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typed_ast/ast3.py", line 40, in - from typed_ast import _ast3 -ImportError: /home/gui/.vim/black/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typed_ast/_ast3.cpython-37m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so: undefined symbool: PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt -``` - -Then you need to install `typed_ast` and `regex` directly from the source code. The -error happens because `pip` will download [Python wheels](https://pythonwheels.com/) if -they are available. Python wheels are a new standard of distributing Python packages and -packages that have Cython and extensions written in C are already compiled, so the -installation is much more faster. The problem here is that somehow the Python -environment inside Vim does not match with those already compiled C extensions and these -kind of errors are the result. Luckily there is an easy fix: installing the packages -from the source code. - -The two packages that cause the problem are: - -- [regex](https://pypi.org/project/regex/) -- [typed-ast](https://pypi.org/project/typed-ast/) - -Now remove those two packages: - -```console -$ pip uninstall regex typed-ast -y -``` - -And now you can install them with: - -```console -$ pip install --no-binary :all: regex typed-ast -``` - -The C extensions will be compiled and now Vim's Python environment will match. Note that -you need to have the GCC compiler and the Python development files installed (on -Ubuntu/Debian do `sudo apt-get install build-essential python3-dev`). - -If you later want to update _Black_, you should do it like this: - -```console -$ pip install -U black --no-binary regex,typed-ast -``` - -### Visual Studio Code - -Use the -[Python extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-python.python) -([instructions](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/python/editing#_formatting)). - -### SublimeText 3 - -Use [sublack plugin](https://github.com/jgirardet/sublack). - -### Jupyter Notebook Magic - -Use [blackcellmagic](https://github.com/csurfer/blackcellmagic). - -### Python Language Server - -If your editor supports the [Language Server Protocol](https://langserver.org/) (Atom, -Sublime Text, Visual Studio Code and many more), you can use the -[Python Language Server](https://github.com/palantir/python-language-server) with the -[pyls-black](https://github.com/rupert/pyls-black) plugin. - -### Atom/Nuclide - -Use [python-black](https://atom.io/packages/python-black). - -### Kakoune - -Add the following hook to your kakrc, then run black with `:format`. - -``` -hook global WinSetOption filetype=python %{ - set-option window formatcmd 'black -q -' -} -``` - -### Thonny - -Use [Thonny-black-code-format](https://github.com/Franccisco/thonny-black-code-format). - -### Other editors - -Other editors will require external contributions. - -Patches welcome! ✨ 🍰 ✨ - -Any tool that can pipe code through _Black_ using its stdio mode (just -[use `-` as the file name](https://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/special-chars.html#DASHREF2)). -The formatted code will be returned on stdout (unless `--check` was passed). _Black_ -will still emit messages on stderr but that shouldn't affect your use case. - -This can be used for example with PyCharm's or IntelliJ's -[File Watchers](https://www.jetbrains.com/help/pycharm/file-watchers.html). - -## blackd - -`blackd` is a small HTTP server that exposes _Black_'s functionality over a simple -protocol. The main benefit of using it is to avoid paying the cost of starting up a new -_Black_ process every time you want to blacken a file. - -### Usage - -`blackd` is not packaged alongside _Black_ by default because it has additional -dependencies. You will need to do `pip install black[d]` to install it. - -You can start the server on the default port, binding only to the local interface by -running `blackd`. You will see a single line mentioning the server's version, and the -host and port it's listening on. `blackd` will then print an access log similar to most -web servers on standard output, merged with any exception traces caused by invalid -formatting requests. - -`blackd` provides even less options than _Black_. You can see them by running -`blackd --help`: - -```text -Usage: blackd [OPTIONS] - -Options: - --bind-host TEXT Address to bind the server to. - --bind-port INTEGER Port to listen on - --version Show the version and exit. - -h, --help Show this message and exit. -``` - -There is no official blackd client tool (yet!). You can test that blackd is working -using `curl`: - -``` -blackd --bind-port 9090 & # or let blackd choose a port -curl -s -XPOST "localhost:9090" -d "print('valid')" -``` - -### Protocol - -`blackd` only accepts `POST` requests at the `/` path. The body of the request should -contain the python source code to be formatted, encoded according to the `charset` field -in the `Content-Type` request header. If no `charset` is specified, `blackd` assumes -`UTF-8`. - -There are a few HTTP headers that control how the source is formatted. These correspond -to command line flags for _Black_. There is one exception to this: `X-Protocol-Version` -which if present, should have the value `1`, otherwise the request is rejected with -`HTTP 501` (Not Implemented). - -The headers controlling how code is formatted are: - -- `X-Line-Length`: corresponds to the `--line-length` command line flag. -- `X-Skip-String-Normalization`: corresponds to the `--skip-string-normalization` - command line flag. If present and its value is not the empty string, no string - normalization will be performed. -- `X-Fast-Or-Safe`: if set to `fast`, `blackd` will act as _Black_ does when passed the - `--fast` command line flag. -- `X-Python-Variant`: if set to `pyi`, `blackd` will act as _Black_ does when passed the - `--pyi` command line flag. Otherwise, its value must correspond to a Python version or - a set of comma-separated Python versions, optionally prefixed with `py`. For example, - to request code that is compatible with Python 3.5 and 3.6, set the header to - `py3.5,py3.6`. -- `X-Diff`: corresponds to the `--diff` command line flag. If present, a diff of the - formats will be output. - -If any of these headers are set to invalid values, `blackd` returns a `HTTP 400` error -response, mentioning the name of the problematic header in the message body. - -Apart from the above, `blackd` can produce the following response codes: - -- `HTTP 204`: If the input is already well-formatted. The response body is empty. -- `HTTP 200`: If formatting was needed on the input. The response body contains the - blackened Python code, and the `Content-Type` header is set accordingly. -- `HTTP 400`: If the input contains a syntax error. Details of the error are returned in - the response body. -- `HTTP 500`: If there was any kind of error while trying to format the input. The - response body contains a textual representation of the error. - -The response headers include a `X-Black-Version` header containing the version of -_Black_. - -## Version control integration - -Use [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com/). Once you -[have it installed](https://pre-commit.com/#install), add this to the -`.pre-commit-config.yaml` in your repository: - -```yaml -repos: - - repo: https://github.com/psf/black - rev: stable - hooks: - - id: black - language_version: python3.6 -``` - -Then run `pre-commit install` and you're ready to go. - -Avoid using `args` in the hook. Instead, store necessary configuration in -`pyproject.toml` so that editors and command-line usage of Black all behave consistently -for your project. See _Black_'s own -[pyproject.toml](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/pyproject.toml) for an -example. - -If you're already using Python 3.7, switch the `language_version` accordingly. Finally, -`stable` is a branch that tracks the latest release on PyPI. If you'd rather run on -master, this is also an option. - -## Ignoring unmodified files - -_Black_ remembers files it has already formatted, unless the `--diff` flag is used or -code is passed via standard input. This information is stored per-user. The exact -location of the file depends on the _Black_ version and the system on which _Black_ is -run. The file is non-portable. The standard location on common operating systems is: - -- Windows: - `C:\\Users\\AppData\Local\black\black\Cache\\cache...pickle` -- macOS: - `/Users//Library/Caches/black//cache...pickle` -- Linux: - `/home//.cache/black//cache...pickle` - -`file-mode` is an int flag that determines whether the file was formatted as 3.6+ only, -as .pyi, and whether string normalization was omitted. - -To override the location of these files on macOS or Linux, set the environment variable -`XDG_CACHE_HOME` to your preferred location. For example, if you want to put the cache -in the directory you're running _Black_ from, set `XDG_CACHE_HOME=.cache`. _Black_ will -then write the above files to `.cache/black//`. +**Pro-tip**: If you're asking yourself "Do I need to configure anything?" the answer is +"No". _Black_ is all about sensible defaults. Applying those defaults will have your +code in compliance with many other _Black_ formatted projects. ## Used by The following notable open-source projects trust _Black_ with enforcing a consistent code style: pytest, tox, Pyramid, Django Channels, Hypothesis, attrs, SQLAlchemy, -Poetry, PyPA applications (Warehouse, Pipenv, virtualenv), pandas, Pillow, every Datadog -Agent Integration, Home Assistant. +Poetry, PyPA applications (Warehouse, Bandersnatch, Pipenv, virtualenv), pandas, Pillow, +Twisted, LocalStack, every Datadog Agent Integration, Home Assistant, Zulip, Kedro, and +many more. -The following organizations use _Black_: Dropbox. +The following organizations use _Black_: Facebook, Dropbox, KeepTruckin, Mozilla, Quora, +Duolingo, QuantumBlack, Tesla. Are we missing anyone? Let us know. ## Testimonials +**Mike Bayer**, [author of `SQLAlchemy`](https://www.sqlalchemy.org/): + +> I can't think of any single tool in my entire programming career that has given me a +> bigger productivity increase by its introduction. I can now do refactorings in about +> 1% of the keystrokes that it would have taken me previously when we had no way for +> code to format itself. + **Dusty Phillips**, [writer](https://smile.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=dusty+phillips): @@ -1194,7 +164,7 @@ Twisted and CPython: > At least the name is good. **Kenneth Reitz**, creator of [`requests`](http://python-requests.org/) and -[`pipenv`](https://docs.pipenv.org/): +[`pipenv`](https://readthedocs.org/projects/pipenv/): > This vastly improves the formatting of our code. Thanks a ton! @@ -1202,7 +172,7 @@ Twisted and CPython: Use the badge in your project's README.md: -```markdown +```md [![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/psf/black) ``` @@ -1220,102 +190,39 @@ Looks like this: MIT -## Contributing to _Black_ +## Contributing + +Welcome! Happy to see you willing to make the project better. You can get started by +reading this: -In terms of inspiration, _Black_ is about as configurable as _gofmt_. This is -deliberate. +- [Contributing: The basics](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/the_basics.html) -Bug reports and fixes are always welcome! However, before you suggest a new feature or -configuration knob, ask yourself why you want it. If it enables better integration with -some workflow, fixes an inconsistency, speeds things up, and so on - go for it! On the -other hand, if your answer is "because I don't like a particular formatting" then you're -not ready to embrace _Black_ yet. Such changes are unlikely to get accepted. You can -still try but prepare to be disappointed. +You can also take a look at the rest of the contributing docs or talk with the +developers: -More details can be found in -[CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md). +- [Contributing documentation](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/index.html) +- [Chat on Discord](https://discord.gg/RtVdv86PrH) -## Change Log +## Change log -The log's become rather long. It moved to its own file. +The log has become rather long. It moved to its own file. -See [CHANGES](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/CHANGES.md). +See [CHANGES](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/latest/change_log.html). ## Authors -Glued together by [Łukasz Langa](mailto:lukasz@langa.pl). - -Maintained with [Carol Willing](mailto:carolcode@willingconsulting.com), -[Carl Meyer](mailto:carl@oddbird.net), -[Jelle Zijlstra](mailto:jelle.zijlstra@gmail.com), -[Mika Naylor](mailto:mail@autophagy.io), -[Zsolt Dollenstein](mailto:zsol.zsol@gmail.com), and -[Cooper Lees](mailto:me@cooperlees.com). - -Multiple contributions by: - -- [Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer](mailto:arj.python@gmail.com) -- [Adam Johnson](mailto:me@adamj.eu) -- [Alexander Huynh](mailto:github@grande.coffee) -- [Andrew Thorp](mailto:andrew.thorp.dev@gmail.com) -- [Andrey](mailto:dyuuus@yandex.ru) -- [Andy Freeland](mailto:andy@andyfreeland.net) -- [Anthony Sottile](mailto:asottile@umich.edu) -- [Arjaan Buijk](mailto:arjaan.buijk@gmail.com) -- [Artem Malyshev](mailto:proofit404@gmail.com) -- [Asger Hautop Drewsen](mailto:asgerdrewsen@gmail.com) -- [Augie Fackler](mailto:raf@durin42.com) -- [Aviskar KC](mailto:aviskarkc10@gmail.com) -- [Benjamin Woodruff](mailto:github@benjam.info) -- [Brandt Bucher](mailto:brandtbucher@gmail.com) -- Charles Reid -- [Christian Heimes](mailto:christian@python.org) -- [Chuck Wooters](mailto:chuck.wooters@microsoft.com) -- [Cooper Ry Lees](mailto:me@cooperlees.com) -- [Daniel Hahler](mailto:github@thequod.de) -- [Daniel M. Capella](mailto:polycitizen@gmail.com) -- Daniele Esposti -- dylanjblack -- [Eli Treuherz](mailto:eli@treuherz.com) -- [Florent Thiery](mailto:fthiery@gmail.com) -- hauntsaninja -- Hugo van Kemenade -- [Ivan Katanić](mailto:ivan.katanic@gmail.com) -- [Jason Fried](mailto:me@jasonfried.info) -- [jgirardet](mailto:ijkl@netc.fr) -- [Joe Antonakakis](mailto:jma353@cornell.edu) -- [Jon Dufresne](mailto:jon.dufresne@gmail.com) -- [Jonas Obrist](mailto:ojiidotch@gmail.com) -- [Josh Bode](mailto:joshbode@fastmail.com) -- [Juan Luis Cano Rodríguez](mailto:hello@juanlu.space) -- [Katie McLaughlin](mailto:katie@glasnt.com) -- Lawrence Chan -- [Linus Groh](mailto:mail@linusgroh.de) -- [Luka Sterbic](mailto:luka.sterbic@gmail.com) -- Mariatta -- [Matt VanEseltine](mailto:vaneseltine@gmail.com) -- [Michael Flaxman](mailto:michael.flaxman@gmail.com) -- [Michael J. Sullivan](mailto:sully@msully.net) -- [Michael McClimon](mailto:michael@mcclimon.org) -- [Miguel Gaiowski](mailto:miggaiowski@gmail.com) -- [Mike](mailto:roshi@fedoraproject.org) -- [Min ho Kim](mailto:minho42@gmail.com) -- [Miroslav Shubernetskiy](mailto:miroslav@miki725.com) -- [Neraste](mailto:neraste.herr10@gmail.com) -- [Ofek Lev](mailto:ofekmeister@gmail.com) -- [Osaetin Daniel](mailto:osaetindaniel@gmail.com) -- [Pablo Galindo](mailto:Pablogsal@gmail.com) -- [Peter Bengtsson](mailto:mail@peterbe.com) -- pmacosta -- [Rishikesh Jha](mailto:rishijha424@gmail.com) -- [Stavros Korokithakis](mailto:hi@stavros.io) -- [Stephen Rosen](mailto:sirosen@globus.org) -- [Sunil Kapil](mailto:snlkapil@gmail.com) -- [Thom Lu](mailto:thomas.c.lu@gmail.com) -- [Tom Christie](mailto:tom@tomchristie.com) -- [Tzu-ping Chung](mailto:uranusjr@gmail.com) -- [Utsav Shah](mailto:ukshah2@illinois.edu) -- vezeli -- [Vishwas B Sharma](mailto:sharma.vishwas88@gmail.com) -- [Yngve Høiseth](mailto:yngve@hoiseth.net) -- [Yurii Karabas](mailto:1998uriyyo@gmail.com) +The author list is quite long nowadays, so it lives in its own file. + +See [AUTHORS.md](./AUTHORS.md) + +## Code of Conduct + +Everyone participating in the _Black_ project, and in particular in the issue tracker, +pull requests, and social media activity, is expected to treat other people with respect +and more generally to follow the guidelines articulated in the +[Python Community Code of Conduct](https://www.python.org/psf/codeofconduct/). + +At the same time, humor is encouraged. In fact, basic familiarity with Monty Python's +Flying Circus is expected. We are not savages. + +And if you _really_ need to slap somebody, do it with a fish while dancing.