B<mr> [options] commit [-m "message"]
+B<mr> [options] diff
+
+B<mr> [options] log
+
+B<mr> [options] register [repository]
+
+B<mr> [options] config section [parameter=[value] ...]
+
B<mr> [options] action [params ...]
=head1 DESCRIPTION
B<mr> is a Multiple Repository management tool. It allows you to register a
set of repositories in a .mrconfig file, and then checkout, update, or
-perform other actions on all of the repositories at once.
+perform other actions on the repositories as if they were one big
+respository.
Any mix of revision control systems can be used with B<mr>, and you can
define arbitrary actions for commands like "update", "checkout", or "commit".
+B<mr> cds into and operates on all registered repsitories at or below your
+working directory. Or, if you are in a subdirectory of a repository that
+contains no other registered repositories, it will stay in that directory,
+and work on only that repository,
+
The predefined commands should be fairly familiar to users of any revision
control system:
=over 4
-=item checkout
+=item checkout (or co)
-Checks out all the registered repositories that are not already checked
-out.
+Checks out any repositories that are not already checked out.
=item update
-Updates each registered repository from its configured remote repository.
+Updates each repository from its configured remote repository.
If a repository isn't checked out yet, it will first check it out.
=item status
-Displays a status report for each registered repository, showing what
+Displays a status report for each repository, showing what
uncommitted changes are present in the repository.
-=item commit
+=item commit (or ci)
-Commits changes to each registered repository. (By default, changes
-are pushed to the remote repository too, when using distributed systems
-like git.)
+Commits changes to each repository. (By default, changes are pushed to the
+remote repository too, when using distributed systems like git.)
The optional -m parameter allows specifying a commit message.
+=item diff
+
+Show a diff of uncommitted changes.
+
+=item log
+
+Show the commit log.
+
+=item list (or ls)
+
+List the repositories that mr will act on.
+
+=item register
+
+Register an existing repository in the mrconfig file. By default, the
+epository in the current directory is registered, or you can specify a
+directory to register.
+
+=item config
+
+Modifies the mrconfig file. The next parameter is the name of the section
+to add or modify, and it is followed by one or more instances of
+"parameter=value". Use "parameter=" to remove a parameter.
+
+For example, to add (or edit) a repository in src/foo:
+
+ mr config src/foo checkout="svn co svn://example.com/foo/trunk foo"
+
+=item help
+
+Displays this help.
+
=back
Actions can be abbreviated to any unambiguous subsctring, so
-"mr st" is equivilant to "mr status".
+"mr st" is equivilant to "mr status", and "mr up" is equivilant to "mr
+update"
+
+Additional parameters can be passed to most commands, and are passed on
+unchanged to the underlying revision control system. This is mostly useful
+if the repositories mr will act on all use the same revision control
+system.
=head1 OPTIONS
=item -d directory
Specifies the topmost directory that B<mr> should work in. The default is
-the current working directory. B<mr> will operate on all registered
-repositories at or under the directory.
+the current working directory.
=item -c mrconfig
-Use the specified mrconfig file, instead of looking for on in your home
+Use the specified mrconfig file, instead of looking for one in your home
directory.
=item -v
=head1 FILES
B<mr> is configured by .mrconfig files. It starts by reading the .mrconfig
-file in your home directory. Each repository specified in a .mrconfig file
-can also have its own .mrconfig file in its root directory that can
-optionally be used as well. So you could have a ~/.mrconfig that registers a
-repository ~/src, that itself contains a ~/src/.mrconfig file, that in turn
-registers several additional repositories.
+file in your home directory, and this can in turn chain load .mrconfig files
+from repositories.
+
+Here is an example .mrconfig file:
+
+ [src]
+ checkout = svn co svn://svn.example.com/src/trunk src
+ chain = true
+
+ [src/linux-2.6]
+ checkout = git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git
The .mrconfig file uses a variant of the INI file format. Lines starting with
"#" are comments. Lines ending with "\" are continued on to the next line.
-Sections specify where each repository is located, relative to the
-directory that contains the .mrconfig file.
+
+The "DEFAULT" section allows setting default values for the sections that
+come after it.
+
+The "ALIAS" section allows adding aliases for actions. Each parameter
+is an alias, and its value is the action to use.
+
+All other sections add repositories. The section header specifies the
+directory where the repository is located. This is relative to the directory
+that contains the mrconfig file, but you can also choose to use absolute
+paths.
Within a section, each parameter defines a shell command to run to handle a
-given action. Note that these shell commands are run in a "set -e" shell
+given action. mr contains default handlers for the "update", "status", and
+"commit" actions, so normally you only need to specify what to do for
+"checkout".
+
+Note that these shell commands are run in a "set -e" shell
environment, where any additional parameters you pass are available in
-"$@". B<mr> cds into the repository directory before running
-a command, except for the "checkout" command, which is run in the parent
-of the repository directory, since the repository isn't checked out yet.
+"$@". The "checkout" command is run in the parent of the repository
+directory, since the repository isn't checked out yet. All other commands
+are run inside the repository, though not necessarily at the top of it.
+The "MR_REPO" environment variable is set to the path to the top of the
+repository.
+
+A few parameters have special meanings:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item skip
+
+If the "skip" parameter is set and its command returns nonzero, then B<mr>
+will skip acting on that repository.
+
+=item chain
-There are two special parameters. If the "skip" parameter is set and
-its command returns nonzero, then B<mr> will skip acting on that repository.
If the "chain" parameter is set and its command returns nonzero, then B<mr>
will try to load a .mrconfig file from the root of the repository. (You
should avoid chaining from repositories with untrusted committers.)
-The "default" section allows setting up default handlers for each action,
-and is overridden by the contents of other sections. mr contains default
-handlers for the "update", "status", and "commit" actions, so normally
-you only need to specify what to do for "checkout".
+=item deleted
-For example:
+If the "deleted" parameter is set and its command returns nonzero, then
+B<mr> will treat the repository as deleted. It won't ever actually delete
+the repository, but it will warn if it sees the repsoitory's directory.
+This is useful when one mrconfig file is shared amoung multiple machines,
+to keep track of and remember to delete old repositories.
- [src]
- checkout = svn co svn://svn.example.com/src/trunk src
- chain = true
+=item lib
- [src/linux-2.6]
- # only check this out on kodama
- skip = test $(hostname) != kodama
- checkout = git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git
+The "lib" parameter can specify some shell code that will be run before each
+command, this can be a useful way to define shell functions for other commands
+to use.
+
+=back
=head1 AUTHOR
my $verbose=0;
my %config;
my %knownactions;
+my %alias;
Getopt::Long::Configure("no_permute");
my $result=GetOptions(
- "d=s" => sub { $directory=abs_path($_[1]) },
- "c=s" => \$config,
- "v" => \$verbose,
+ "d|directory=s" => sub { $directory=abs_path($_[1]) },
+ "c|config=s" => \$config,
+ "verbose" => \$verbose,
);
if (! $result || @ARGV < 1) {
- die("Usage: mr [-d directory] action [params ...]\n");
+ die("Usage: mr [-d directory] action [params ...]\n".
+ "(Use mr help for man page.)\n");
+
}
loadconfig(\*DATA);
#use Data::Dumper;
#print Dumper(\%config);
+eval {
+ use FindBin qw($Bin $Script);
+ $ENV{MR_PATH}=$Bin."/".$Script;
+};
+
+# alias expansion and command stemming
my $action=shift @ARGV;
-if (! $knownactions{$action}) {
- my @matches = grep { /^\Q$action\E/ } keys %knownactions;
+if (exists $alias{$action}) {
+ $action=$alias{$action};
+}
+if (! exists $knownactions{$action}) {
+ my @matches = grep { /^\Q$action\E/ }
+ keys %knownactions, keys %alias;
if (@matches == 1) {
$action=$matches[0];
}
+ elsif (@matches == 0) {
+ die "mr: unknown action \"$action\" (known actions: ".
+ join(", ", sort keys %knownactions).")\n";
+ }
else {
- die "mr: ambiguous action \"$action\" (matches @matches)\n";
+ die "mr: ambiguous action \"$action\" (matches: ".
+ join(", ", @matches).")\n";
}
}
-my (@failed, @successful, @skipped);
-my $first=1;
-foreach my $topdir (sort keys %config) {
- foreach my $subdir (sort keys %{$config{$topdir}}) {
- next if $subdir eq 'default';
-
- my $dir=$topdir.$subdir;
-
- if (defined $directory &&
- $dir ne $directory &&
- $dir !~ /^\Q$directory\E\//) {
- print "mr $action: $dir skipped per -d parameter ($directory)\n" if $verbose;
- push @skipped, $dir;
- next;
+if ($action eq 'help') {
+ exec($config{''}{DEFAULT}{$action}) || die "exec: $!";
+}
+elsif ($action eq 'config') {
+ if (@ARGV < 2) {
+ die "mr config: not enough parameters\n";
+ }
+ my $section=shift;
+ if ($section=~/^\//) {
+ # try to convert to a path relative to $config's dir
+ my ($dir)=$config=~/^(.*\/)[^\/]+$/;
+ if ($section=~/^\Q$dir\E(.*)/) {
+ $section=$1;
}
+ }
+ my %fields;
+ foreach (@ARGV) {
+ if (/^([^=]+)=(.*)$/) {
+ $fields{$1}=$2;
+ }
+ else {
+ die "mr config: expected parameter=value, not \"$_\"\n";
+ }
+ }
+ modifyconfig($config, $section, %fields);
+ exit 0;
+}
+elsif ($action eq 'register') {
+ my $command="set -e; ".$config{''}{DEFAULT}{lib}."\n".
+ "my_action(){ $config{''}{DEFAULT}{$action}\n }; my_action ".
+ join(" ", map { s/\//\/\//g; s/"/\"/g; '"'.$_.'"' } @ARGV);
+ print STDERR "mr $action: running >>$command<<\n" if $verbose;
+ exec($command) || die "exec: $!";
+}
- print "\n" unless $first;
- $first=0;
-
- if (exists $config{$topdir}{$subdir}{skip}) {
- my $ret=system($config{$topdir}{$subdir}{skip});
- if ($ret >> 8 == 0) {
- print "mr $action: $dir skipped per config file\n" if $verbose;
- push @skipped, $dir;
- next;
+# work out what repos to act on
+my @repos;
+my $nochdir=0;
+foreach my $topdir (sort keys %config) {
+ foreach my $subdir (sort keys %{$config{$topdir}}) {
+ next if $subdir eq 'DEFAULT';
+ my $dir=($subdir =~/^\//) ? $subdir : $topdir.$subdir;
+ my $d=$directory;
+ $dir.="/" unless $dir=~/\/$/;
+ $d.="/" unless $d=~/\/$/;
+ next if $dir ne $directory && $dir !~ /^\Q$directory\E/;
+ push @repos, [$dir, $topdir, $subdir];
+ }
+}
+if (! @repos) {
+ # fallback to find a leaf repo
+ LEAF: foreach my $topdir (reverse sort keys %config) {
+ foreach my $subdir (reverse sort keys %{$config{$topdir}}) {
+ next if $subdir eq 'DEFAULT';
+ my $dir=($subdir =~/^\//) ? $subdir : $topdir.$subdir;
+ my $d=$directory;
+ $dir.="/" unless $dir=~/\/$/;
+ $d.="/" unless $d=~/\/$/;
+ if ($d=~/^\Q$dir\E/) {
+ push @repos, [$dir, $topdir, $subdir];
+ last LEAF;
}
}
-
- action($action, $dir, $topdir, $subdir);
-
}
+ $nochdir=1;
+}
+
+my (@failed, @successful, @skipped);
+foreach my $repo (@repos) {
+ action($action, @$repo);
}
sub action {
my ($action, $dir, $topdir, $subdir) = @_;
+
+ my $lib= exists $config{$topdir}{$subdir}{lib} ?
+ $config{$topdir}{$subdir}{lib}."\n" : "";
+
+ if (exists $config{$topdir}{$subdir}{deleted}) {
+ if (! -d $dir) {
+ return;
+ }
+ else {
+ my $test="set -e;".$lib.$config{$topdir}{$subdir}{deleted};
+ print "mr $action: running deleted test >>$test<<\n" if $verbose;
+ my $ret=system($test);
+ if ($ret >> 8 == 0) {
+ print STDERR "mr error: $dir should be deleted yet still exists\n\n";
+ push @failed, $dir;
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+ }
if ($action eq 'checkout') {
if (-d $dir) {
- print "mr $action: $dir already exists, skipping checkout\n";
+ print "mr $action: $dir already exists, skipping checkout\n" if $verbose;
push @skipped, $dir;
return;
}
$dir=~s/^(.*)\/[^\/]+\/?$/$1/;
}
- if ($action eq 'update') {
+ elsif ($action eq 'update') {
if (! -d $dir) {
return action("checkout", $dir, $topdir, $subdir);
}
}
-
- if (! chdir($dir)) {
+
+ $ENV{MR_REPO}=$dir;
+
+ if (exists $config{$topdir}{$subdir}{skip}) {
+ my $test="set -e;".$lib.$config{$topdir}{$subdir}{skip};
+ print "mr $action: running skip test >>$test<<\n" if $verbose;
+ my $ret=system($test);
+ if ($ret >> 8 == 0) {
+ print "mr $action: $dir skipped per config file\n" if $verbose;
+ push @skipped, $dir;
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (! $nochdir && ! chdir($dir)) {
print STDERR "mr $action: failed to chdir to $dir: $!\n";
- push @skipped, $dir;
+ push @failed, $dir;
}
elsif (! exists $config{$topdir}{$subdir}{$action}) {
print STDERR "mr $action: no defined $action command for $topdir$subdir, skipping\n";
push @skipped, $dir;
}
else {
- print "mr $action: in $dir\n";
- my $command="set -e; my_action(){ $config{$topdir}{$subdir}{$action} ; }; my_action ".
+ if (! $nochdir) {
+ print "mr $action: $topdir$subdir\n";
+ }
+ else {
+ print "mr $action: $topdir$subdir (in subdir $directory)\n";
+ }
+ my $command="set -e; ".$lib.
+ "my_action(){ $config{$topdir}{$subdir}{$action}\n }; my_action ".
join(" ", map { s/\//\/\//g; s/"/\"/g; '"'.$_.'"' } @ARGV);
+ print STDERR "mr $action: running >>$command<<\n" if $verbose;
my $ret=system($command);
if ($ret != 0) {
- print STDERR "mr $action: failed to run: $command\n" if $verbose;
- push @failed, $topdir.$subdir;
+ print STDERR "mr $action: failed ($ret)\n" if $verbose;
+ push @failed, $dir;
if ($ret >> 8 != 0) {
print STDERR "mr $action: command failed\n";
}
else {
push @successful, $dir;
}
+
+ print "\n";
}
}
}
return;
}
-print "\nmr $action: finished (".join("; ",
+if (! @successful && ! @failed && ! @skipped) {
+ die "mr $action: no repositories found to work on\n";
+}
+print "mr $action: finished (".join("; ",
showstat($#successful+1, "successful", "successful"),
showstat($#failed+1, "failed", "failed"),
showstat($#skipped+1, "skipped", "skipped"),
).")\n";
-exit @failed ? 1 : 0;
+if (@failed) {
+ exit 1;
+}
+elsif (! @successful && @skipped) {
+ exit 1;
+}
+exit 0;
my %loaded;
sub loadconfig {
$dir="";
}
else {
- # $f might be a symlink
+ if (! -e $f) {
+ return;
+ }
+
my $absf=abs_path($f);
if ($loaded{$absf}) {
return;
my $parent=$dir;
while ($parent=~s/^(.*)\/[^\/]+\/?$/$1/) {
if (exists $config{$parent} &&
- exists $config{$parent}{default}) {
- $config{$dir}{default}={ %{$config{$parent}{default}} };
+ exists $config{$parent}{DEFAULT}) {
+ $config{$dir}{DEFAULT}={ %{$config{$parent}{DEFAULT}} };
last;
}
}
my $value=$2;
# continuation line
- while ($value=~/(.*)\\$/) {
- $value=$1.<$in>;
+ while ($value=~/(.*)\\$/s) {
+ $value=$1."\n".<$in>;
chomp $value;
}
if (! defined $section) {
die "$f line $.: parameter ($parameter) not in section\n";
}
- if (! exists $config{$dir}{$section} &&
- exists $config{$dir}{default}) {
+ if ($section ne 'ALIAS' &&
+ ! exists $config{$dir}{$section} &&
+ exists $config{$dir}{DEFAULT}) {
# copy in defaults
- $config{$dir}{$section}={ %{$config{$dir}{default}} };
+ $config{$dir}{$section}={ %{$config{$dir}{DEFAULT}} };
+ }
+ if ($section eq 'ALIAS') {
+ $alias{$parameter}=$value;
+ }
+ elsif ($parameter eq 'lib') {
+ $config{$dir}{$section}{lib}.=$value."\n";
+ }
+ else {
+ $config{$dir}{$section}{$parameter}=$value;
+ $knownactions{$parameter}=1;
+ if ($parameter eq 'chain' &&
+ length $dir && $section ne "DEFAULT" &&
+ -e $dir.$section."/.mrconfig" &&
+ system($value) >> 8 == 0) {
+ push @toload, $dir.$section."/.mrconfig";
+ }
}
- $config{$dir}{$section}{$parameter}=$value;
- $knownactions{$parameter}=1;
-
- if ($parameter eq 'chain' &&
- length $dir && $section ne "default" &&
- -e $dir.$section."/.mrconfig" &&
- system($value) >> 8 == 0) {
- push @toload, $dir.$section."/.mrconfig";
- }
}
else {
- die "$f line $.: parse error\n";
+ die "$f line $.: parse error\n";
}
}
close $in;
}
}
-__DATA__
-# Some useful actions that mr knows about by default.
+sub modifyconfig {
+ my $f=shift;
+ # the section to modify or add
+ my $targetsection=shift;
+ # fields to change in the section
+ # To remove a field, set its value to "".
+ my %changefields=@_;
+
+ my @lines;
+ my @out;
+
+ if (-e $f) {
+ open(my $in, "<", $f) || die "mr: open $f: $!\n";
+ @lines=<$in>;
+ close $in;
+ }
+
+ my $addfields=sub {
+ my @blanks;
+ while ($out[$#out] =~ /^\s*$/) {
+ unshift @blanks, pop @out;
+ }
+ foreach my $field (sort keys %changefields) {
+ if (length $changefields{$field}) {
+ push @out, "$field = $changefields{$field}\n";
+ }
+ }
+ push @out, @blanks;
+ };
+
+ my $section;
+ while (@lines) {
+ $_=shift(@lines);
+
+ if (/^\s*\#/ || /^\s*$/) {
+ push @out, $_;
+ }
+ elsif (/^\s*\[([^\]]*)\]\s*$/) {
+ if (defined $section &&
+ $section eq $targetsection) {
+ $addfields->();
+ }
+
+ $section=$1;
+
+ push @out, $_;
+ }
+ elsif (/^\s*(\w+)\s*=\s(.*)/) {
+ my $parameter=$1;
+ my $value=$2;
+
+ # continuation line
+ while ($value=~/(.*\\)$/s) {
+ $value=$1."\n".shift(@lines);
+ chomp $value;
+ }
+
+ if ($section eq $targetsection) {
+ if (exists $changefields{$parameter}) {
+ if (length $changefields{$parameter}) {
+ $value=$changefields{$parameter};
+ }
+ delete $changefields{$parameter};
+ }
+ }
+
+ push @out, "$parameter = $value\n";
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (defined $section &&
+ $section eq $targetsection) {
+ $addfields->();
+ }
+ elsif (%changefields) {
+ push @out, "\n[$targetsection]\n";
+ foreach my $field (sort keys %changefields) {
+ if (length $changefields{$field}) {
+ push @out, "$field = $changefields{$field}\n";
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ open(my $out, ">", $f) || die "mr: write $f: $!\n";
+ print $out @out;
+ close $out;
+}
+
+# Finally, some useful actions that mr knows about by default.
# These can be overridden in ~/.mrconfig.
-[default]
-update = \
- if [ -d .svn ]; then \
- svn update; \
- elif [ -d .git ]; then \
- git pull origin master; \
- else \
- echo "mr update: unknown repo type"; \
- exit 1; \
+__DATA__
+[ALIAS]
+ co = checkout
+ ci = commit
+ ls = list
+
+[DEFAULT]
+lib = \
+ error() { \
+ echo "mr: $@" >&2 \
+ exit 1 \
+ }
+
+update = \
+ if [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.svn ]; then \
+ svn update "$@" \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.git ]; then \
+ git pull origin master "$@" \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.bzr ]; then \
+ bzr merge "$@" \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/CVS ]; then \
+ cvs update "$@" \
+ else \
+ error "unknown repo type" \
+ fi
+status = \
+ if [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.svn ]; then \
+ svn status "$@" \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.git ]; then \
+ git status "$@" || true \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.bzr ]; then \
+ bzr status "$@" \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/CVS ]; then \
+ cvs status "$@" \
+ else \
+ error "unknown repo type" \
+ fi
+commit = \
+ if [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.svn ]; then \
+ svn commit "$@" \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.git ]; then \
+ git commit -a "$@" && git push --all \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.bzr ]; then \
+ bzr commit "$@" && bzr push \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/CVS ]; then \
+ cvs commit "$@" \
+ else \
+ error "unknown repo type" \
+ fi
+diff = \
+ if [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.svn ]; then \
+ svn diff "$@" \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.git ]; then \
+ git diff "$@" \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.bzr ]; then \
+ bzr diff "$@" \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/CVS ]; then \
+ cvs diff "$@" \
+ else \
+ error "unknown repo type" \
fi
-status = \
- if [ -d .svn ]; then \
- svn status; \
- elif [ -d .git ]; then \
- git status || true; \
- else \
- echo "mr status: unknown repo type"; \
- exit 1; \
+log = \
+ if [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.svn ]; then \
+ svn log"$@" \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.git ]; then \
+ git log "$@" \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/.bzr ]; then \
+ bzr log "$@" \
+ elif [ -d "$MR_REPO"/CVS ]; then \
+ cvs log "$@" \
+ else \
+ error "unknown repo type" \
fi
-commit = \
- if [ -d .svn ]; then \
- svn commit "$@"; \
- elif [ -d .git ]; then \
- echo git commit -a "$@" && echo git push --all \
- git commit -a "$@" && git push --all \
- else \
- echo "mr commit: unknown repo type"; \
- exit 1; \
+register = \
+ if [ -n "$1" ]; then \
+ cd "$1" \
+ fi \
+ basedir="$(basename $(pwd))" \
+ if [ -d .svn ]; then \
+ url=$(LANG=C svn info . | \
+ grep -i ^URL: | cut -d ' ' -f 2) \
+ if [ -z "$url" ]; then \
+ error "cannot determine svn url" \
+ fi \
+ echo "Registering svn url: $url" \
+ mr config "$(pwd)" checkout="svn co $url $basedir" \
+ elif [ -d .git ]; then \
+ url=$(LANG=C git-config --get remote.origin.url) \
+ if [ -z "$url" ]; then \
+ error "cannot determine git url" \
+ fi \
+ echo "Registering git url: $url" \
+ mr config "$(pwd)" checkout="git clone $url $basedir" \
+ elif [ -d .bzr ]; then \
+ url=$(cat .bzr/branch/parent) \
+ if [ -z "$url" ]; then \
+ error "cannot determine bzr url" \
+ fi \
+ echo "Registering bzr url: $url" \
+ mr config "$(pwd)" checkout="bzr clone $url $basedir" \
+ else \
+ error "unable to register this repo type" \
fi
+list = true
+config =
+help = \
+ if [ ! -e "$MR_PATH" ]; then \
+ error "cannot find program path" \
+ fi \
+ (pod2man -c mr "$MR_PATH" | man -l -) || \
+ error "pod2man or man failed"
+
+ed = echo "A horse is a horse, of course, of course.."
+T = echo "I pity the fool."