All patches and comments are welcome. Please squash your changes to logical
commits before using git-format-patch and git-send-email to
patches@git.madduck.net.
If you'd read over the Git project's submission guidelines and adhered to them,
I'd be especially grateful.
3 Foundational knowledge on using and configuring Black.
5 _Black_ is a well-behaved Unix-style command-line tool:
7 - it does nothing if no sources are passed to it;
8 - it will read from standard input and write to standard output if `-` is used as the
10 - it only outputs messages to users on standard error;
11 - exits with code 0 unless an internal error occurred (or `--check` was used).
15 To get started right away with sensible defaults:
18 black {source_file_or_directory}
21 You can run _Black_ as a package if running it as a script doesn't work:
24 python -m black {source_file_or_directory}
27 ### Command line options
29 _Black_ has quite a few knobs these days, although _Black_ is opinionated so style
30 configuration options are deliberately limited and rarely added. You can list them by
31 running `black --help`.
35 <summary>Help output</summary>
37 ```{program-output} black --help
43 ## Configuration via a file
45 _Black_ is able to read project-specific default values for its command line options
46 from a `pyproject.toml` file. This is especially useful for specifying custom
47 `--include` and `--exclude`/`--force-exclude`/`--extend-exclude` patterns for your
50 **Pro-tip**: If you're asking yourself "Do I need to configure anything?" the answer is
51 "No". _Black_ is all about sensible defaults. Applying those defaults will have your
52 code in compliance with many other _Black_ formatted projects.
54 ### What on Earth is a `pyproject.toml` file?
56 [PEP 518](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0518/) defines `pyproject.toml` as a
57 configuration file to store build system requirements for Python projects. With the help
58 of tools like [Poetry](https://python-poetry.org/) or
59 [Flit](https://flit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) it can fully replace the need for
60 `setup.py` and `setup.cfg` files.
62 ### Where _Black_ looks for the file
64 By default _Black_ looks for `pyproject.toml` starting from the common base directory of
65 all files and directories passed on the command line. If it's not there, it looks in
66 parent directories. It stops looking when it finds the file, or a `.git` directory, or a
67 `.hg` directory, or the root of the file system, whichever comes first.
69 If you're formatting standard input, _Black_ will look for configuration starting from
70 the current working directory.
72 You can use a "global" configuration, stored in a specific location in your home
73 directory. This will be used as a fallback configuration, that is, it will be used if
74 and only if _Black_ doesn't find any configuration as mentioned above. Depending on your
75 operating system, this configuration file should be stored as:
78 - Unix-like (Linux, MacOS, etc.): `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/black` (`~/.config/black` if the
79 `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` environment variable is not set)
81 Note that these are paths to the TOML file itself (meaning that they shouldn't be named
82 as `pyproject.toml`), not directories where you store the configuration. Here, `~`
83 refers to the path to your home directory. On Windows, this will be something like
86 You can also explicitly specify the path to a particular file that you want with
87 `--config`. In this situation _Black_ will not look for any other file.
89 If you're running with `--verbose`, you will see a blue message if a file was found and
92 Please note `blackd` will not use `pyproject.toml` configuration.
94 ### Configuration format
96 As the file extension suggests, `pyproject.toml` is a
97 [TOML](https://github.com/toml-lang/toml) file. It contains separate sections for
98 different tools. _Black_ is using the `[tool.black]` section. The option keys are the
99 same as long names of options on the command line.
101 Note that you have to use single-quoted strings in TOML for regular expressions. It's
102 the equivalent of r-strings in Python. Multiline strings are treated as verbose regular
103 expressions by Black. Use `[ ]` to denote a significant space character.
106 <summary>Example <code>pyproject.toml</code></summary>
111 target-version = ['py37']
114 # A regex preceded with ^/ will apply only to files and directories
115 # in the root of the project.
116 ^/foo.py # exclude a file named foo.py in the root of the project (in addition to the defaults)
124 Command-line options have defaults that you can see in `--help`. A `pyproject.toml` can
125 override those defaults. Finally, options provided by the user on the command line
128 _Black_ will only ever use one `pyproject.toml` file during an entire run. It doesn't
129 look for multiple files, and doesn't compose configuration from different levels of the
134 You've probably noted that not all of the options you can pass to _Black_ have been
135 covered. Don't worry, the rest will be covered in a later section.
137 A good next step would be configuring auto-discovery so `black .` is all you need
138 instead of laborously listing every file or directory. You can get started by heading
139 over to [File collection and discovery](./file_collection_and_discovery.md).
141 Another good choice would be setting up an
142 [integration with your editor](../integrations/editors.md) of choice or with
143 [pre-commit for source version control](../integrations/source_version_control.md).