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Specify the minimum click version (#284)
[etc/vim.git] / black.py
index dab3f004ff3289711dc26006b533844ad2268bac..4599bdd98a9ae536bb25c27d4b3d1511e0523f17 100644 (file)
--- a/black.py
+++ b/black.py
@@ -1,18 +1,39 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
 import asyncio
+import pickle
 from asyncio.base_events import BaseEventLoop
 from concurrent.futures import Executor, ProcessPoolExecutor
-from functools import partial
+from enum import Enum, Flag
+from functools import partial, wraps
 import keyword
+import logging
+from multiprocessing import Manager
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
+import re
 import tokenize
+import signal
 import sys
 from typing import (
-    Dict, Generic, Iterable, Iterator, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Type, TypeVar, Union
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Collection,
+    Dict,
+    Generic,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Pattern,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
 )
 
+from appdirs import user_cache_dir
 from attr import dataclass, Factory
 import click
 
@@ -22,19 +43,31 @@ from blib2to3 import pygram, pytree
 from blib2to3.pgen2 import driver, token
 from blib2to3.pgen2.parse import ParseError
 
-__version__ = "18.3a4"
+
+__version__ = "18.5b1"
 DEFAULT_LINE_LENGTH = 88
+CACHE_DIR = Path(user_cache_dir("black", version=__version__))
+
+
 # types
-syms = pygram.python_symbols
 FileContent = str
 Encoding = str
 Depth = int
 NodeType = int
 LeafID = int
 Priority = int
+Index = int
 LN = Union[Leaf, Node]
+SplitFunc = Callable[["Line", bool], Iterator["Line"]]
+Timestamp = float
+FileSize = int
+CacheInfo = Tuple[Timestamp, FileSize]
+Cache = Dict[Path, CacheInfo]
 out = partial(click.secho, bold=True, err=True)
-err = partial(click.secho, fg='red', err=True)
+err = partial(click.secho, fg="red", err=True)
+
+pygram.initialize(CACHE_DIR)
+syms = pygram.python_symbols
 
 
 class NothingChanged(UserWarning):
@@ -61,11 +94,11 @@ class FormatError(Exception):
         self.consumed = consumed
 
     def trim_prefix(self, leaf: Leaf) -> None:
-        leaf.prefix = leaf.prefix[self.consumed:]
+        leaf.prefix = leaf.prefix[self.consumed :]
 
     def leaf_from_consumed(self, leaf: Leaf) -> Leaf:
         """Returns a new Leaf from the consumed part of the prefix."""
-        unformatted_prefix = leaf.prefix[:self.consumed]
+        unformatted_prefix = leaf.prefix[: self.consumed]
         return Leaf(token.NEWLINE, unformatted_prefix)
 
 
@@ -77,32 +110,88 @@ class FormatOff(FormatError):
     """Found a comment like `# fmt: off` in the file."""
 
 
+class WriteBack(Enum):
+    NO = 0
+    YES = 1
+    DIFF = 2
+
+
+class Changed(Enum):
+    NO = 0
+    CACHED = 1
+    YES = 2
+
+
+class FileMode(Flag):
+    AUTO_DETECT = 0
+    PYTHON36 = 1
+    PYI = 2
+    NO_STRING_NORMALIZATION = 4
+
+
 @click.command()
 @click.option(
-    '-l',
-    '--line-length',
+    "-l",
+    "--line-length",
     type=int,
     default=DEFAULT_LINE_LENGTH,
-    help='How many character per line to allow.',
+    help="How many character per line to allow.",
     show_default=True,
 )
 @click.option(
-    '--check',
+    "--check",
     is_flag=True,
     help=(
-        "Don't write back the files, just return the status.  Return code 0 "
+        "Don't write the files back, just return the status.  Return code 0 "
         "means nothing would change.  Return code 1 means some files would be "
         "reformatted.  Return code 123 means there was an internal error."
     ),
 )
 @click.option(
-    '--fast/--safe',
+    "--diff",
+    is_flag=True,
+    help="Don't write the files back, just output a diff for each file on stdout.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--fast/--safe",
+    is_flag=True,
+    help="If --fast given, skip temporary sanity checks. [default: --safe]",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "-q",
+    "--quiet",
+    is_flag=True,
+    help=(
+        "Don't emit non-error messages to stderr. Errors are still emitted, "
+        "silence those with 2>/dev/null."
+    ),
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--pyi",
+    is_flag=True,
+    help=(
+        "Consider all input files typing stubs regardless of file extension "
+        "(useful when piping source on standard input)."
+    ),
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--py36",
+    is_flag=True,
+    help=(
+        "Allow using Python 3.6-only syntax on all input files.  This will put "
+        "trailing commas in function signatures and calls also after *args and "
+        "**kwargs.  [default: per-file auto-detection]"
+    ),
+)
+@click.option(
+    "-S",
+    "--skip-string-normalization",
     is_flag=True,
-    help='If --fast given, skip temporary sanity checks. [default: --safe]',
+    help="Don't normalize string quotes or prefixes.",
 )
 @click.version_option(version=__version__)
 @click.argument(
-    'src',
+    "src",
     nargs=-1,
     type=click.Path(
         exists=True, file_okay=True, dir_okay=True, readable=True, allow_dash=True
@@ -110,7 +199,16 @@ class FormatOff(FormatError):
 )
 @click.pass_context
 def main(
-    ctx: click.Context, line_length: int, check: bool, fast: bool, src: List[str]
+    ctx: click.Context,
+    line_length: int,
+    check: bool,
+    diff: bool,
+    fast: bool,
+    pyi: bool,
+    py36: bool,
+    skip_string_normalization: bool,
+    quiet: bool,
+    src: List[str],
 ) -> None:
     """The uncompromising code formatter."""
     sources: List[Path] = []
@@ -121,129 +219,252 @@ def main(
         elif p.is_file():
             # if a file was explicitly given, we don't care about its extension
             sources.append(p)
-        elif s == '-':
-            sources.append(Path('-'))
+        elif s == "-":
+            sources.append(Path("-"))
         else:
-            err(f'invalid path: {s}')
+            err(f"invalid path: {s}")
+
+    if check and not diff:
+        write_back = WriteBack.NO
+    elif diff:
+        write_back = WriteBack.DIFF
+    else:
+        write_back = WriteBack.YES
+    mode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT
+    if py36:
+        mode |= FileMode.PYTHON36
+    if pyi:
+        mode |= FileMode.PYI
+    if skip_string_normalization:
+        mode |= FileMode.NO_STRING_NORMALIZATION
+    report = Report(check=check, quiet=quiet)
     if len(sources) == 0:
+        out("No paths given. Nothing to do 😴")
         ctx.exit(0)
+        return
+
     elif len(sources) == 1:
-        p = sources[0]
-        report = Report(check=check)
-        try:
-            if not p.is_file() and str(p) == '-':
-                changed = format_stdin_to_stdout(
-                    line_length=line_length, fast=fast, write_back=not check
-                )
-            else:
-                changed = format_file_in_place(
-                    p, line_length=line_length, fast=fast, write_back=not check
-                )
-            report.done(p, changed)
-        except Exception as exc:
-            report.failed(p, str(exc))
-        ctx.exit(report.return_code)
+        reformat_one(
+            src=sources[0],
+            line_length=line_length,
+            fast=fast,
+            write_back=write_back,
+            mode=mode,
+            report=report,
+        )
     else:
         loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
         executor = ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=os.cpu_count())
-        return_code = 1
         try:
-            return_code = loop.run_until_complete(
+            loop.run_until_complete(
                 schedule_formatting(
-                    sources, line_length, not check, fast, loop, executor
+                    sources=sources,
+                    line_length=line_length,
+                    fast=fast,
+                    write_back=write_back,
+                    mode=mode,
+                    report=report,
+                    loop=loop,
+                    executor=executor,
                 )
             )
         finally:
-            loop.close()
-            ctx.exit(return_code)
+            shutdown(loop)
+        if not quiet:
+            out("All done! ✨ 🍰 ✨")
+            click.echo(str(report))
+    ctx.exit(report.return_code)
+
+
+def reformat_one(
+    src: Path,
+    line_length: int,
+    fast: bool,
+    write_back: WriteBack,
+    mode: FileMode,
+    report: "Report",
+) -> None:
+    """Reformat a single file under `src` without spawning child processes.
+
+    If `quiet` is True, non-error messages are not output. `line_length`,
+    `write_back`, `fast` and `pyi` options are passed to
+    :func:`format_file_in_place` or :func:`format_stdin_to_stdout`.
+    """
+    try:
+        changed = Changed.NO
+        if not src.is_file() and str(src) == "-":
+            if format_stdin_to_stdout(
+                line_length=line_length, fast=fast, write_back=write_back, mode=mode
+            ):
+                changed = Changed.YES
+        else:
+            cache: Cache = {}
+            if write_back != WriteBack.DIFF:
+                cache = read_cache(line_length, mode)
+                src = src.resolve()
+                if src in cache and cache[src] == get_cache_info(src):
+                    changed = Changed.CACHED
+            if changed is not Changed.CACHED and format_file_in_place(
+                src,
+                line_length=line_length,
+                fast=fast,
+                write_back=write_back,
+                mode=mode,
+            ):
+                changed = Changed.YES
+            if write_back == WriteBack.YES and changed is not Changed.NO:
+                write_cache(cache, [src], line_length, mode)
+        report.done(src, changed)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        report.failed(src, str(exc))
 
 
 async def schedule_formatting(
     sources: List[Path],
     line_length: int,
-    write_back: bool,
     fast: bool,
+    write_back: WriteBack,
+    mode: FileMode,
+    report: "Report",
     loop: BaseEventLoop,
     executor: Executor,
-) -> int:
+) -> None:
     """Run formatting of `sources` in parallel using the provided `executor`.
 
     (Use ProcessPoolExecutors for actual parallelism.)
 
-    `line_length`, `write_back`, and `fast` options are passed to
+    `line_length`, `write_back`, `fast`, and `pyi` options are passed to
     :func:`format_file_in_place`.
     """
-    tasks = {
-        src: loop.run_in_executor(
-            executor, format_file_in_place, src, line_length, fast, write_back
-        )
-        for src in sources
-    }
-    await asyncio.wait(tasks.values())
+    cache: Cache = {}
+    if write_back != WriteBack.DIFF:
+        cache = read_cache(line_length, mode)
+        sources, cached = filter_cached(cache, sources)
+        for src in cached:
+            report.done(src, Changed.CACHED)
     cancelled = []
-    report = Report(check=not write_back)
-    for src, task in tasks.items():
-        if not task.done():
-            report.failed(src, 'timed out, cancelling')
-            task.cancel()
-            cancelled.append(task)
-        elif task.exception():
-            report.failed(src, str(task.exception()))
-        else:
-            report.done(src, task.result())
+    formatted = []
+    if sources:
+        lock = None
+        if write_back == WriteBack.DIFF:
+            # For diff output, we need locks to ensure we don't interleave output
+            # from different processes.
+            manager = Manager()
+            lock = manager.Lock()
+        tasks = {
+            loop.run_in_executor(
+                executor,
+                format_file_in_place,
+                src,
+                line_length,
+                fast,
+                write_back,
+                mode,
+                lock,
+            ): src
+            for src in sorted(sources)
+        }
+        pending: Iterable[asyncio.Task] = tasks.keys()
+        try:
+            loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGINT, cancel, pending)
+            loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGTERM, cancel, pending)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            # There are no good alternatives for these on Windows
+            pass
+        while pending:
+            done, _ = await asyncio.wait(pending, return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)
+            for task in done:
+                src = tasks.pop(task)
+                if task.cancelled():
+                    cancelled.append(task)
+                elif task.exception():
+                    report.failed(src, str(task.exception()))
+                else:
+                    formatted.append(src)
+                    report.done(src, Changed.YES if task.result() else Changed.NO)
     if cancelled:
-        await asyncio.wait(cancelled, timeout=2)
-    out('All done! ✨ 🍰 ✨')
-    click.echo(str(report))
-    return report.return_code
+        await asyncio.gather(*cancelled, loop=loop, return_exceptions=True)
+    if write_back == WriteBack.YES and formatted:
+        write_cache(cache, formatted, line_length, mode)
 
 
 def format_file_in_place(
-    src: Path, line_length: int, fast: bool, write_back: bool = False
+    src: Path,
+    line_length: int,
+    fast: bool,
+    write_back: WriteBack = WriteBack.NO,
+    mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT,
+    lock: Any = None,  # multiprocessing.Manager().Lock() is some crazy proxy
 ) -> bool:
     """Format file under `src` path. Return True if changed.
 
     If `write_back` is True, write reformatted code back to stdout.
     `line_length` and `fast` options are passed to :func:`format_file_contents`.
     """
+    if src.suffix == ".pyi":
+        mode |= FileMode.PYI
     with tokenize.open(src) as src_buffer:
         src_contents = src_buffer.read()
     try:
-        contents = format_file_contents(
-            src_contents, line_length=line_length, fast=fast
+        dst_contents = format_file_contents(
+            src_contents, line_length=line_length, fast=fast, mode=mode
         )
     except NothingChanged:
         return False
 
-    if write_back:
+    if write_back == write_back.YES:
         with open(src, "w", encoding=src_buffer.encoding) as f:
-            f.write(contents)
+            f.write(dst_contents)
+    elif write_back == write_back.DIFF:
+        src_name = f"{src}  (original)"
+        dst_name = f"{src}  (formatted)"
+        diff_contents = diff(src_contents, dst_contents, src_name, dst_name)
+        if lock:
+            lock.acquire()
+        try:
+            sys.stdout.write(diff_contents)
+        finally:
+            if lock:
+                lock.release()
     return True
 
 
 def format_stdin_to_stdout(
-    line_length: int, fast: bool, write_back: bool = False
+    line_length: int,
+    fast: bool,
+    write_back: WriteBack = WriteBack.NO,
+    mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT,
 ) -> bool:
     """Format file on stdin. Return True if changed.
 
     If `write_back` is True, write reformatted code back to stdout.
-    `line_length` and `fast` arguments are passed to :func:`format_file_contents`.
+    `line_length`, `fast`, `is_pyi`, and `force_py36` arguments are passed to
+    :func:`format_file_contents`.
     """
-    contents = sys.stdin.read()
+    src = sys.stdin.read()
+    dst = src
     try:
-        contents = format_file_contents(contents, line_length=line_length, fast=fast)
+        dst = format_file_contents(src, line_length=line_length, fast=fast, mode=mode)
         return True
 
     except NothingChanged:
         return False
 
     finally:
-        if write_back:
-            sys.stdout.write(contents)
+        if write_back == WriteBack.YES:
+            sys.stdout.write(dst)
+        elif write_back == WriteBack.DIFF:
+            src_name = "<stdin>  (original)"
+            dst_name = "<stdin>  (formatted)"
+            sys.stdout.write(diff(src, dst, src_name, dst_name))
 
 
 def format_file_contents(
-    src_contents: str, line_length: int, fast: bool
+    src_contents: str,
+    *,
+    line_length: int,
+    fast: bool,
+    mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT,
 ) -> FileContent:
     """Reformat contents a file and return new contents.
 
@@ -251,29 +472,38 @@ def format_file_contents(
     valid by calling :func:`assert_equivalent` and :func:`assert_stable` on it.
     `line_length` is passed to :func:`format_str`.
     """
-    if src_contents.strip() == '':
+    if src_contents.strip() == "":
         raise NothingChanged
 
-    dst_contents = format_str(src_contents, line_length=line_length)
+    dst_contents = format_str(src_contents, line_length=line_length, mode=mode)
     if src_contents == dst_contents:
         raise NothingChanged
 
     if not fast:
         assert_equivalent(src_contents, dst_contents)
-        assert_stable(src_contents, dst_contents, line_length=line_length)
+        assert_stable(src_contents, dst_contents, line_length=line_length, mode=mode)
     return dst_contents
 
 
-def format_str(src_contents: str, line_length: int) -> FileContent:
+def format_str(
+    src_contents: str, line_length: int, *, mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT
+) -> FileContent:
     """Reformat a string and return new contents.
 
     `line_length` determines how many characters per line are allowed.
     """
     src_node = lib2to3_parse(src_contents)
     dst_contents = ""
-    lines = LineGenerator()
-    elt = EmptyLineTracker()
-    py36 = is_python36(src_node)
+    future_imports = get_future_imports(src_node)
+    is_pyi = bool(mode & FileMode.PYI)
+    py36 = bool(mode & FileMode.PYTHON36) or is_python36(src_node)
+    normalize_strings = not bool(mode & FileMode.NO_STRING_NORMALIZATION)
+    lines = LineGenerator(
+        remove_u_prefix=py36 or "unicode_literals" in future_imports,
+        is_pyi=is_pyi,
+        normalize_strings=normalize_strings,
+    )
+    elt = EmptyLineTracker(is_pyi=is_pyi)
     empty_line = Line()
     after = 0
     for current_line in lines.visit(src_node):
@@ -290,7 +520,6 @@ def format_str(src_contents: str, line_length: int) -> FileContent:
 GRAMMARS = [
     pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement_no_exec_statement,
     pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement,
-    pygram.python_grammar_no_exec_statement,
     pygram.python_grammar,
 ]
 
@@ -298,8 +527,8 @@ GRAMMARS = [
 def lib2to3_parse(src_txt: str) -> Node:
     """Given a string with source, return the lib2to3 Node."""
     grammar = pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement
-    if src_txt[-1] != '\n':
-        nl = '\r\n' if '\r\n' in src_txt[:1024] else '\n'
+    if src_txt[-1] != "\n":
+        nl = "\r\n" if "\r\n" in src_txt[:1024] else "\n"
         src_txt += nl
     for grammar in GRAMMARS:
         drv = driver.Driver(grammar, pytree.convert)
@@ -329,7 +558,7 @@ def lib2to3_unparse(node: Node) -> str:
     return code
 
 
-T = TypeVar('T')
+T = TypeVar("T")
 
 
 class Visitor(Generic[T]):
@@ -349,7 +578,7 @@ class Visitor(Generic[T]):
             name = token.tok_name[node.type]
         else:
             name = type_repr(node.type)
-        yield from getattr(self, f'visit_{name}', self.visit_default)(node)
+        yield from getattr(self, f"visit_{name}", self.visit_default)(node)
 
     def visit_default(self, node: LN) -> Iterator[T]:
         """Default `visit_*()` implementation. Recurses to children of `node`."""
@@ -363,24 +592,24 @@ class DebugVisitor(Visitor[T]):
     tree_depth: int = 0
 
     def visit_default(self, node: LN) -> Iterator[T]:
-        indent = ' ' * (2 * self.tree_depth)
+        indent = " " * (2 * self.tree_depth)
         if isinstance(node, Node):
             _type = type_repr(node.type)
-            out(f'{indent}{_type}', fg='yellow')
+            out(f"{indent}{_type}", fg="yellow")
             self.tree_depth += 1
             for child in node.children:
                 yield from self.visit(child)
 
             self.tree_depth -= 1
-            out(f'{indent}/{_type}', fg='yellow', bold=False)
+            out(f"{indent}/{_type}", fg="yellow", bold=False)
         else:
             _type = token.tok_name.get(node.type, str(node.type))
-            out(f'{indent}{_type}', fg='blue', nl=False)
+            out(f"{indent}{_type}", fg="blue", nl=False)
             if node.prefix:
                 # We don't have to handle prefixes for `Node` objects since
                 # that delegates to the first child anyway.
-                out(f' {node.prefix!r}', fg='green', bold=False, nl=False)
-            out(f' {node.value!r}', fg='blue', bold=False)
+                out(f" {node.prefix!r}", fg="green", bold=False, nl=False)
+            out(f" {node.value!r}", fg="blue", bold=False)
 
     @classmethod
     def show(cls, code: str) -> None:
@@ -394,7 +623,7 @@ class DebugVisitor(Visitor[T]):
 
 KEYWORDS = set(keyword.kwlist)
 WHITESPACE = {token.DEDENT, token.INDENT, token.NEWLINE}
-FLOW_CONTROL = {'return', 'raise', 'break', 'continue'}
+FLOW_CONTROL = {"return", "raise", "break", "continue"}
 STATEMENT = {
     syms.if_stmt,
     syms.while_stmt,
@@ -406,7 +635,7 @@ STATEMENT = {
     syms.classdef,
 }
 STANDALONE_COMMENT = 153
-LOGIC_OPERATORS = {'and', 'or'}
+LOGIC_OPERATORS = {"and", "or"}
 COMPARATORS = {
     token.LESS,
     token.GREATER,
@@ -416,26 +645,91 @@ COMPARATORS = {
     token.GREATEREQUAL,
 }
 MATH_OPERATORS = {
+    token.VBAR,
+    token.CIRCUMFLEX,
+    token.AMPER,
+    token.LEFTSHIFT,
+    token.RIGHTSHIFT,
     token.PLUS,
     token.MINUS,
     token.STAR,
     token.SLASH,
-    token.VBAR,
-    token.AMPER,
+    token.DOUBLESLASH,
     token.PERCENT,
-    token.CIRCUMFLEX,
+    token.AT,
     token.TILDE,
-    token.LEFTSHIFT,
-    token.RIGHTSHIFT,
     token.DOUBLESTAR,
-    token.DOUBLESLASH,
+}
+STARS = {token.STAR, token.DOUBLESTAR}
+VARARGS_PARENTS = {
+    syms.arglist,
+    syms.argument,  # double star in arglist
+    syms.trailer,  # single argument to call
+    syms.typedargslist,
+    syms.varargslist,  # lambdas
+}
+UNPACKING_PARENTS = {
+    syms.atom,  # single element of a list or set literal
+    syms.dictsetmaker,
+    syms.listmaker,
+    syms.testlist_gexp,
+}
+TEST_DESCENDANTS = {
+    syms.test,
+    syms.lambdef,
+    syms.or_test,
+    syms.and_test,
+    syms.not_test,
+    syms.comparison,
+    syms.star_expr,
+    syms.expr,
+    syms.xor_expr,
+    syms.and_expr,
+    syms.shift_expr,
+    syms.arith_expr,
+    syms.trailer,
+    syms.term,
+    syms.power,
+}
+ASSIGNMENTS = {
+    "=",
+    "+=",
+    "-=",
+    "*=",
+    "@=",
+    "/=",
+    "%=",
+    "&=",
+    "|=",
+    "^=",
+    "<<=",
+    ">>=",
+    "**=",
+    "//=",
 }
 COMPREHENSION_PRIORITY = 20
-COMMA_PRIORITY = 10
-LOGIC_PRIORITY = 5
-STRING_PRIORITY = 4
-COMPARATOR_PRIORITY = 3
-MATH_PRIORITY = 1
+COMMA_PRIORITY = 18
+TERNARY_PRIORITY = 16
+LOGIC_PRIORITY = 14
+STRING_PRIORITY = 12
+COMPARATOR_PRIORITY = 10
+MATH_PRIORITIES = {
+    token.VBAR: 9,
+    token.CIRCUMFLEX: 8,
+    token.AMPER: 7,
+    token.LEFTSHIFT: 6,
+    token.RIGHTSHIFT: 6,
+    token.PLUS: 5,
+    token.MINUS: 5,
+    token.STAR: 4,
+    token.SLASH: 4,
+    token.DOUBLESLASH: 4,
+    token.PERCENT: 4,
+    token.AT: 4,
+    token.TILDE: 3,
+    token.DOUBLESTAR: 2,
+}
+DOT_PRIORITY = 1
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -446,6 +740,8 @@ class BracketTracker:
     bracket_match: Dict[Tuple[Depth, NodeType], Leaf] = Factory(dict)
     delimiters: Dict[LeafID, Priority] = Factory(dict)
     previous: Optional[Leaf] = None
+    _for_loop_variable: int = 0
+    _lambda_arguments: int = 0
 
     def mark(self, leaf: Leaf) -> None:
         """Mark `leaf` with bracket-related metadata. Keep track of delimiters.
@@ -465,42 +761,27 @@ class BracketTracker:
         if leaf.type == token.COMMENT:
             return
 
+        self.maybe_decrement_after_for_loop_variable(leaf)
+        self.maybe_decrement_after_lambda_arguments(leaf)
         if leaf.type in CLOSING_BRACKETS:
             self.depth -= 1
             opening_bracket = self.bracket_match.pop((self.depth, leaf.type))
             leaf.opening_bracket = opening_bracket
         leaf.bracket_depth = self.depth
         if self.depth == 0:
-            delim = is_delimiter(leaf)
-            if delim:
-                self.delimiters[id(leaf)] = delim
-            elif self.previous is not None:
-                if leaf.type == token.STRING and self.previous.type == token.STRING:
-                    self.delimiters[id(self.previous)] = STRING_PRIORITY
-                elif (
-                    leaf.type == token.NAME
-                    and leaf.value == 'for'
-                    and leaf.parent
-                    and leaf.parent.type in {syms.comp_for, syms.old_comp_for}
-                ):
-                    self.delimiters[id(self.previous)] = COMPREHENSION_PRIORITY
-                elif (
-                    leaf.type == token.NAME
-                    and leaf.value == 'if'
-                    and leaf.parent
-                    and leaf.parent.type in {syms.comp_if, syms.old_comp_if}
-                ):
-                    self.delimiters[id(self.previous)] = COMPREHENSION_PRIORITY
-                elif (
-                    leaf.type == token.NAME
-                    and leaf.value in LOGIC_OPERATORS
-                    and leaf.parent
-                ):
-                    self.delimiters[id(self.previous)] = LOGIC_PRIORITY
+            delim = is_split_before_delimiter(leaf, self.previous)
+            if delim and self.previous is not None:
+                self.delimiters[id(self.previous)] = delim
+            else:
+                delim = is_split_after_delimiter(leaf, self.previous)
+                if delim:
+                    self.delimiters[id(leaf)] = delim
         if leaf.type in OPENING_BRACKETS:
             self.bracket_match[self.depth, BRACKET[leaf.type]] = leaf
             self.depth += 1
         self.previous = leaf
+        self.maybe_increment_lambda_arguments(leaf)
+        self.maybe_increment_for_loop_variable(leaf)
 
     def any_open_brackets(self) -> bool:
         """Return True if there is an yet unmatched open bracket on the line."""
@@ -509,10 +790,70 @@ class BracketTracker:
     def max_delimiter_priority(self, exclude: Iterable[LeafID] = ()) -> int:
         """Return the highest priority of a delimiter found on the line.
 
-        Values are consistent with what `is_delimiter()` returns.
+        Values are consistent with what `is_split_*_delimiter()` return.
+        Raises ValueError on no delimiters.
         """
         return max(v for k, v in self.delimiters.items() if k not in exclude)
 
+    def delimiter_count_with_priority(self, priority: int = 0) -> int:
+        """Return the number of delimiters with the given `priority`.
+
+        If no `priority` is passed, defaults to max priority on the line.
+        """
+        if not self.delimiters:
+            return 0
+
+        priority = priority or self.max_delimiter_priority()
+        return sum(1 for p in self.delimiters.values() if p == priority)
+
+    def maybe_increment_for_loop_variable(self, leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
+        """In a for loop, or comprehension, the variables are often unpacks.
+
+        To avoid splitting on the comma in this situation, increase the depth of
+        tokens between `for` and `in`.
+        """
+        if leaf.type == token.NAME and leaf.value == "for":
+            self.depth += 1
+            self._for_loop_variable += 1
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def maybe_decrement_after_for_loop_variable(self, leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
+        """See `maybe_increment_for_loop_variable` above for explanation."""
+        if self._for_loop_variable and leaf.type == token.NAME and leaf.value == "in":
+            self.depth -= 1
+            self._for_loop_variable -= 1
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def maybe_increment_lambda_arguments(self, leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
+        """In a lambda expression, there might be more than one argument.
+
+        To avoid splitting on the comma in this situation, increase the depth of
+        tokens between `lambda` and `:`.
+        """
+        if leaf.type == token.NAME and leaf.value == "lambda":
+            self.depth += 1
+            self._lambda_arguments += 1
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def maybe_decrement_after_lambda_arguments(self, leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
+        """See `maybe_increment_lambda_arguments` above for explanation."""
+        if self._lambda_arguments and leaf.type == token.COLON:
+            self.depth -= 1
+            self._lambda_arguments -= 1
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def get_open_lsqb(self) -> Optional[Leaf]:
+        """Return the most recent opening square bracket (if any)."""
+        return self.bracket_match.get((self.depth - 1, token.RSQB))
+
 
 @dataclass
 class Line:
@@ -520,11 +861,10 @@ class Line:
 
     depth: int = 0
     leaves: List[Leaf] = Factory(list)
-    comments: Dict[LeafID, Leaf] = Factory(dict)
+    comments: List[Tuple[Index, Leaf]] = Factory(list)
     bracket_tracker: BracketTracker = Factory(BracketTracker)
     inside_brackets: bool = False
-    has_for: bool = False
-    _for_loop_variable: bool = False
+    should_explode: bool = False
 
     def append(self, leaf: Leaf, preformatted: bool = False) -> None:
         """Add a new `leaf` to the end of the line.
@@ -536,29 +876,45 @@ class Line:
 
         Inline comments are put aside.
         """
-        has_value = leaf.value.strip()
+        has_value = leaf.type in BRACKETS or bool(leaf.value.strip())
         if not has_value:
             return
 
+        if token.COLON == leaf.type and self.is_class_paren_empty:
+            del self.leaves[-2:]
         if self.leaves and not preformatted:
             # Note: at this point leaf.prefix should be empty except for
             # imports, for which we only preserve newlines.
-            leaf.prefix += whitespace(leaf)
+            leaf.prefix += whitespace(
+                leaf, complex_subscript=self.is_complex_subscript(leaf)
+            )
         if self.inside_brackets or not preformatted:
-            self.maybe_decrement_after_for_loop_variable(leaf)
             self.bracket_tracker.mark(leaf)
             self.maybe_remove_trailing_comma(leaf)
-            self.maybe_increment_for_loop_variable(leaf)
-            if self.maybe_adapt_standalone_comment(leaf):
-                return
-
         if not self.append_comment(leaf):
             self.leaves.append(leaf)
 
+    def append_safe(self, leaf: Leaf, preformatted: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Like :func:`append()` but disallow invalid standalone comment structure.
+
+        Raises ValueError when any `leaf` is appended after a standalone comment
+        or when a standalone comment is not the first leaf on the line.
+        """
+        if self.bracket_tracker.depth == 0:
+            if self.is_comment:
+                raise ValueError("cannot append to standalone comments")
+
+            if self.leaves and leaf.type == STANDALONE_COMMENT:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "cannot append standalone comments to a populated line"
+                )
+
+        self.append(leaf, preformatted=preformatted)
+
     @property
     def is_comment(self) -> bool:
         """Is this line a standalone comment?"""
-        return bool(self) and self.leaves[0].type == STANDALONE_COMMENT
+        return len(self.leaves) == 1 and self.leaves[0].type == STANDALONE_COMMENT
 
     @property
     def is_decorator(self) -> bool:
@@ -576,9 +932,16 @@ class Line:
         return (
             bool(self)
             and self.leaves[0].type == token.NAME
-            and self.leaves[0].value == 'class'
+            and self.leaves[0].value == "class"
         )
 
+    @property
+    def is_stub_class(self) -> bool:
+        """Is this line a class definition with a body consisting only of "..."?"""
+        return self.is_class and self.leaves[-3:] == [
+            Leaf(token.DOT, ".") for _ in range(3)
+        ]
+
     @property
     def is_def(self) -> bool:
         """Is this a function definition? (Also returns True for async defs.)"""
@@ -591,37 +954,47 @@ class Line:
             second_leaf: Optional[Leaf] = self.leaves[1]
         except IndexError:
             second_leaf = None
-        return (
-            (first_leaf.type == token.NAME and first_leaf.value == 'def')
-            or (
-                first_leaf.type == token.ASYNC
-                and second_leaf is not None
-                and second_leaf.type == token.NAME
-                and second_leaf.value == 'def'
-            )
+        return (first_leaf.type == token.NAME and first_leaf.value == "def") or (
+            first_leaf.type == token.ASYNC
+            and second_leaf is not None
+            and second_leaf.type == token.NAME
+            and second_leaf.value == "def"
         )
 
     @property
-    def is_flow_control(self) -> bool:
-        """Is this line a flow control statement?
+    def is_class_paren_empty(self) -> bool:
+        """Is this a class with no base classes but using parentheses?
 
-        Those are `return`, `raise`, `break`, and `continue`.
+        Those are unnecessary and should be removed.
         """
         return (
             bool(self)
-            and self.leaves[0].type == token.NAME
-            and self.leaves[0].value in FLOW_CONTROL
+            and len(self.leaves) == 4
+            and self.is_class
+            and self.leaves[2].type == token.LPAR
+            and self.leaves[2].value == "("
+            and self.leaves[3].type == token.RPAR
+            and self.leaves[3].value == ")"
         )
 
     @property
-    def is_yield(self) -> bool:
-        """Is this line a yield statement?"""
+    def is_triple_quoted_string(self) -> bool:
+        """Is the line a triple quoted string?"""
         return (
             bool(self)
-            and self.leaves[0].type == token.NAME
-            and self.leaves[0].value == 'yield'
+            and self.leaves[0].type == token.STRING
+            and self.leaves[0].value.startswith(('"""', "'''"))
         )
 
+    def contains_standalone_comments(self, depth_limit: int = sys.maxsize) -> bool:
+        """If so, needs to be split before emitting."""
+        for leaf in self.leaves:
+            if leaf.type == STANDALONE_COMMENT:
+                if leaf.bracket_depth <= depth_limit:
+                    return True
+
+        return False
+
     def maybe_remove_trailing_comma(self, closing: Leaf) -> bool:
         """Remove trailing comma if there is one and it's safe."""
         if not (
@@ -632,18 +1005,23 @@ class Line:
             return False
 
         if closing.type == token.RBRACE:
-            self.leaves.pop()
+            self.remove_trailing_comma()
             return True
 
         if closing.type == token.RSQB:
             comma = self.leaves[-1]
             if comma.parent and comma.parent.type == syms.listmaker:
-                self.leaves.pop()
+                self.remove_trailing_comma()
                 return True
 
-        # For parens let's check if it's safe to remove the comma.  If the
-        # trailing one is the only one, we might mistakenly change a tuple
-        # into a different type by removing the comma.
+        # For parens let's check if it's safe to remove the comma.
+        # Imports are always safe.
+        if self.is_import:
+            self.remove_trailing_comma()
+            return True
+
+        # Otheriwsse, if the trailing one is the only one, we might mistakenly
+        # change a tuple into a different type by removing the comma.
         depth = closing.bracket_depth + 1
         commas = 0
         opening = closing.opening_bracket
@@ -654,7 +1032,7 @@ class Line:
         else:
             return False
 
-        for leaf in self.leaves[_opening_index + 1:]:
+        for leaf in self.leaves[_opening_index + 1 :]:
             if leaf is closing:
                 break
 
@@ -666,95 +1044,91 @@ class Line:
                     break
 
         if commas > 1:
-            self.leaves.pop()
-            return True
-
-        return False
-
-    def maybe_increment_for_loop_variable(self, leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
-        """In a for loop, or comprehension, the variables are often unpacks.
-
-        To avoid splitting on the comma in this situation, increase the depth of
-        tokens between `for` and `in`.
-        """
-        if leaf.type == token.NAME and leaf.value == 'for':
-            self.has_for = True
-            self.bracket_tracker.depth += 1
-            self._for_loop_variable = True
-            return True
-
-        return False
-
-    def maybe_decrement_after_for_loop_variable(self, leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
-        """See `maybe_increment_for_loop_variable` above for explanation."""
-        if self._for_loop_variable and leaf.type == token.NAME and leaf.value == 'in':
-            self.bracket_tracker.depth -= 1
-            self._for_loop_variable = False
+            self.remove_trailing_comma()
             return True
 
         return False
 
-    def maybe_adapt_standalone_comment(self, comment: Leaf) -> bool:
-        """Hack a standalone comment to act as a trailing comment for line splitting.
-
-        If this line has brackets and a standalone `comment`, we need to adapt
-        it to be able to still reformat the line.
-
-        This is not perfect, the line to which the standalone comment gets
-        appended will appear "too long" when splitting.
-        """
-        if not (
+    def append_comment(self, comment: Leaf) -> bool:
+        """Add an inline or standalone comment to the line."""
+        if (
             comment.type == STANDALONE_COMMENT
             and self.bracket_tracker.any_open_brackets()
         ):
+            comment.prefix = ""
             return False
 
-        comment.type = token.COMMENT
-        comment.prefix = '\n' + '    ' * (self.depth + 1)
-        return self.append_comment(comment)
-
-    def append_comment(self, comment: Leaf) -> bool:
-        """Add an inline comment to the line."""
         if comment.type != token.COMMENT:
             return False
 
-        try:
-            after = id(self.last_non_delimiter())
-        except LookupError:
+        after = len(self.leaves) - 1
+        if after == -1:
             comment.type = STANDALONE_COMMENT
-            comment.prefix = ''
+            comment.prefix = ""
             return False
 
         else:
-            if after in self.comments:
-                self.comments[after].value += str(comment)
-            else:
-                self.comments[after] = comment
+            self.comments.append((after, comment))
             return True
 
-    def last_non_delimiter(self) -> Leaf:
-        """Return the last non-delimiter on the line. Raise LookupError otherwise."""
-        for i in range(len(self.leaves)):
-            last = self.leaves[-i - 1]
-            if not is_delimiter(last):
-                return last
+    def comments_after(self, leaf: Leaf, _index: int = -1) -> Iterator[Leaf]:
+        """Generate comments that should appear directly after `leaf`.
+
+        Provide a non-negative leaf `_index` to speed up the function.
+        """
+        if _index == -1:
+            for _index, _leaf in enumerate(self.leaves):
+                if leaf is _leaf:
+                    break
+
+            else:
+                return
+
+        for index, comment_after in self.comments:
+            if _index == index:
+                yield comment_after
+
+    def remove_trailing_comma(self) -> None:
+        """Remove the trailing comma and moves the comments attached to it."""
+        comma_index = len(self.leaves) - 1
+        for i in range(len(self.comments)):
+            comment_index, comment = self.comments[i]
+            if comment_index == comma_index:
+                self.comments[i] = (comma_index - 1, comment)
+        self.leaves.pop()
+
+    def is_complex_subscript(self, leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
+        """Return True iff `leaf` is part of a slice with non-trivial exprs."""
+        open_lsqb = (
+            leaf if leaf.type == token.LSQB else self.bracket_tracker.get_open_lsqb()
+        )
+        if open_lsqb is None:
+            return False
 
-        raise LookupError("No non-delimiters found")
+        subscript_start = open_lsqb.next_sibling
+        if (
+            isinstance(subscript_start, Node)
+            and subscript_start.type == syms.subscriptlist
+        ):
+            subscript_start = child_towards(subscript_start, leaf)
+        return subscript_start is not None and any(
+            n.type in TEST_DESCENDANTS for n in subscript_start.pre_order()
+        )
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         """Render the line."""
         if not self:
-            return '\n'
+            return "\n"
 
-        indent = '    ' * self.depth
+        indent = "    " * self.depth
         leaves = iter(self.leaves)
         first = next(leaves)
-        res = f'{first.prefix}{indent}{first.value}'
+        res = f"{first.prefix}{indent}{first.value}"
         for leaf in leaves:
             res += str(leaf)
-        for comment in self.comments.values():
+        for _, comment in self.comments:
             res += str(comment)
-        return res + '\n'
+        return res + "\n"
 
     def __bool__(self) -> bool:
         """Return True if the line has leaves or comments."""
@@ -790,9 +1164,9 @@ class UnformattedLines(Line):
         `depth` is not used for indentation in this case.
         """
         if not self:
-            return '\n'
+            return "\n"
 
-        res = ''
+        res = ""
         for leaf in self.leaves:
             res += str(leaf)
         return res
@@ -809,10 +1183,6 @@ class UnformattedLines(Line):
         """Does nothing and returns False."""
         return False
 
-    def maybe_adapt_standalone_comment(self, comment: Leaf) -> bool:
-        """Does nothing and returns False."""
-        return False
-
 
 @dataclass
 class EmptyLineTracker:
@@ -823,6 +1193,8 @@ class EmptyLineTracker:
     the prefix of the first leaf consists of optional newlines.  Those newlines
     are consumed by `maybe_empty_lines()` and included in the computation.
     """
+
+    is_pyi: bool = False
     previous_line: Optional[Line] = None
     previous_after: int = 0
     previous_defs: List[int] = Factory(list)
@@ -831,8 +1203,7 @@ class EmptyLineTracker:
         """Return the number of extra empty lines before and after the `current_line`.
 
         This is for separating `def`, `async def` and `class` with extra empty
-        lines (two on module-level), as well as providing an extra empty line
-        after flow control keywords to make them more prominent.
+        lines (two on module-level).
         """
         if isinstance(current_line, UnformattedLines):
             return 0, 0
@@ -846,19 +1217,22 @@ class EmptyLineTracker:
     def _maybe_empty_lines(self, current_line: Line) -> Tuple[int, int]:
         max_allowed = 1
         if current_line.depth == 0:
-            max_allowed = 2
+            max_allowed = 1 if self.is_pyi else 2
         if current_line.leaves:
             # Consume the first leaf's extra newlines.
             first_leaf = current_line.leaves[0]
-            before = first_leaf.prefix.count('\n')
+            before = first_leaf.prefix.count("\n")
             before = min(before, max_allowed)
-            first_leaf.prefix = ''
+            first_leaf.prefix = ""
         else:
             before = 0
         depth = current_line.depth
         while self.previous_defs and self.previous_defs[-1] >= depth:
             self.previous_defs.pop()
-            before = 1 if depth else 2
+            if self.is_pyi:
+                before = 0 if depth else 1
+            else:
+                before = 1 if depth else 2
         is_decorator = current_line.is_decorator
         if is_decorator or current_line.is_def or current_line.is_class:
             if not is_decorator:
@@ -867,18 +1241,37 @@ class EmptyLineTracker:
                 # Don't insert empty lines before the first line in the file.
                 return 0, 0
 
-            if self.previous_line and self.previous_line.is_decorator:
-                # Don't insert empty lines between decorators.
+            if self.previous_line.is_decorator:
+                return 0, 0
+
+            if self.previous_line.depth < current_line.depth and (
+                self.previous_line.is_class or self.previous_line.is_def
+            ):
+                return 0, 0
+
+            if (
+                self.previous_line.is_comment
+                and self.previous_line.depth == current_line.depth
+                and before == 0
+            ):
                 return 0, 0
 
-            newlines = 2
-            if current_line.depth:
+            if self.is_pyi:
+                if self.previous_line.depth > current_line.depth:
+                    newlines = 1
+                elif current_line.is_class or self.previous_line.is_class:
+                    if current_line.is_stub_class and self.previous_line.is_stub_class:
+                        newlines = 0
+                    else:
+                        newlines = 1
+                else:
+                    newlines = 0
+            else:
+                newlines = 2
+            if current_line.depth and newlines:
                 newlines -= 1
             return newlines, 0
 
-        if current_line.is_flow_control:
-            return before, 1
-
         if (
             self.previous_line
             and self.previous_line.is_import
@@ -889,10 +1282,10 @@ class EmptyLineTracker:
 
         if (
             self.previous_line
-            and self.previous_line.is_yield
-            and (not current_line.is_yield or depth != self.previous_line.depth)
+            and self.previous_line.is_class
+            and current_line.is_triple_quoted_string
         ):
-            return (before or 1), 0
+            return before, 1
 
         return before, 0
 
@@ -904,7 +1297,11 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]):
     Note: destroys the tree it's visiting by mutating prefixes of its leaves
     in ways that will no longer stringify to valid Python code on the tree.
     """
+
+    is_pyi: bool = False
+    normalize_strings: bool = True
     current_line: Line = Factory(Line)
+    remove_u_prefix: bool = False
 
     def line(self, indent: int = 0, type: Type[Line] = Line) -> Iterator[Line]:
         """Generate a line.
@@ -971,6 +1368,9 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]):
 
             else:
                 normalize_prefix(node, inside_brackets=any_open_brackets)
+                if self.normalize_strings and node.type == token.STRING:
+                    normalize_string_prefix(node, remove_u_prefix=self.remove_u_prefix)
+                    normalize_string_quotes(node)
                 if node.type not in WHITESPACE:
                     self.current_line.append(node)
         yield from super().visit_default(node)
@@ -983,34 +1383,60 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]):
 
     def visit_DEDENT(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]:
         """Decrease indentation level, maybe yield a line."""
-        # DEDENT has no value. Additionally, in blib2to3 it never holds comments.
+        # The current line might still wait for trailing comments.  At DEDENT time
+        # there won't be any (they would be prefixes on the preceding NEWLINE).
+        # Emit the line then.
+        yield from self.line()
+
+        # While DEDENT has no value, its prefix may contain standalone comments
+        # that belong to the current indentation level.  Get 'em.
+        yield from self.visit_default(node)
+
+        # Finally, emit the dedent.
         yield from self.line(-1)
 
-    def visit_stmt(self, node: Node, keywords: Set[str]) -> Iterator[Line]:
+    def visit_stmt(
+        self, node: Node, keywords: Set[str], parens: Set[str]
+    ) -> Iterator[Line]:
         """Visit a statement.
 
         This implementation is shared for `if`, `while`, `for`, `try`, `except`,
-        `def`, `with`, and `class`.
+        `def`, `with`, `class`, `assert` and assignments.
 
-        The relevant Python language `keywords` for a given statement will be NAME
-        leaves within it. This methods puts those on a separate line.
+        The relevant Python language `keywords` for a given statement will be
+        NAME leaves within it. This methods puts those on a separate line.
+
+        `parens` holds a set of string leaf values immediately after which
+        invisible parens should be put.
         """
+        normalize_invisible_parens(node, parens_after=parens)
         for child in node.children:
             if child.type == token.NAME and child.value in keywords:  # type: ignore
                 yield from self.line()
 
             yield from self.visit(child)
 
+    def visit_suite(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]:
+        """Visit a suite."""
+        if self.is_pyi and is_stub_suite(node):
+            yield from self.visit(node.children[2])
+        else:
+            yield from self.visit_default(node)
+
     def visit_simple_stmt(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]:
         """Visit a statement without nested statements."""
         is_suite_like = node.parent and node.parent.type in STATEMENT
         if is_suite_like:
-            yield from self.line(+1)
-            yield from self.visit_default(node)
-            yield from self.line(-1)
+            if self.is_pyi and is_stub_body(node):
+                yield from self.visit_default(node)
+            else:
+                yield from self.line(+1)
+                yield from self.visit_default(node)
+                yield from self.line(-1)
 
         else:
-            yield from self.line()
+            if not self.is_pyi or not node.parent or not is_stub_suite(node.parent):
+                yield from self.line()
             yield from self.visit_default(node)
 
     def visit_async_stmt(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]:
@@ -1057,21 +1483,35 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]):
                 yield from self.line()
                 yield from self.visit(node)
 
+            if node.type == token.ENDMARKER:
+                # somebody decided not to put a final `# fmt: on`
+                yield from self.line()
+
     def __attrs_post_init__(self) -> None:
         """You are in a twisty little maze of passages."""
         v = self.visit_stmt
-        self.visit_if_stmt = partial(v, keywords={'if', 'else', 'elif'})
-        self.visit_while_stmt = partial(v, keywords={'while', 'else'})
-        self.visit_for_stmt = partial(v, keywords={'for', 'else'})
-        self.visit_try_stmt = partial(v, keywords={'try', 'except', 'else', 'finally'})
-        self.visit_except_clause = partial(v, keywords={'except'})
-        self.visit_funcdef = partial(v, keywords={'def'})
-        self.visit_with_stmt = partial(v, keywords={'with'})
-        self.visit_classdef = partial(v, keywords={'class'})
+        Ø: Set[str] = set()
+        self.visit_assert_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"assert"}, parens={"assert", ","})
+        self.visit_if_stmt = partial(
+            v, keywords={"if", "else", "elif"}, parens={"if", "elif"}
+        )
+        self.visit_while_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"while", "else"}, parens={"while"})
+        self.visit_for_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"for", "else"}, parens={"for", "in"})
+        self.visit_try_stmt = partial(
+            v, keywords={"try", "except", "else", "finally"}, parens=Ø
+        )
+        self.visit_except_clause = partial(v, keywords={"except"}, parens=Ø)
+        self.visit_with_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"with"}, parens=Ø)
+        self.visit_funcdef = partial(v, keywords={"def"}, parens=Ø)
+        self.visit_classdef = partial(v, keywords={"class"}, parens=Ø)
+        self.visit_expr_stmt = partial(v, keywords=Ø, parens=ASSIGNMENTS)
+        self.visit_return_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"return"}, parens={"return"})
+        self.visit_import_from = partial(v, keywords=Ø, parens={"import"})
         self.visit_async_funcdef = self.visit_async_stmt
         self.visit_decorated = self.visit_decorators
 
 
+IMPLICIT_TUPLE = {syms.testlist, syms.testlist_star_expr, syms.exprlist}
 BRACKET = {token.LPAR: token.RPAR, token.LSQB: token.RSQB, token.LBRACE: token.RBRACE}
 OPENING_BRACKETS = set(BRACKET.keys())
 CLOSING_BRACKETS = set(BRACKET.values())
@@ -1079,11 +1519,15 @@ BRACKETS = OPENING_BRACKETS | CLOSING_BRACKETS
 ALWAYS_NO_SPACE = CLOSING_BRACKETS | {token.COMMA, STANDALONE_COMMENT}
 
 
-def whitespace(leaf: Leaf) -> str:  # noqa C901
-    """Return whitespace prefix if needed for the given `leaf`."""
-    NO = ''
-    SPACE = ' '
-    DOUBLESPACE = '  '
+def whitespace(leaf: Leaf, *, complex_subscript: bool) -> str:  # noqa C901
+    """Return whitespace prefix if needed for the given `leaf`.
+
+    `complex_subscript` signals whether the given leaf is part of a subscription
+    which has non-trivial arguments, like arithmetic expressions or function calls.
+    """
+    NO = ""
+    SPACE = " "
+    DOUBLESPACE = "  "
     t = leaf.type
     p = leaf.parent
     v = leaf.value
@@ -1094,7 +1538,11 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf) -> str:  # noqa C901
         return DOUBLESPACE
 
     assert p is not None, f"INTERNAL ERROR: hand-made leaf without parent: {leaf!r}"
-    if t == token.COLON and p.type not in {syms.subscript, syms.subscriptlist}:
+    if t == token.COLON and p.type not in {
+        syms.subscript,
+        syms.subscriptlist,
+        syms.sliceop,
+    }:
         return NO
 
     prev = leaf.prev_sibling
@@ -1104,12 +1552,21 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf) -> str:  # noqa C901
             return NO
 
         if t == token.COLON:
-            return SPACE if prevp.type == token.COMMA else NO
+            if prevp.type == token.COLON:
+                return NO
+
+            elif prevp.type != token.COMMA and not complex_subscript:
+                return NO
+
+            return SPACE
 
         if prevp.type == token.EQUAL:
             if prevp.parent:
                 if prevp.parent.type in {
-                    syms.arglist, syms.argument, syms.parameters, syms.varargslist
+                    syms.arglist,
+                    syms.argument,
+                    syms.parameters,
+                    syms.varargslist,
                 }:
                     return NO
 
@@ -1119,24 +1576,17 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf) -> str:  # noqa C901
                     # that, too.
                     return prevp.prefix
 
-        elif prevp.type == token.DOUBLESTAR:
-            if prevp.parent and prevp.parent.type in {
-                syms.arglist,
-                syms.argument,
-                syms.dictsetmaker,
-                syms.parameters,
-                syms.typedargslist,
-                syms.varargslist,
-            }:
+        elif prevp.type in STARS:
+            if is_vararg(prevp, within=VARARGS_PARENTS | UNPACKING_PARENTS):
                 return NO
 
         elif prevp.type == token.COLON:
             if prevp.parent and prevp.parent.type in {syms.subscript, syms.sliceop}:
-                return NO
+                return SPACE if complex_subscript else NO
 
         elif (
             prevp.parent
-            and prevp.parent.type in {syms.factor, syms.star_expr}
+            and prevp.parent.type == syms.factor
             and prevp.type in MATH_OPERATORS
         ):
             return NO
@@ -1147,7 +1597,7 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf) -> str:  # noqa C901
             and prevp.parent.type == syms.shift_expr
             and prevp.prev_sibling
             and prevp.prev_sibling.type == token.NAME
-            and prevp.prev_sibling.value == 'print'  # type: ignore
+            and prevp.prev_sibling.value == "print"  # type: ignore
         ):
             # Python 2 print chevron
             return NO
@@ -1157,17 +1607,11 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf) -> str:  # noqa C901
 
     if p.type in {syms.parameters, syms.arglist}:
         # untyped function signatures or calls
-        if t == token.RPAR:
-            return NO
-
         if not prev or prev.type != token.COMMA:
             return NO
 
     elif p.type == syms.varargslist:
         # lambdas
-        if t == token.RPAR:
-            return NO
-
         if prev and prev.type != token.COMMA:
             return NO
 
@@ -1222,7 +1666,7 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf) -> str:  # noqa C901
             if not prevp or prevp.type == token.LPAR:
                 return NO
 
-        elif prev.type == token.EQUAL or prev.type == token.DOUBLESTAR:
+        elif prev.type in {token.EQUAL} | STARS:
             return NO
 
     elif p.type == syms.decorator:
@@ -1244,7 +1688,7 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf) -> str:  # noqa C901
         if prev and prev.type == token.LPAR:
             return NO
 
-    elif p.type == syms.subscript:
+    elif p.type in {syms.subscript, syms.sliceop}:
         # indexing
         if not prev:
             assert p.parent is not None, "subscripts are always parented"
@@ -1253,7 +1697,7 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf) -> str:  # noqa C901
 
             return NO
 
-        else:
+        elif not complex_subscript:
             return NO
 
     elif p.type == syms.atom:
@@ -1261,21 +1705,9 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf) -> str:  # noqa C901
             # dots, but not the first one.
             return NO
 
-    elif (
-        p.type == syms.listmaker
-        or p.type == syms.testlist_gexp
-        or p.type == syms.subscriptlist
-    ):
-        # list interior, including unpacking
-        if not prev:
-            return NO
-
     elif p.type == syms.dictsetmaker:
-        # dict and set interior, including unpacking
-        if not prev:
-            return NO
-
-        if prev.type == token.DOUBLESTAR:
+        # dict unpacking
+        if prev and prev.type == token.DOUBLESTAR:
             return NO
 
     elif p.type in {syms.factor, syms.star_expr}:
@@ -1288,7 +1720,8 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf) -> str:  # noqa C901
             prevp_parent = prevp.parent
             assert prevp_parent is not None
             if prevp.type == token.COLON and prevp_parent.type in {
-                syms.subscript, syms.sliceop
+                syms.subscript,
+                syms.sliceop,
             }:
                 return NO
 
@@ -1304,7 +1737,7 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf) -> str:  # noqa C901
                 return NO
 
         elif t == token.NAME:
-            if v == 'import':
+            if v == "import":
                 return SPACE
 
             if prev and prev.type == token.DOT:
@@ -1334,28 +1767,120 @@ def preceding_leaf(node: Optional[LN]) -> Optional[Leaf]:
     return None
 
 
-def is_delimiter(leaf: Leaf) -> int:
-    """Return the priority of the `leaf` delimiter. Return 0 if not delimiter.
+def child_towards(ancestor: Node, descendant: LN) -> Optional[LN]:
+    """Return the child of `ancestor` that contains `descendant`."""
+    node: Optional[LN] = descendant
+    while node and node.parent != ancestor:
+        node = node.parent
+    return node
+
+
+def is_split_after_delimiter(leaf: Leaf, previous: Leaf = None) -> int:
+    """Return the priority of the `leaf` delimiter, given a line break after it.
+
+    The delimiter priorities returned here are from those delimiters that would
+    cause a line break after themselves.
 
     Higher numbers are higher priority.
     """
     if leaf.type == token.COMMA:
         return COMMA_PRIORITY
 
-    if leaf.type in COMPARATORS:
-        return COMPARATOR_PRIORITY
+    return 0
+
+
+def is_split_before_delimiter(leaf: Leaf, previous: Leaf = None) -> int:
+    """Return the priority of the `leaf` delimiter, given a line before after it.
+
+    The delimiter priorities returned here are from those delimiters that would
+    cause a line break before themselves.
+
+    Higher numbers are higher priority.
+    """
+    if is_vararg(leaf, within=VARARGS_PARENTS | UNPACKING_PARENTS):
+        # * and ** might also be MATH_OPERATORS but in this case they are not.
+        # Don't treat them as a delimiter.
+        return 0
+
+    if (
+        leaf.type == token.DOT
+        and leaf.parent
+        and leaf.parent.type not in {syms.import_from, syms.dotted_name}
+        and (previous is None or previous.type in CLOSING_BRACKETS)
+    ):
+        return DOT_PRIORITY
 
     if (
         leaf.type in MATH_OPERATORS
         and leaf.parent
         and leaf.parent.type not in {syms.factor, syms.star_expr}
     ):
-        return MATH_PRIORITY
+        return MATH_PRIORITIES[leaf.type]
+
+    if leaf.type in COMPARATORS:
+        return COMPARATOR_PRIORITY
+
+    if (
+        leaf.type == token.STRING
+        and previous is not None
+        and previous.type == token.STRING
+    ):
+        return STRING_PRIORITY
+
+    if leaf.type != token.NAME:
+        return 0
+
+    if (
+        leaf.value == "for"
+        and leaf.parent
+        and leaf.parent.type in {syms.comp_for, syms.old_comp_for}
+    ):
+        return COMPREHENSION_PRIORITY
+
+    if (
+        leaf.value == "if"
+        and leaf.parent
+        and leaf.parent.type in {syms.comp_if, syms.old_comp_if}
+    ):
+        return COMPREHENSION_PRIORITY
+
+    if leaf.value in {"if", "else"} and leaf.parent and leaf.parent.type == syms.test:
+        return TERNARY_PRIORITY
+
+    if leaf.value == "is":
+        return COMPARATOR_PRIORITY
+
+    if (
+        leaf.value == "in"
+        and leaf.parent
+        and leaf.parent.type in {syms.comp_op, syms.comparison}
+        and not (
+            previous is not None
+            and previous.type == token.NAME
+            and previous.value == "not"
+        )
+    ):
+        return COMPARATOR_PRIORITY
+
+    if (
+        leaf.value == "not"
+        and leaf.parent
+        and leaf.parent.type == syms.comp_op
+        and not (
+            previous is not None
+            and previous.type == token.NAME
+            and previous.value == "is"
+        )
+    ):
+        return COMPARATOR_PRIORITY
+
+    if leaf.value in LOGIC_OPERATORS and leaf.parent:
+        return LOGIC_PRIORITY
 
     return 0
 
 
-def generate_comments(leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[Leaf]:
+def generate_comments(leaf: LN) -> Iterator[Leaf]:
     """Clean the prefix of the `leaf` and generate comments from it, if any.
 
     Comments in lib2to3 are shoved into the whitespace prefix.  This happens
@@ -1378,17 +1903,17 @@ def generate_comments(leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[Leaf]:
     if not p:
         return
 
-    if '#' not in p:
+    if "#" not in p:
         return
 
     consumed = 0
     nlines = 0
-    for index, line in enumerate(p.split('\n')):
+    for index, line in enumerate(p.split("\n")):
         consumed += len(line) + 1  # adding the length of the split '\n'
         line = line.lstrip()
         if not line:
             nlines += 1
-        if not line.startswith('#'):
+        if not line.startswith("#"):
             continue
 
         if index == 0 and leaf.type != token.ENDMARKER:
@@ -1396,13 +1921,18 @@ def generate_comments(leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[Leaf]:
         else:
             comment_type = STANDALONE_COMMENT
         comment = make_comment(line)
-        yield Leaf(comment_type, comment, prefix='\n' * nlines)
+        yield Leaf(comment_type, comment, prefix="\n" * nlines)
 
-        if comment in {'# fmt: on', '# yapf: enable'}:
+        if comment in {"# fmt: on", "# yapf: enable"}:
             raise FormatOn(consumed)
 
-        if comment in {'# fmt: off', '# yapf: disable'}:
-            raise FormatOff(consumed)
+        if comment in {"# fmt: off", "# yapf: disable"}:
+            if comment_type == STANDALONE_COMMENT:
+                raise FormatOff(consumed)
+
+            prev = preceding_leaf(leaf)
+            if not prev or prev.type in WHITESPACE:  # standalone comment in disguise
+                raise FormatOff(consumed)
 
         nlines = 0
 
@@ -1417,13 +1947,13 @@ def make_comment(content: str) -> str:
     """
     content = content.rstrip()
     if not content:
-        return '#'
+        return "#"
 
-    if content[0] == '#':
+    if content[0] == "#":
         content = content[1:]
-    if content and content[0] not in ' !:#':
-        content = ' ' + content
-    return '#' + content
+    if content and content[0] not in " !:#":
+        content = " " + content
+    return "#" + content
 
 
 def split_line(
@@ -1439,33 +1969,46 @@ def split_line(
     If `py36` is True, splitting may generate syntax that is only compatible
     with Python 3.6 and later.
     """
-    if isinstance(line, UnformattedLines):
+    if isinstance(line, UnformattedLines) or line.is_comment:
         yield line
         return
 
-    line_str = str(line).strip('\n')
-    if len(line_str) <= line_length and '\n' not in line_str:
+    line_str = str(line).strip("\n")
+    if not line.should_explode and is_line_short_enough(
+        line, line_length=line_length, line_str=line_str
+    ):
         yield line
         return
 
+    split_funcs: List[SplitFunc]
     if line.is_def:
         split_funcs = [left_hand_split]
-    elif line.inside_brackets:
-        split_funcs = [delimiter_split]
-        if '\n' not in line_str:
-            # Only attempt RHS if we don't have multiline strings or comments
-            # on this line.
-            split_funcs.append(right_hand_split)
     else:
-        split_funcs = [right_hand_split]
+
+        def rhs(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
+            for omit in generate_trailers_to_omit(line, line_length):
+                lines = list(right_hand_split(line, line_length, py36, omit=omit))
+                if is_line_short_enough(lines[0], line_length=line_length):
+                    yield from lines
+                    return
+
+            # All splits failed, best effort split with no omits.
+            # This mostly happens to multiline strings that are by definition
+            # reported as not fitting a single line.
+            yield from right_hand_split(line, py36)
+
+        if line.inside_brackets:
+            split_funcs = [delimiter_split, standalone_comment_split, rhs]
+        else:
+            split_funcs = [rhs]
     for split_func in split_funcs:
         # We are accumulating lines in `result` because we might want to abort
         # mission and return the original line in the end, or attempt a different
         # split altogether.
         result: List[Line] = []
         try:
-            for l in split_func(line, py36=py36):
-                if str(l).strip('\n') == line_str:
+            for l in split_func(line, py36):
+                if str(l).strip("\n") == line_str:
                     raise CannotSplit("Split function returned an unchanged result")
 
                 result.extend(
@@ -1486,7 +2029,8 @@ def left_hand_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
     """Split line into many lines, starting with the first matching bracket pair.
 
     Note: this usually looks weird, only use this for function definitions.
-    Prefer RHS otherwise.
+    Prefer RHS otherwise.  This is why this function is not symmetrical with
+    :func:`right_hand_split` which also handles optional parentheses.
     """
     head = Line(depth=line.depth)
     body = Line(depth=line.depth + 1, inside_brackets=True)
@@ -1512,13 +2056,10 @@ def left_hand_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
     if body_leaves:
         normalize_prefix(body_leaves[0], inside_brackets=True)
     # Build the new lines.
-    for result, leaves in (
-        (head, head_leaves), (body, body_leaves), (tail, tail_leaves)
-    ):
+    for result, leaves in (head, head_leaves), (body, body_leaves), (tail, tail_leaves):
         for leaf in leaves:
             result.append(leaf, preformatted=True)
-            comment_after = line.comments.get(id(leaf))
-            if comment_after:
+            for comment_after in line.comments_after(leaf):
                 result.append(comment_after, preformatted=True)
     bracket_split_succeeded_or_raise(head, body, tail)
     for result in (head, body, tail):
@@ -1526,8 +2067,17 @@ def left_hand_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
             yield result
 
 
-def right_hand_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
-    """Split line into many lines, starting with the last matching bracket pair."""
+def right_hand_split(
+    line: Line, line_length: int, py36: bool = False, omit: Collection[LeafID] = ()
+) -> Iterator[Line]:
+    """Split line into many lines, starting with the last matching bracket pair.
+
+    If the split was by optional parentheses, attempt splitting without them, too.
+    `omit` is a collection of closing bracket IDs that shouldn't be considered for
+    this split.
+
+    Note: running this function modifies `bracket_depth` on the leaves of `line`.
+    """
     head = Line(depth=line.depth)
     body = Line(depth=line.depth + 1, inside_brackets=True)
     tail = Line(depth=line.depth)
@@ -1536,14 +2086,16 @@ def right_hand_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
     head_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     current_leaves = tail_leaves
     opening_bracket = None
+    closing_bracket = None
     for leaf in reversed(line.leaves):
         if current_leaves is body_leaves:
             if leaf is opening_bracket:
                 current_leaves = head_leaves if body_leaves else tail_leaves
         current_leaves.append(leaf)
         if current_leaves is tail_leaves:
-            if leaf.type in CLOSING_BRACKETS:
+            if leaf.type in CLOSING_BRACKETS and id(leaf) not in omit:
                 opening_bracket = leaf.opening_bracket
+                closing_bracket = leaf
                 current_leaves = body_leaves
     tail_leaves.reverse()
     body_leaves.reverse()
@@ -1551,16 +2103,43 @@ def right_hand_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
     # Since body is a new indent level, remove spurious leading whitespace.
     if body_leaves:
         normalize_prefix(body_leaves[0], inside_brackets=True)
+    if not head_leaves:
+        # No `head` means the split failed. Either `tail` has all content or
+        # the matching `opening_bracket` wasn't available on `line` anymore.
+        raise CannotSplit("No brackets found")
+
     # Build the new lines.
-    for result, leaves in (
-        (head, head_leaves), (body, body_leaves), (tail, tail_leaves)
-    ):
+    for result, leaves in (head, head_leaves), (body, body_leaves), (tail, tail_leaves):
         for leaf in leaves:
             result.append(leaf, preformatted=True)
-            comment_after = line.comments.get(id(leaf))
-            if comment_after:
+            for comment_after in line.comments_after(leaf):
                 result.append(comment_after, preformatted=True)
     bracket_split_succeeded_or_raise(head, body, tail)
+    assert opening_bracket and closing_bracket
+    if (
+        # the opening bracket is an optional paren
+        opening_bracket.type == token.LPAR
+        and not opening_bracket.value
+        # the closing bracket is an optional paren
+        and closing_bracket.type == token.RPAR
+        and not closing_bracket.value
+        # there are no standalone comments in the body
+        and not line.contains_standalone_comments(0)
+        # and it's not an import (optional parens are the only thing we can split
+        # on in this case; attempting a split without them is a waste of time)
+        and not line.is_import
+    ):
+        omit = {id(closing_bracket), *omit}
+        if can_omit_invisible_parens(body, line_length):
+            try:
+                yield from right_hand_split(line, line_length, py36=py36, omit=omit)
+                return
+            except CannotSplit:
+                pass
+
+    ensure_visible(opening_bracket)
+    ensure_visible(closing_bracket)
+    body.should_explode = should_explode(body, opening_bracket)
     for result in (head, body, tail):
         if result:
             yield result
@@ -1592,10 +2171,25 @@ def bracket_split_succeeded_or_raise(head: Line, body: Line, tail: Line) -> None
             )
 
 
+def dont_increase_indentation(split_func: SplitFunc) -> SplitFunc:
+    """Normalize prefix of the first leaf in every line returned by `split_func`.
+
+    This is a decorator over relevant split functions.
+    """
+
+    @wraps(split_func)
+    def split_wrapper(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
+        for l in split_func(line, py36):
+            normalize_prefix(l.leaves[0], inside_brackets=True)
+            yield l
+
+    return split_wrapper
+
+
+@dont_increase_indentation
 def delimiter_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
     """Split according to delimiters of the highest priority.
 
-    This kind of split doesn't increase indentation.
     If `py36` is True, the split will add trailing commas also in function
     signatures that contain `*` and `**`.
     """
@@ -1604,43 +2198,84 @@ def delimiter_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
     except IndexError:
         raise CannotSplit("Line empty")
 
-    delimiters = line.bracket_tracker.delimiters
+    bt = line.bracket_tracker
     try:
-        delimiter_priority = line.bracket_tracker.max_delimiter_priority(
-            exclude={id(last_leaf)}
-        )
+        delimiter_priority = bt.max_delimiter_priority(exclude={id(last_leaf)})
     except ValueError:
         raise CannotSplit("No delimiters found")
 
+    if delimiter_priority == DOT_PRIORITY:
+        if bt.delimiter_count_with_priority(delimiter_priority) == 1:
+            raise CannotSplit("Splitting a single attribute from its owner looks wrong")
+
     current_line = Line(depth=line.depth, inside_brackets=line.inside_brackets)
     lowest_depth = sys.maxsize
     trailing_comma_safe = True
-    for leaf in line.leaves:
-        current_line.append(leaf, preformatted=True)
-        comment_after = line.comments.get(id(leaf))
-        if comment_after:
-            current_line.append(comment_after, preformatted=True)
+
+    def append_to_line(leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]:
+        """Append `leaf` to current line or to new line if appending impossible."""
+        nonlocal current_line
+        try:
+            current_line.append_safe(leaf, preformatted=True)
+        except ValueError as ve:
+            yield current_line
+
+            current_line = Line(depth=line.depth, inside_brackets=line.inside_brackets)
+            current_line.append(leaf)
+
+    for index, leaf in enumerate(line.leaves):
+        yield from append_to_line(leaf)
+
+        for comment_after in line.comments_after(leaf, index):
+            yield from append_to_line(comment_after)
+
         lowest_depth = min(lowest_depth, leaf.bracket_depth)
-        if (
-            leaf.bracket_depth == lowest_depth
-            and leaf.type == token.STAR
-            or leaf.type == token.DOUBLESTAR
+        if leaf.bracket_depth == lowest_depth and is_vararg(
+            leaf, within=VARARGS_PARENTS
         ):
             trailing_comma_safe = trailing_comma_safe and py36
-        leaf_priority = delimiters.get(id(leaf))
+        leaf_priority = bt.delimiters.get(id(leaf))
         if leaf_priority == delimiter_priority:
-            normalize_prefix(current_line.leaves[0], inside_brackets=True)
             yield current_line
 
             current_line = Line(depth=line.depth, inside_brackets=line.inside_brackets)
     if current_line:
         if (
-            delimiter_priority == COMMA_PRIORITY
+            trailing_comma_safe
+            and delimiter_priority == COMMA_PRIORITY
             and current_line.leaves[-1].type != token.COMMA
-            and trailing_comma_safe
+            and current_line.leaves[-1].type != STANDALONE_COMMENT
         ):
-            current_line.append(Leaf(token.COMMA, ','))
-        normalize_prefix(current_line.leaves[0], inside_brackets=True)
+            current_line.append(Leaf(token.COMMA, ","))
+        yield current_line
+
+
+@dont_increase_indentation
+def standalone_comment_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
+    """Split standalone comments from the rest of the line."""
+    if not line.contains_standalone_comments(0):
+        raise CannotSplit("Line does not have any standalone comments")
+
+    current_line = Line(depth=line.depth, inside_brackets=line.inside_brackets)
+
+    def append_to_line(leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]:
+        """Append `leaf` to current line or to new line if appending impossible."""
+        nonlocal current_line
+        try:
+            current_line.append_safe(leaf, preformatted=True)
+        except ValueError as ve:
+            yield current_line
+
+            current_line = Line(depth=line.depth, inside_brackets=line.inside_brackets)
+            current_line.append(leaf)
+
+    for index, leaf in enumerate(line.leaves):
+        yield from append_to_line(leaf)
+
+        for comment_after in line.comments_after(leaf, index):
+            yield from append_to_line(comment_after)
+
+    if current_line:
         yield current_line
 
 
@@ -1652,8 +2287,8 @@ def is_import(leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
     return bool(
         t == token.NAME
         and (
-            (v == 'import' and p and p.type == syms.import_name)
-            or (v == 'from' and p and p.type == syms.import_from)
+            (v == "import" and p and p.type == syms.import_name)
+            or (v == "from" and p and p.type == syms.import_from)
         )
     )
 
@@ -1665,15 +2300,335 @@ def normalize_prefix(leaf: Leaf, *, inside_brackets: bool) -> None:
     Note: don't use backslashes for formatting or you'll lose your voting rights.
     """
     if not inside_brackets:
-        spl = leaf.prefix.split('#')
-        if '\\' not in spl[0]:
-            nl_count = spl[-1].count('\n')
+        spl = leaf.prefix.split("#")
+        if "\\" not in spl[0]:
+            nl_count = spl[-1].count("\n")
             if len(spl) > 1:
                 nl_count -= 1
-            leaf.prefix = '\n' * nl_count
+            leaf.prefix = "\n" * nl_count
             return
 
-    leaf.prefix = ''
+    leaf.prefix = ""
+
+
+def normalize_string_prefix(leaf: Leaf, remove_u_prefix: bool = False) -> None:
+    """Make all string prefixes lowercase.
+
+    If remove_u_prefix is given, also removes any u prefix from the string.
+
+    Note: Mutates its argument.
+    """
+    match = re.match(r"^([furbFURB]*)(.*)$", leaf.value, re.DOTALL)
+    assert match is not None, f"failed to match string {leaf.value!r}"
+    orig_prefix = match.group(1)
+    new_prefix = orig_prefix.lower()
+    if remove_u_prefix:
+        new_prefix = new_prefix.replace("u", "")
+    leaf.value = f"{new_prefix}{match.group(2)}"
+
+
+def normalize_string_quotes(leaf: Leaf) -> None:
+    """Prefer double quotes but only if it doesn't cause more escaping.
+
+    Adds or removes backslashes as appropriate. Doesn't parse and fix
+    strings nested in f-strings (yet).
+
+    Note: Mutates its argument.
+    """
+    value = leaf.value.lstrip("furbFURB")
+    if value[:3] == '"""':
+        return
+
+    elif value[:3] == "'''":
+        orig_quote = "'''"
+        new_quote = '"""'
+    elif value[0] == '"':
+        orig_quote = '"'
+        new_quote = "'"
+    else:
+        orig_quote = "'"
+        new_quote = '"'
+    first_quote_pos = leaf.value.find(orig_quote)
+    if first_quote_pos == -1:
+        return  # There's an internal error
+
+    prefix = leaf.value[:first_quote_pos]
+    unescaped_new_quote = re.compile(rf"(([^\\]|^)(\\\\)*){new_quote}")
+    escaped_new_quote = re.compile(rf"([^\\]|^)\\(\\\\)*{new_quote}")
+    escaped_orig_quote = re.compile(rf"([^\\]|^)\\(\\\\)*{orig_quote}")
+    body = leaf.value[first_quote_pos + len(orig_quote) : -len(orig_quote)]
+    if "r" in prefix.casefold():
+        if unescaped_new_quote.search(body):
+            # There's at least one unescaped new_quote in this raw string
+            # so converting is impossible
+            return
+
+        # Do not introduce or remove backslashes in raw strings
+        new_body = body
+    else:
+        # remove unnecessary quotes
+        new_body = sub_twice(escaped_new_quote, rf"\1\2{new_quote}", body)
+        if body != new_body:
+            # Consider the string without unnecessary quotes as the original
+            body = new_body
+            leaf.value = f"{prefix}{orig_quote}{body}{orig_quote}"
+        new_body = sub_twice(escaped_orig_quote, rf"\1\2{orig_quote}", new_body)
+        new_body = sub_twice(unescaped_new_quote, rf"\1\\{new_quote}", new_body)
+    if new_quote == '"""' and new_body[-1] == '"':
+        # edge case:
+        new_body = new_body[:-1] + '\\"'
+    orig_escape_count = body.count("\\")
+    new_escape_count = new_body.count("\\")
+    if new_escape_count > orig_escape_count:
+        return  # Do not introduce more escaping
+
+    if new_escape_count == orig_escape_count and orig_quote == '"':
+        return  # Prefer double quotes
+
+    leaf.value = f"{prefix}{new_quote}{new_body}{new_quote}"
+
+
+def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None:
+    """Make existing optional parentheses invisible or create new ones.
+
+    `parens_after` is a set of string leaf values immeditely after which parens
+    should be put.
+
+    Standardizes on visible parentheses for single-element tuples, and keeps
+    existing visible parentheses for other tuples and generator expressions.
+    """
+    try:
+        list(generate_comments(node))
+    except FormatOff:
+        return  # This `node` has a prefix with `# fmt: off`, don't mess with parens.
+
+    check_lpar = False
+    for index, child in enumerate(list(node.children)):
+        if check_lpar:
+            if child.type == syms.atom:
+                maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(child)
+            elif is_one_tuple(child):
+                # wrap child in visible parentheses
+                lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "(")
+                rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, ")")
+                child.remove()
+                node.insert_child(index, Node(syms.atom, [lpar, child, rpar]))
+            elif node.type == syms.import_from:
+                # "import from" nodes store parentheses directly as part of
+                # the statement
+                if child.type == token.LPAR:
+                    # make parentheses invisible
+                    child.value = ""  # type: ignore
+                    node.children[-1].value = ""  # type: ignore
+                elif child.type != token.STAR:
+                    # insert invisible parentheses
+                    node.insert_child(index, Leaf(token.LPAR, ""))
+                    node.append_child(Leaf(token.RPAR, ""))
+                break
+
+            elif not (isinstance(child, Leaf) and is_multiline_string(child)):
+                # wrap child in invisible parentheses
+                lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "")
+                rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, "")
+                index = child.remove() or 0
+                node.insert_child(index, Node(syms.atom, [lpar, child, rpar]))
+
+        check_lpar = isinstance(child, Leaf) and child.value in parens_after
+
+
+def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node: LN) -> bool:
+    """If it's safe, make the parens in the atom `node` invisible, recusively."""
+    if (
+        node.type != syms.atom
+        or is_empty_tuple(node)
+        or is_one_tuple(node)
+        or is_yield(node)
+        or max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node) >= COMMA_PRIORITY
+    ):
+        return False
+
+    first = node.children[0]
+    last = node.children[-1]
+    if first.type == token.LPAR and last.type == token.RPAR:
+        # make parentheses invisible
+        first.value = ""  # type: ignore
+        last.value = ""  # type: ignore
+        if len(node.children) > 1:
+            maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node.children[1])
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def is_empty_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
+    """Return True if `node` holds an empty tuple."""
+    return (
+        node.type == syms.atom
+        and len(node.children) == 2
+        and node.children[0].type == token.LPAR
+        and node.children[1].type == token.RPAR
+    )
+
+
+def is_one_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
+    """Return True if `node` holds a tuple with one element, with or without parens."""
+    if node.type == syms.atom:
+        if len(node.children) != 3:
+            return False
+
+        lpar, gexp, rpar = node.children
+        if not (
+            lpar.type == token.LPAR
+            and gexp.type == syms.testlist_gexp
+            and rpar.type == token.RPAR
+        ):
+            return False
+
+        return len(gexp.children) == 2 and gexp.children[1].type == token.COMMA
+
+    return (
+        node.type in IMPLICIT_TUPLE
+        and len(node.children) == 2
+        and node.children[1].type == token.COMMA
+    )
+
+
+def is_yield(node: LN) -> bool:
+    """Return True if `node` holds a `yield` or `yield from` expression."""
+    if node.type == syms.yield_expr:
+        return True
+
+    if node.type == token.NAME and node.value == "yield":  # type: ignore
+        return True
+
+    if node.type != syms.atom:
+        return False
+
+    if len(node.children) != 3:
+        return False
+
+    lpar, expr, rpar = node.children
+    if lpar.type == token.LPAR and rpar.type == token.RPAR:
+        return is_yield(expr)
+
+    return False
+
+
+def is_vararg(leaf: Leaf, within: Set[NodeType]) -> bool:
+    """Return True if `leaf` is a star or double star in a vararg or kwarg.
+
+    If `within` includes VARARGS_PARENTS, this applies to function signatures.
+    If `within` includes UNPACKING_PARENTS, it applies to right hand-side
+    extended iterable unpacking (PEP 3132) and additional unpacking
+    generalizations (PEP 448).
+    """
+    if leaf.type not in STARS or not leaf.parent:
+        return False
+
+    p = leaf.parent
+    if p.type == syms.star_expr:
+        # Star expressions are also used as assignment targets in extended
+        # iterable unpacking (PEP 3132).  See what its parent is instead.
+        if not p.parent:
+            return False
+
+        p = p.parent
+
+    return p.type in within
+
+
+def is_multiline_string(leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
+    """Return True if `leaf` is a multiline string that actually spans many lines."""
+    value = leaf.value.lstrip("furbFURB")
+    return value[:3] in {'"""', "'''"} and "\n" in value
+
+
+def is_stub_suite(node: Node) -> bool:
+    """Return True if `node` is a suite with a stub body."""
+    if (
+        len(node.children) != 4
+        or node.children[0].type != token.NEWLINE
+        or node.children[1].type != token.INDENT
+        or node.children[3].type != token.DEDENT
+    ):
+        return False
+
+    return is_stub_body(node.children[2])
+
+
+def is_stub_body(node: LN) -> bool:
+    """Return True if `node` is a simple statement containing an ellipsis."""
+    if not isinstance(node, Node) or node.type != syms.simple_stmt:
+        return False
+
+    if len(node.children) != 2:
+        return False
+
+    child = node.children[0]
+    return (
+        child.type == syms.atom
+        and len(child.children) == 3
+        and all(leaf == Leaf(token.DOT, ".") for leaf in child.children)
+    )
+
+
+def max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node: LN) -> int:
+    """Return maximum delimiter priority inside `node`.
+
+    This is specific to atoms with contents contained in a pair of parentheses.
+    If `node` isn't an atom or there are no enclosing parentheses, returns 0.
+    """
+    if node.type != syms.atom:
+        return 0
+
+    first = node.children[0]
+    last = node.children[-1]
+    if not (first.type == token.LPAR and last.type == token.RPAR):
+        return 0
+
+    bt = BracketTracker()
+    for c in node.children[1:-1]:
+        if isinstance(c, Leaf):
+            bt.mark(c)
+        else:
+            for leaf in c.leaves():
+                bt.mark(leaf)
+    try:
+        return bt.max_delimiter_priority()
+
+    except ValueError:
+        return 0
+
+
+def ensure_visible(leaf: Leaf) -> None:
+    """Make sure parentheses are visible.
+
+    They could be invisible as part of some statements (see
+    :func:`normalize_invible_parens` and :func:`visit_import_from`).
+    """
+    if leaf.type == token.LPAR:
+        leaf.value = "("
+    elif leaf.type == token.RPAR:
+        leaf.value = ")"
+
+
+def should_explode(line: Line, opening_bracket: Leaf) -> bool:
+    """Should `line` immediately be split with `delimiter_split()` after RHS?"""
+    if not (
+        opening_bracket.parent
+        and opening_bracket.parent.type in {syms.atom, syms.import_from}
+        and opening_bracket.value in "[{("
+    ):
+        return False
+
+    try:
+        last_leaf = line.leaves[-1]
+        exclude = {id(last_leaf)} if last_leaf.type == token.COMMA else set()
+        max_priority = line.bracket_tracker.max_delimiter_priority(exclude=exclude)
+    except (IndexError, ValueError):
+        return False
+
+    return max_priority == COMMA_PRIORITY
 
 
 def is_python36(node: Node) -> bool:
@@ -1681,29 +2636,131 @@ def is_python36(node: Node) -> bool:
 
     Currently looking for:
     - f-strings; and
-    - trailing commas after * or ** in function signatures.
+    - trailing commas after * or ** in function signatures and calls.
     """
     for n in node.pre_order():
         if n.type == token.STRING:
             value_head = n.value[:2]  # type: ignore
-            if value_head in {'f"', 'F"', "f'", "F'", 'rf', 'fr', 'RF', 'FR'}:
+            if value_head in {'f"', 'F"', "f'", "F'", "rf", "fr", "RF", "FR"}:
                 return True
 
         elif (
-            n.type == syms.typedargslist
+            n.type in {syms.typedargslist, syms.arglist}
             and n.children
             and n.children[-1].type == token.COMMA
         ):
             for ch in n.children:
-                if ch.type == token.STAR or ch.type == token.DOUBLESTAR:
+                if ch.type in STARS:
                     return True
 
+                if ch.type == syms.argument:
+                    for argch in ch.children:
+                        if argch.type in STARS:
+                            return True
+
     return False
 
 
-PYTHON_EXTENSIONS = {'.py'}
+def generate_trailers_to_omit(line: Line, line_length: int) -> Iterator[Set[LeafID]]:
+    """Generate sets of closing bracket IDs that should be omitted in a RHS.
+
+    Brackets can be omitted if the entire trailer up to and including
+    a preceding closing bracket fits in one line.
+
+    Yielded sets are cumulative (contain results of previous yields, too).  First
+    set is empty.
+    """
+
+    omit: Set[LeafID] = set()
+    yield omit
+
+    length = 4 * line.depth
+    opening_bracket = None
+    closing_bracket = None
+    optional_brackets: Set[LeafID] = set()
+    inner_brackets: Set[LeafID] = set()
+    for index, leaf, leaf_length in enumerate_with_length(line, reversed=True):
+        length += leaf_length
+        if length > line_length:
+            break
+
+        has_inline_comment = leaf_length > len(leaf.value) + len(leaf.prefix)
+        if leaf.type == STANDALONE_COMMENT or has_inline_comment:
+            break
+
+        optional_brackets.discard(id(leaf))
+        if opening_bracket:
+            if leaf is opening_bracket:
+                opening_bracket = None
+            elif leaf.type in CLOSING_BRACKETS:
+                inner_brackets.add(id(leaf))
+        elif leaf.type in CLOSING_BRACKETS:
+            if not leaf.value:
+                optional_brackets.add(id(opening_bracket))
+                continue
+
+            if index > 0 and line.leaves[index - 1].type in OPENING_BRACKETS:
+                # Empty brackets would fail a split so treat them as "inner"
+                # brackets (e.g. only add them to the `omit` set if another
+                # pair of brackets was good enough.
+                inner_brackets.add(id(leaf))
+                continue
+
+            opening_bracket = leaf.opening_bracket
+            if closing_bracket:
+                omit.add(id(closing_bracket))
+                omit.update(inner_brackets)
+                inner_brackets.clear()
+                yield omit
+            closing_bracket = leaf
+
+
+def get_future_imports(node: Node) -> Set[str]:
+    """Return a set of __future__ imports in the file."""
+    imports = set()
+    for child in node.children:
+        if child.type != syms.simple_stmt:
+            break
+        first_child = child.children[0]
+        if isinstance(first_child, Leaf):
+            # Continue looking if we see a docstring; otherwise stop.
+            if (
+                len(child.children) == 2
+                and first_child.type == token.STRING
+                and child.children[1].type == token.NEWLINE
+            ):
+                continue
+            else:
+                break
+        elif first_child.type == syms.import_from:
+            module_name = first_child.children[1]
+            if not isinstance(module_name, Leaf) or module_name.value != "__future__":
+                break
+            for import_from_child in first_child.children[3:]:
+                if isinstance(import_from_child, Leaf):
+                    if import_from_child.type == token.NAME:
+                        imports.add(import_from_child.value)
+                else:
+                    assert import_from_child.type == syms.import_as_names
+                    for leaf in import_from_child.children:
+                        if isinstance(leaf, Leaf) and leaf.type == token.NAME:
+                            imports.add(leaf.value)
+        else:
+            break
+    return imports
+
+
+PYTHON_EXTENSIONS = {".py", ".pyi"}
 BLACKLISTED_DIRECTORIES = {
-    'build', 'buck-out', 'dist', '_build', '.git', '.hg', '.mypy_cache', '.tox', '.venv'
+    "build",
+    "buck-out",
+    "dist",
+    "_build",
+    ".git",
+    ".hg",
+    ".mypy_cache",
+    ".tox",
+    ".venv",
 }
 
 
@@ -1718,31 +2775,39 @@ def gen_python_files_in_dir(path: Path) -> Iterator[Path]:
 
             yield from gen_python_files_in_dir(child)
 
-        elif child.suffix in PYTHON_EXTENSIONS:
+        elif child.is_file() and child.suffix in PYTHON_EXTENSIONS:
             yield child
 
 
 @dataclass
 class Report:
     """Provides a reformatting counter. Can be rendered with `str(report)`."""
+
     check: bool = False
+    quiet: bool = False
     change_count: int = 0
     same_count: int = 0
     failure_count: int = 0
 
-    def done(self, src: Path, changed: bool) -> None:
+    def done(self, src: Path, changed: Changed) -> None:
         """Increment the counter for successful reformatting. Write out a message."""
-        if changed:
-            reformatted = 'would reformat' if self.check else 'reformatted'
-            out(f'{reformatted} {src}')
+        if changed is Changed.YES:
+            reformatted = "would reformat" if self.check else "reformatted"
+            if not self.quiet:
+                out(f"{reformatted} {src}")
             self.change_count += 1
         else:
-            out(f'{src} already well formatted, good job.', bold=False)
+            if not self.quiet:
+                if changed is Changed.NO:
+                    msg = f"{src} already well formatted, good job."
+                else:
+                    msg = f"{src} wasn't modified on disk since last run."
+                out(msg, bold=False)
             self.same_count += 1
 
     def failed(self, src: Path, message: str) -> None:
         """Increment the counter for failed reformatting. Write out a message."""
-        err(f'error: cannot format {src}: {message}')
+        err(f"error: cannot format {src}: {message}")
         self.failure_count += 1
 
     @property
@@ -1779,19 +2844,19 @@ class Report:
             failed = "failed to reformat"
         report = []
         if self.change_count:
-            s = 's' if self.change_count > 1 else ''
+            s = "s" if self.change_count > 1 else ""
             report.append(
-                click.style(f'{self.change_count} file{s} {reformatted}', bold=True)
+                click.style(f"{self.change_count} file{s} {reformatted}", bold=True)
             )
         if self.same_count:
-            s = 's' if self.same_count > 1 else ''
-            report.append(f'{self.same_count} file{s} {unchanged}')
+            s = "s" if self.same_count > 1 else ""
+            report.append(f"{self.same_count} file{s} {unchanged}")
         if self.failure_count:
-            s = 's' if self.failure_count > 1 else ''
+            s = "s" if self.failure_count > 1 else ""
             report.append(
-                click.style(f'{self.failure_count} file{s} {failed}', fg='red')
+                click.style(f"{self.failure_count} file{s} {failed}", fg="red")
             )
-        return ', '.join(report) + '.'
+        return ", ".join(report) + "."
 
 
 def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
@@ -1838,17 +2903,17 @@ def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
     try:
         dst_ast = ast.parse(dst)
     except Exception as exc:
-        log = dump_to_file(''.join(traceback.format_tb(exc.__traceback__)), dst)
+        log = dump_to_file("".join(traceback.format_tb(exc.__traceback__)), dst)
         raise AssertionError(
             f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced invalid code: {exc}. "
             f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/ambv/black/issues.  "
             f"This invalid output might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
 
-    src_ast_str = '\n'.join(_v(src_ast))
-    dst_ast_str = '\n'.join(_v(dst_ast))
+    src_ast_str = "\n".join(_v(src_ast))
+    dst_ast_str = "\n".join(_v(dst_ast))
     if src_ast_str != dst_ast_str:
-        log = dump_to_file(diff(src_ast_str, dst_ast_str, 'src', 'dst'))
+        log = dump_to_file(diff(src_ast_str, dst_ast_str, "src", "dst"))
         raise AssertionError(
             f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced code that is not equivalent to "
             f"the source.  "
@@ -1857,13 +2922,15 @@ def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
         ) from None
 
 
-def assert_stable(src: str, dst: str, line_length: int) -> None:
+def assert_stable(
+    src: str, dst: str, line_length: int, mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT
+) -> None:
     """Raise AssertionError if `dst` reformats differently the second time."""
-    newdst = format_str(dst, line_length=line_length)
+    newdst = format_str(dst, line_length=line_length, mode=mode)
     if dst != newdst:
         log = dump_to_file(
-            diff(src, dst, 'source', 'first pass'),
-            diff(dst, newdst, 'first pass', 'second pass'),
+            diff(src, dst, "source", "first pass"),
+            diff(dst, newdst, "first pass", "second pass"),
         )
         raise AssertionError(
             f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced different code on the second pass "
@@ -1878,11 +2945,12 @@ def dump_to_file(*output: str) -> str:
     import tempfile
 
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
-        mode='w', prefix='blk_', suffix='.log', delete=False
+        mode="w", prefix="blk_", suffix=".log", delete=False, encoding="utf8"
     ) as f:
         for lines in output:
             f.write(lines)
-            f.write('\n')
+            if lines and lines[-1] != "\n":
+                f.write("\n")
     return f.name
 
 
@@ -1890,12 +2958,250 @@ def diff(a: str, b: str, a_name: str, b_name: str) -> str:
     """Return a unified diff string between strings `a` and `b`."""
     import difflib
 
-    a_lines = [line + '\n' for line in a.split('\n')]
-    b_lines = [line + '\n' for line in b.split('\n')]
-    return ''.join(
+    a_lines = [line + "\n" for line in a.split("\n")]
+    b_lines = [line + "\n" for line in b.split("\n")]
+    return "".join(
         difflib.unified_diff(a_lines, b_lines, fromfile=a_name, tofile=b_name, n=5)
     )
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+def cancel(tasks: Iterable[asyncio.Task]) -> None:
+    """asyncio signal handler that cancels all `tasks` and reports to stderr."""
+    err("Aborted!")
+    for task in tasks:
+        task.cancel()
+
+
+def shutdown(loop: BaseEventLoop) -> None:
+    """Cancel all pending tasks on `loop`, wait for them, and close the loop."""
+    try:
+        # This part is borrowed from asyncio/runners.py in Python 3.7b2.
+        to_cancel = [task for task in asyncio.Task.all_tasks(loop) if not task.done()]
+        if not to_cancel:
+            return
+
+        for task in to_cancel:
+            task.cancel()
+        loop.run_until_complete(
+            asyncio.gather(*to_cancel, loop=loop, return_exceptions=True)
+        )
+    finally:
+        # `concurrent.futures.Future` objects cannot be cancelled once they
+        # are already running. There might be some when the `shutdown()` happened.
+        # Silence their logger's spew about the event loop being closed.
+        cf_logger = logging.getLogger("concurrent.futures")
+        cf_logger.setLevel(logging.CRITICAL)
+        loop.close()
+
+
+def sub_twice(regex: Pattern[str], replacement: str, original: str) -> str:
+    """Replace `regex` with `replacement` twice on `original`.
+
+    This is used by string normalization to perform replaces on
+    overlapping matches.
+    """
+    return regex.sub(replacement, regex.sub(replacement, original))
+
+
+def enumerate_reversed(sequence: Sequence[T]) -> Iterator[Tuple[Index, T]]:
+    """Like `reversed(enumerate(sequence))` if that were possible."""
+    index = len(sequence) - 1
+    for element in reversed(sequence):
+        yield (index, element)
+        index -= 1
+
+
+def enumerate_with_length(
+    line: Line, reversed: bool = False
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[Index, Leaf, int]]:
+    """Return an enumeration of leaves with their length.
+
+    Stops prematurely on multiline strings and standalone comments.
+    """
+    op = cast(
+        Callable[[Sequence[Leaf]], Iterator[Tuple[Index, Leaf]]],
+        enumerate_reversed if reversed else enumerate,
+    )
+    for index, leaf in op(line.leaves):
+        length = len(leaf.prefix) + len(leaf.value)
+        if "\n" in leaf.value:
+            return  # Multiline strings, we can't continue.
+
+        comment: Optional[Leaf]
+        for comment in line.comments_after(leaf, index):
+            length += len(comment.value)
+
+        yield index, leaf, length
+
+
+def is_line_short_enough(line: Line, *, line_length: int, line_str: str = "") -> bool:
+    """Return True if `line` is no longer than `line_length`.
+
+    Uses the provided `line_str` rendering, if any, otherwise computes a new one.
+    """
+    if not line_str:
+        line_str = str(line).strip("\n")
+    return (
+        len(line_str) <= line_length
+        and "\n" not in line_str  # multiline strings
+        and not line.contains_standalone_comments()
+    )
+
+
+def can_omit_invisible_parens(line: Line, line_length: int) -> bool:
+    """Does `line` have a shape safe to reformat without optional parens around it?
+
+    Returns True for only a subset of potentially nice looking formattings but
+    the point is to not return false positives that end up producing lines that
+    are too long.
+    """
+    bt = line.bracket_tracker
+    if not bt.delimiters:
+        # Without delimiters the optional parentheses are useless.
+        return True
+
+    max_priority = bt.max_delimiter_priority()
+    if bt.delimiter_count_with_priority(max_priority) > 1:
+        # With more than one delimiter of a kind the optional parentheses read better.
+        return False
+
+    if max_priority == DOT_PRIORITY:
+        # A single stranded method call doesn't require optional parentheses.
+        return True
+
+    assert len(line.leaves) >= 2, "Stranded delimiter"
+
+    first = line.leaves[0]
+    second = line.leaves[1]
+    penultimate = line.leaves[-2]
+    last = line.leaves[-1]
+
+    # With a single delimiter, omit if the expression starts or ends with
+    # a bracket.
+    if first.type in OPENING_BRACKETS and second.type not in CLOSING_BRACKETS:
+        remainder = False
+        length = 4 * line.depth
+        for _index, leaf, leaf_length in enumerate_with_length(line):
+            if leaf.type in CLOSING_BRACKETS and leaf.opening_bracket is first:
+                remainder = True
+            if remainder:
+                length += leaf_length
+                if length > line_length:
+                    break
+
+                if leaf.type in OPENING_BRACKETS:
+                    # There are brackets we can further split on.
+                    remainder = False
+
+        else:
+            # checked the entire string and line length wasn't exceeded
+            if len(line.leaves) == _index + 1:
+                return True
+
+        # Note: we are not returning False here because a line might have *both*
+        # a leading opening bracket and a trailing closing bracket.  If the
+        # opening bracket doesn't match our rule, maybe the closing will.
+
+    if (
+        last.type == token.RPAR
+        or last.type == token.RBRACE
+        or (
+            # don't use indexing for omitting optional parentheses;
+            # it looks weird
+            last.type == token.RSQB
+            and last.parent
+            and last.parent.type != syms.trailer
+        )
+    ):
+        if penultimate.type in OPENING_BRACKETS:
+            # Empty brackets don't help.
+            return False
+
+        if is_multiline_string(first):
+            # Additional wrapping of a multiline string in this situation is
+            # unnecessary.
+            return True
+
+        length = 4 * line.depth
+        seen_other_brackets = False
+        for _index, leaf, leaf_length in enumerate_with_length(line):
+            length += leaf_length
+            if leaf is last.opening_bracket:
+                if seen_other_brackets or length <= line_length:
+                    return True
+
+            elif leaf.type in OPENING_BRACKETS:
+                # There are brackets we can further split on.
+                seen_other_brackets = True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def get_cache_file(line_length: int, mode: FileMode) -> Path:
+    pyi = bool(mode & FileMode.PYI)
+    py36 = bool(mode & FileMode.PYTHON36)
+    return (
+        CACHE_DIR
+        / f"cache.{line_length}{'.pyi' if pyi else ''}{'.py36' if py36 else ''}.pickle"
+    )
+
+
+def read_cache(line_length: int, mode: FileMode) -> Cache:
+    """Read the cache if it exists and is well formed.
+
+    If it is not well formed, the call to write_cache later should resolve the issue.
+    """
+    cache_file = get_cache_file(line_length, mode)
+    if not cache_file.exists():
+        return {}
+
+    with cache_file.open("rb") as fobj:
+        try:
+            cache: Cache = pickle.load(fobj)
+        except pickle.UnpicklingError:
+            return {}
+
+    return cache
+
+
+def get_cache_info(path: Path) -> CacheInfo:
+    """Return the information used to check if a file is already formatted or not."""
+    stat = path.stat()
+    return stat.st_mtime, stat.st_size
+
+
+def filter_cached(
+    cache: Cache, sources: Iterable[Path]
+) -> Tuple[List[Path], List[Path]]:
+    """Split a list of paths into two.
+
+    The first list contains paths of files that modified on disk or are not in the
+    cache. The other list contains paths to non-modified files.
+    """
+    todo, done = [], []
+    for src in sources:
+        src = src.resolve()
+        if cache.get(src) != get_cache_info(src):
+            todo.append(src)
+        else:
+            done.append(src)
+    return todo, done
+
+
+def write_cache(
+    cache: Cache, sources: List[Path], line_length: int, mode: FileMode
+) -> None:
+    """Update the cache file."""
+    cache_file = get_cache_file(line_length, mode)
+    try:
+        if not CACHE_DIR.exists():
+            CACHE_DIR.mkdir(parents=True)
+        new_cache = {**cache, **{src.resolve(): get_cache_info(src) for src in sources}}
+        with cache_file.open("wb") as fobj:
+            pickle.dump(new_cache, fobj, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+    except OSError:
+        pass
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()