+def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None:
+ """Make existing optional parentheses invisible or create new ones.
+
+ `parens_after` is a set of string leaf values immeditely after which parens
+ should be put.
+
+ Standardizes on visible parentheses for single-element tuples, and keeps
+ existing visible parentheses for other tuples and generator expressions.
+ """
+ check_lpar = False
+ for child in list(node.children):
+ if check_lpar:
+ if child.type == syms.atom:
+ maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(child)
+ elif is_one_tuple(child):
+ # wrap child in visible parentheses
+ lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "(")
+ rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, ")")
+ index = child.remove() or 0
+ node.insert_child(index, Node(syms.atom, [lpar, child, rpar]))
+ else:
+ # wrap child in invisible parentheses
+ lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "")
+ rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, "")
+ index = child.remove() or 0
+ node.insert_child(index, Node(syms.atom, [lpar, child, rpar]))
+
+ check_lpar = isinstance(child, Leaf) and child.value in parens_after
+
+
+def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node: LN) -> bool:
+ """If it's safe, make the parens in the atom `node` invisible, recusively."""
+ if (
+ node.type != syms.atom
+ or is_empty_tuple(node)
+ or is_one_tuple(node)
+ or max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node) >= COMMA_PRIORITY
+ ):
+ return False
+
+ first = node.children[0]
+ last = node.children[-1]
+ if first.type == token.LPAR and last.type == token.RPAR:
+ # make parentheses invisible
+ first.value = "" # type: ignore
+ last.value = "" # type: ignore
+ if len(node.children) > 1:
+ maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node.children[1])
+ return True
+
+ return False
+
+
+def is_empty_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
+ """Return True if `node` holds an empty tuple."""
+ return (
+ node.type == syms.atom
+ and len(node.children) == 2
+ and node.children[0].type == token.LPAR
+ and node.children[1].type == token.RPAR
+ )
+
+
+def is_one_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
+ """Return True if `node` holds a tuple with one element, with or without parens."""
+ if node.type == syms.atom:
+ if len(node.children) != 3:
+ return False
+
+ lpar, gexp, rpar = node.children
+ if not (
+ lpar.type == token.LPAR
+ and gexp.type == syms.testlist_gexp
+ and rpar.type == token.RPAR
+ ):
+ return False
+
+ return len(gexp.children) == 2 and gexp.children[1].type == token.COMMA
+
+ return (
+ node.type in IMPLICIT_TUPLE
+ and len(node.children) == 2
+ and node.children[1].type == token.COMMA
+ )
+
+
+def is_vararg(leaf: Leaf, within: Set[NodeType]) -> bool:
+ """Return True if `leaf` is a star or double star in a vararg or kwarg.
+
+ If `within` includes VARARGS_PARENTS, this applies to function signatures.
+ If `within` includes COLLECTION_LIBERALS_PARENTS, it applies to right
+ hand-side extended iterable unpacking (PEP 3132) and additional unpacking
+ generalizations (PEP 448).
+ """
+ if leaf.type not in STARS or not leaf.parent:
+ return False
+
+ p = leaf.parent
+ if p.type == syms.star_expr:
+ # Star expressions are also used as assignment targets in extended
+ # iterable unpacking (PEP 3132). See what its parent is instead.
+ if not p.parent:
+ return False
+
+ p = p.parent
+
+ return p.type in within
+
+
+def max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node: LN) -> int:
+ """Return maximum delimiter priority inside `node`.
+
+ This is specific to atoms with contents contained in a pair of parentheses.
+ If `node` isn't an atom or there are no enclosing parentheses, returns 0.
+ """
+ if node.type != syms.atom:
+ return 0
+
+ first = node.children[0]
+ last = node.children[-1]
+ if not (first.type == token.LPAR and last.type == token.RPAR):
+ return 0
+
+ bt = BracketTracker()
+ for c in node.children[1:-1]:
+ if isinstance(c, Leaf):
+ bt.mark(c)
+ else:
+ for leaf in c.leaves():
+ bt.mark(leaf)
+ try:
+ return bt.max_delimiter_priority()
+
+ except ValueError:
+ return 0
+
+
+def ensure_visible(leaf: Leaf) -> None:
+ """Make sure parentheses are visible.
+
+ They could be invisible as part of some statements (see
+ :func:`normalize_invible_parens` and :func:`visit_import_from`).
+ """
+ if leaf.type == token.LPAR:
+ leaf.value = "("
+ elif leaf.type == token.RPAR:
+ leaf.value = ")"
+
+