Add `black` Dockerfile (#1916)

[etc/vim.git] / README.md

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 71bc7e7b5de147e4d59cf23db57b226ebbbdcdfb..0bc0228b7d007c96607213c1ddc1b1396e11fed5 100644 (file)
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,47 +1,46 @@
-![Black Logo](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ambv/black/master/docs/_static/logo2-readme.png)
+![Black Logo](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/black/master/docs/_static/logo2-readme.png)
+

 <h2 align="center">The Uncompromising Code Formatter</h2>
 
 <p align="center">
 <h2 align="center">The Uncompromising Code Formatter</h2>
 
 <p align="center">

-<a href="https://travis-ci.org/ambv/black"><img alt="Build Status" src="https://travis-ci.org/ambv/black.svg?branch=master"></a>
+<a href="https://travis-ci.com/psf/black"><img alt="Build Status" src="https://travis-ci.com/psf/black.svg?branch=master"></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/psf/black/actions"><img alt="Actions Status" src="https://github.com/psf/black/workflows/Test/badge.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/psf/black/actions"><img alt="Actions Status" src="https://github.com/psf/black/workflows/Primer/badge.svg"></a>

 <a href="https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/?badge=stable"><img alt="Documentation Status" src="https://readthedocs.org/projects/black/badge/?version=stable"></a>
 <a href="https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/?badge=stable"><img alt="Documentation Status" src="https://readthedocs.org/projects/black/badge/?version=stable"></a>

-<a href="https://coveralls.io/github/ambv/black?branch=master"><img alt="Coverage Status" src="https://coveralls.io/repos/github/ambv/black/badge.svg?branch=master"></a>
-<a href="https://github.com/ambv/black/blob/master/LICENSE"><img alt="License: MIT" src="https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/_static/license.svg"></a>
-<a href="https://pypi.org/project/black/"><img alt="PyPI" src="https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/_static/pypi.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://coveralls.io/github/psf/black?branch=master"><img alt="Coverage Status" src="https://coveralls.io/repos/github/psf/black/badge.svg?branch=master"></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/LICENSE"><img alt="License: MIT" src="https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/_static/license.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://pypi.org/project/black/"><img alt="PyPI" src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/black"></a>

 <a href="https://pepy.tech/project/black"><img alt="Downloads" src="https://pepy.tech/badge/black"></a>
 <a href="https://pepy.tech/project/black"><img alt="Downloads" src="https://pepy.tech/badge/black"></a>

-<a href="https://github.com/ambv/black"><img alt="Code style: black" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/black/"><img alt="conda-forge" src="https://img.shields.io/conda/dn/conda-forge/black.svg?label=conda-forge"></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/psf/black"><img alt="Code style: black" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg"></a>

 </p>
 
 > “Any color you like.”
 
 </p>
 
 > “Any color you like.”
 

+_Black_ is the uncompromising Python code formatter. By using it, you agree to cede
+control over minutiae of hand-formatting. In return, _Black_ gives you speed,
+determinism, and freedom from `pycodestyle` nagging about formatting. You will save time
+and mental energy for more important matters.

 
 

-*Black* is the uncompromising Python code formatter.  By using it, you
-agree to cede control over minutiae of hand-formatting.  In return,
-*Black* gives you speed, determinism, and freedom from `pycodestyle`
-nagging about formatting.  You will save time and mental energy for
-more important matters.
-
-Blackened code looks the same regardless of the project you're reading.
-Formatting becomes transparent after a while and you can focus on the
-content instead.
+Blackened code looks the same regardless of the project you're reading. Formatting
+becomes transparent after a while and you can focus on the content instead.

 
 

-*Black* makes code review faster by producing the smallest diffs
-possible.
+_Black_ makes code review faster by producing the smallest diffs possible.

 
 

-Try it out now using the [Black Playground](https://black.now.sh).
+Try it out now using the [Black Playground](https://black.now.sh). Watch the
+[PyCon 2019 talk](https://youtu.be/esZLCuWs_2Y) to learn more.

 
 ---
 
 
 ---
 

-*Contents:* **[Installation and usage](#installation-and-usage)** |
-**[Code style](#the-black-code-style)** |
-**[pyproject.toml](#pyprojecttoml)** |
-**[Editor integration](#editor-integration)** |
-**[blackd](#blackd)** |
+_Contents:_ **[Installation and usage](#installation-and-usage)** |
+**[Code style](#the-black-code-style)** | **[Pragmatism](#pragmatism)** |
+**[pyproject.toml](#pyprojecttoml)** | **[Editor integration](#editor-integration)** |
+**[blackd](#blackd)** | **[black-primer](#black-primer)** |

 **[Version control integration](#version-control-integration)** |
 **[Version control integration](#version-control-integration)** |

-**[Ignoring unmodified files](#ignoring-unmodified-files)** |
-**[Testimonials](#testimonials)** |
-**[Show your style](#show-your-style)** |
-**[Contributing](#contributing-to-black)** |
-**[Change Log](#change-log)** |
+**[GitHub Actions](#github-actions)** |
+**[Ignoring unmodified files](#ignoring-unmodified-files)** | **[Used by](#used-by)** |
+**[Testimonials](#testimonials)** | **[Show your style](#show-your-style)** |
+**[Contributing](#contributing-to-black)** | **[Change log](#change-log)** |

 **[Authors](#authors)**
 
 ---
 **[Authors](#authors)**
 
 ---


@@ -50,547 +49,295 @@ Try it out now using the [Black Playground](https://black.now.sh).
 
 ### Installation
 
 
 ### Installation
 

-*Black* can be installed by running `pip install black`.  It requires
-Python 3.6.0+ to run but you can reformat Python 2 code with it, too.
+_Black_ can be installed by running `pip install black`. It requires Python 3.6.2+ to
+run. If you want to format Python 2 code as well, install with
+`pip install black[python2]`.
+
+#### Install from GitHub

 
 

+If you can't wait for the latest _hotness_ and want to install from GitHub, use:
+
+`pip install git+git://github.com/psf/black`

 
 ### Usage
 
 To get started right away with sensible defaults:
 
 
 ### Usage
 
 To get started right away with sensible defaults:
 

-```
+```sh

 black {source_file_or_directory}
 ```
 
 black {source_file_or_directory}
 ```
 

+You can run _Black_ as a package if running it as a script doesn't work:
+
+```sh
+python -m black {source_file_or_directory}
+```
+

 ### Command line options
 
 ### Command line options
 

-*Black* doesn't provide many options.  You can list them by running
-`black --help`:
+_Black_ doesn't provide many options. You can list them by running `black --help`:

 
 ```text
 
 ```text

-black [OPTIONS] [SRC]...
+Usage: black [OPTIONS] [SRC]...
+
+  The uncompromising code formatter.

 
 Options:
 
 Options:

+  -c, --code TEXT                 Format the code passed in as a string.

   -l, --line-length INTEGER       How many characters per line to allow.
                                   [default: 88]
   -l, --line-length INTEGER       How many characters per line to allow.
                                   [default: 88]

-  -t, --target-version [py27|py33|py34|py35|py36|py37|py38]
+
+  -t, --target-version [py27|py33|py34|py35|py36|py37|py38|py39]

                                   Python versions that should be supported by
                                   Black's output. [default: per-file auto-
                                   detection]
                                   Python versions that should be supported by
                                   Black's output. [default: per-file auto-
                                   detection]

+

   --pyi                           Format all input files like typing stubs
                                   regardless of file extension (useful when
                                   piping source on standard input).
   --pyi                           Format all input files like typing stubs
                                   regardless of file extension (useful when
                                   piping source on standard input).

+

   -S, --skip-string-normalization
                                   Don't normalize string quotes or prefixes.
   -S, --skip-string-normalization
                                   Don't normalize string quotes or prefixes.

+  -C, --skip-magic-trailing-comma
+                                  Don't use trailing commas as a reason to
+                                  split lines.
+

   --check                         Don't write the files back, just return the
   --check                         Don't write the files back, just return the

-                                  status.  Return code 0 means nothing would
-                                  change.  Return code 1 means some files
-                                  would be reformatted.  Return code 123 means
+                                  status. Return code 0 means nothing would
+                                  change. Return code 1 means some files
+                                  would be reformatted. Return code 123 means

                                   there was an internal error.
                                   there was an internal error.

+

   --diff                          Don't write the files back, just output a
                                   diff for each file on stdout.
   --diff                          Don't write the files back, just output a
                                   diff for each file on stdout.

+
+  --color / --no-color            Show colored diff. Only applies when
+                                  `--diff` is given.
+

   --fast / --safe                 If --fast given, skip temporary sanity
                                   checks. [default: --safe]
   --fast / --safe                 If --fast given, skip temporary sanity
                                   checks. [default: --safe]

+

   --include TEXT                  A regular expression that matches files and
                                   directories that should be included on
   --include TEXT                  A regular expression that matches files and
                                   directories that should be included on

-                                  recursive searches.  An empty value means
+                                  recursive searches. An empty value means

                                   all files are included regardless of the
                                   all files are included regardless of the

-                                  name.  Use forward slashes for directories
-                                  on all platforms (Windows, too).  Exclusions
+                                  name. Use forward slashes for directories
+                                  on all platforms (Windows, too). Exclusions

                                   are calculated first, inclusions later.
                                   [default: \.pyi?$]
                                   are calculated first, inclusions later.
                                   [default: \.pyi?$]

+

   --exclude TEXT                  A regular expression that matches files and
                                   directories that should be excluded on
   --exclude TEXT                  A regular expression that matches files and
                                   directories that should be excluded on

-                                  recursive searches.  An empty value means no
+                                  recursive searches. An empty value means no

                                   paths are excluded. Use forward slashes for
                                   directories on all platforms (Windows, too).
                                   Exclusions are calculated first, inclusions
                                   paths are excluded. Use forward slashes for
                                   directories on all platforms (Windows, too).
                                   Exclusions are calculated first, inclusions

-                                  later.  [default: /(\.eggs|\.git|\.hg|\.mypy
-                                  _cache|\.nox|\.tox|\.venv|_build|buck-
-                                  out|build|dist)/]
-  -q, --quiet                     Don't emit non-error messages to stderr.
-                                  Errors are still emitted, silence those with
-                                  2>/dev/null.
-  -v, --verbose                   Also emit messages to stderr about files
-                                  that were not changed or were ignored due to
-                                  --exclude=.
-  --version                       Show the version and exit.
-  --config PATH                   Read configuration from PATH.
-  -h, --help                      Show this message and exit.
-```
-
-*Black* is a well-behaved Unix-style command-line tool:
-* it does nothing if no sources are passed to it;
-* it will read from standard input and write to standard output if `-`
-  is used as the filename;
-* it only outputs messages to users on standard error;
-* exits with code 0 unless an internal error occurred (or `--check` was
-  used).
+                                  later. [default: /(\.direnv|\.eggs|\.git|\.
+                                  hg|\.mypy_cache|\.nox|\.tox|\.venv|\.svn|_bu
+                                  ild|buck-out|build|dist)/]

 
 

+  --extend-exclude TEXT           Like --exclude, but adds additional files
+                                  and directories on top of the excluded
+                                  ones (useful if you simply want to add to
+                                  the default).

 
 

-### NOTE: This is a beta product
-
-*Black* is already successfully used by several projects, small and big.
-It also sports a decent test suite.  However, it is still very new.
-Things will probably be wonky for a while. This is made explicit by the
-"Beta" trove classifier, as well as by the "b" in the version number.
-What this means for you is that **until the formatter becomes stable,
-you should expect some formatting to change in the future**.  That being
-said, no drastic stylistic changes are planned, mostly responses to bug
-reports.
-
-Also, as a temporary safety measure, *Black* will check that the
-reformatted code still produces a valid AST that is equivalent to the
-original.  This slows it down.  If you're feeling confident, use
-``--fast``.
+  --force-exclude TEXT            Like --exclude, but files and directories
+                                  matching this regex will be excluded even
+                                  when they are passed explicitly as
+                                  arguments.

 
 
 
 

-## The *Black* code style
+  --stdin-filename TEXT           The name of the file when passing it through
+                                  stdin. Useful to make sure Black will
+                                  respect --force-exclude option on some
+                                  editors that rely on using stdin.

 
 

-*Black* reformats entire files in place.  It is not configurable.  It
-doesn't take previous formatting into account.  It doesn't reformat
-blocks that start with `# fmt: off` and end with `# fmt: on`. `# fmt: on/off`
-have to be on the same level of indentation. It also
-recognizes [YAPF](https://github.com/google/yapf)'s block comments to
-the same effect, as a courtesy for straddling code.
+  -q, --quiet                     Don't emit non-error messages to stderr.
+                                  Errors are still emitted; silence those with
+                                  2>/dev/null.

 
 

+  -v, --verbose                   Also emit messages to stderr about files
+                                  that were not changed or were ignored due to
+                                  exclusion patterns.

 
 

-### How *Black* wraps lines
+  --version                       Show the version and exit.
+  --config FILE                   Read configuration from FILE path.
+  -h, --help                      Show this message and exit.
+```

 
 

-*Black* ignores previous formatting and applies uniform horizontal
-and vertical whitespace to your code.  The rules for horizontal
-whitespace can be summarized as: do whatever makes `pycodestyle` happy.
-The coding style used by *Black* can be viewed as a strict subset of
-PEP 8.
+_Black_ is a well-behaved Unix-style command-line tool:

 
 

-As for vertical whitespace, *Black* tries to render one full expression
-or simple statement per line.  If this fits the allotted line length,
-great.
-```py3
-# in:
+- it does nothing if no sources are passed to it;
+- it will read from standard input and write to standard output if `-` is used as the
+  filename;
+- it only outputs messages to users on standard error;
+- exits with code 0 unless an internal error occurred (or `--check` was used).

 
 

-l = [1,
-     2,
-     3,
-]
+### Using _Black_ with other tools

 
 

-# out:
+While _Black_ enforces formatting that conforms to PEP 8, other tools may raise warnings
+about _Black_'s changes or will overwrite _Black_'s changes. A good example of this is
+[isort](https://pypi.org/p/isort). Since _Black_ is barely configurable, these tools
+should be configured to neither warn about nor overwrite _Black_'s changes.

 
 

-l = [1, 2, 3]
-```
+Actual details on _Black_ compatible configurations for various tools can be found in
+[compatible_configs](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/docs/compatible_configs.md#black-compatible-configurations).

 
 

-If not, *Black* will look at the contents of the first outer matching
-brackets and put that in a separate indented line.
-```py3
-# in:
+### Migrating your code style without ruining git blame

 
 

-ImportantClass.important_method(exc, limit, lookup_lines, capture_locals, extra_argument)
+A long-standing argument against moving to automated code formatters like _Black_ is
+that the migration will clutter up the output of `git blame`. This was a valid argument,
+but since Git version 2.23, Git natively supports
+[ignoring revisions in blame](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-blame#Documentation/git-blame.txt---ignore-revltrevgt)
+with the `--ignore-rev` option. You can also pass a file listing the revisions to ignore
+using the `--ignore-revs-file` option. The changes made by the revision will be ignored
+when assigning blame. Lines modified by an ignored revision will be blamed on the
+previous revision that modified those lines.

 
 

-# out:
+So when migrating your project's code style to _Black_, reformat everything and commit
+the changes (preferably in one massive commit). Then put the full 40 characters commit
+identifier(s) into a file.

 
 

-ImportantClass.important_method(
-    exc, limit, lookup_lines, capture_locals, extra_argument
-)

 ```
 ```

-
-If that still doesn't fit the bill, it will decompose the internal
-expression further using the same rule, indenting matching brackets
-every time.  If the contents of the matching brackets pair are
-comma-separated (like an argument list, or a dict literal, and so on)
-then *Black* will first try to keep them on the same line with the
-matching brackets.  If that doesn't work, it will put all of them in
-separate lines.
-```py3
-# in:
-
-def very_important_function(template: str, *variables, file: os.PathLike, engine: str, header: bool = True, debug: bool = False):
-    """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`."""
-    with open(file, 'w') as f:
-        ...
-
-# out:
-
-def very_important_function(
-    template: str,
-    *variables,
-    file: os.PathLike,
-    engine: str,
-    header: bool = True,
-    debug: bool = False,
-):
-    """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`."""
-    with open(file, "w") as f:
-        ...
+# Migrate code style to Black
+5b4ab991dede475d393e9d69ec388fd6bd949699

 ```
 
 ```
 

-You might have noticed that closing brackets are always dedented and
-that a trailing comma is always added.  Such formatting produces smaller
-diffs; when you add or remove an element, it's always just one line.
-Also, having the closing bracket dedented provides a clear delimiter
-between two distinct sections of the code that otherwise share the same
-indentation level (like the arguments list and the docstring in the
-example above).
-
-If a data structure literal (tuple, list, set, dict) or a line of "from"
-imports cannot fit in the allotted length, it's always split into one
-element per line.  This minimizes diffs as well as enables readers of
-code to find which commit introduced a particular entry.  This also
-makes *Black* compatible with [isort](https://pypi.org/p/isort/) with
-the following configuration.
+Afterwards, you can pass that file to `git blame` and see clean and meaningful blame
+information.

 
 

-<details>
-<summary>A compatible `.isort.cfg`</summary>
-
-```
-[settings]
-multi_line_output=3
-include_trailing_comma=True
-force_grid_wrap=0
-use_parentheses=True
-line_length=88
+```console
+$ git blame important.py --ignore-revs-file .git-blame-ignore-revs
+7a1ae265 (John Smith 2019-04-15 15:55:13 -0400 1) def very_important_function(text, file):
+abdfd8b0 (Alice Doe  2019-09-23 11:39:32 -0400 2)     text = text.lstrip()
+7a1ae265 (John Smith 2019-04-15 15:55:13 -0400 3)     with open(file, "r+") as f:
+7a1ae265 (John Smith 2019-04-15 15:55:13 -0400 4)         f.write(formatted)

 ```
 
 ```
 

-The equivalent command line is:
-```
-$ isort --multi-line=3 --trailing-comma --force-grid-wrap=0 --use-parentheses --line-width=88 [ file.py ]
-```
-</details>
+You can even configure `git` to automatically ignore revisions listed in a file on every
+call to `git blame`.

 
 

-### Line length
-
-You probably noticed the peculiar default line length.  *Black* defaults
-to 88 characters per line, which happens to be 10% over 80.  This number
-was found to produce significantly shorter files than sticking with 80
-(the most popular), or even 79 (used by the standard library).  In
-general, [90-ish seems like the wise choice](https://youtu.be/wf-BqAjZb8M?t=260).
-
-If you're paid by the line of code you write, you can pass
-`--line-length` with a lower number.  *Black* will try to respect that.
-However, sometimes it won't be able to without breaking other rules.  In
-those rare cases, auto-formatted code will exceed your allotted limit.
-
-You can also increase it, but remember that people with sight disabilities
-find it harder to work with line lengths exceeding 100 characters.
-It also adversely affects side-by-side diff review  on typical screen
-resolutions.  Long lines also make it harder to present code neatly
-in documentation or talk slides.
-
-If you're using Flake8, you can bump `max-line-length` to 88 and forget
-about it.  Alternatively, use [Bugbear](https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8-bugbear)'s
-B950 warning instead of E501 and keep the max line length at 80 which
-you are probably already using.  You'd do it like this:
-```ini
-[flake8]
-max-line-length = 80
-...
-select = C,E,F,W,B,B950
-ignore = E501
+```console
+$ git config blame.ignoreRevsFile .git-blame-ignore-revs

 ```
 
 ```
 

-You'll find *Black*'s own .flake8 config file is configured like this.
-If you're curious about the reasoning behind B950, 
-[Bugbear's documentation](https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8-bugbear#opinionated-warnings)
-explains it.  The tl;dr is "it's like highway speed limits, we won't
-bother you if you overdo it by a few km/h".
-
-
-### Empty lines
-
-*Black* avoids spurious vertical whitespace.  This is in the spirit of
-PEP 8 which says that in-function vertical whitespace should only be
-used sparingly.
-
-*Black* will allow single empty lines inside functions, and single and
-double empty lines on module level left by the original editors, except
-when they're within parenthesized expressions.  Since such expressions
-are always reformatted to fit minimal space, this whitespace is lost.
-
-It will also insert proper spacing before and after function definitions.
-It's one line before and after inner functions and two lines before and
-after module-level functions and classes.  *Black* will not put empty
-lines between function/class definitions and standalone comments that
-immediately precede the given function/class.
-
-*Black* will enforce single empty lines between a class-level docstring
-and the first following field or method.  This conforms to
-[PEP 257](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/#multi-line-docstrings).
-
-*Black* won't insert empty lines after function docstrings unless that
-empty line is required due to an inner function starting immediately
-after.
+**The one caveat is that GitHub and GitLab do not yet support ignoring revisions using
+their native UI of blame.** So blame information will be cluttered with a reformatting
+commit on those platforms. (If you'd like this feature, there's an open issue for
+[GitLab](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/31423) and please let GitHub
+know!)

 
 

+### NOTE: This is a beta product

 
 

-### Trailing commas
+_Black_ is already [successfully used](https://github.com/psf/black#used-by) by many
+projects, small and big. It also sports a decent test suite. However, it is still very
+new. Things will probably be wonky for a while. This is made explicit by the "Beta"
+trove classifier, as well as by the "b" in the version number. What this means for you
+is that **until the formatter becomes stable, you should expect some formatting to
+change in the future**. That being said, no drastic stylistic changes are planned,
+mostly responses to bug reports.

 
 

-*Black* will add trailing commas to expressions that are split
-by comma where each element is on its own line.  This includes function
-signatures.
+Also, as a temporary safety measure, _Black_ will check that the reformatted code still
+produces a valid AST that is equivalent to the original. This slows it down. If you're
+feeling confident, use `--fast`.

 
 

-Unnecessary trailing commas are removed if an expression fits in one
-line.  This makes it 1% more likely that your line won't exceed the
-allotted line length limit.  Moreover, in this scenario, if you added
-another argument to your call, you'd probably fit it in the same line
-anyway.  That doesn't make diffs any larger.
+## The _Black_ code style

 
 

-One exception to removing trailing commas is tuple expressions with
-just one element.  In this case *Black* won't touch the single trailing
-comma as this would unexpectedly change the underlying data type.  Note
-that this is also the case when commas are used while indexing.  This is
-a tuple in disguise: ```numpy_array[3, ]```.
-
-One exception to adding trailing commas is function signatures
-containing `*`, `*args`, or `**kwargs`.  In this case a trailing comma
-is only safe to use on Python 3.6.  *Black* will detect if your file is
-already 3.6+ only and use trailing commas in this situation.  If you
-wonder how it knows, it looks for f-strings and existing use of trailing
-commas in function signatures that have stars in them.  In other words,
-if you'd like a trailing comma in this situation and *Black* didn't
-recognize it was safe to do so, put it there manually and *Black* will
-keep it.
-
-
-### Strings
-
-*Black* prefers double quotes (`"` and `"""`) over single quotes (`'`
-and `'''`).  It will replace the latter with the former as long as it
-does not result in more backslash escapes than before.
-
-*Black* also standardizes string prefixes, making them always lowercase.
-On top of that, if your code is already Python 3.6+ only or it's using
-the `unicode_literals` future import, *Black* will remove `u` from the
-string prefix as it is meaningless in those scenarios.
-
-The main reason to standardize on a single form of quotes is aesthetics.
-Having one kind of quotes everywhere reduces reader distraction.
-It will also enable a future version of *Black* to merge consecutive
-string literals that ended up on the same line (see
-[#26](https://github.com/ambv/black/issues/26) for details).
-
-Why settle on double quotes?  They anticipate apostrophes in English
-text.  They match the docstring standard described in [PEP 257](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/#what-is-a-docstring).
-An empty string in double quotes (`""`) is impossible to confuse with
-a one double-quote regardless of fonts and syntax highlighting used.
-On top of this, double quotes for strings are consistent with C which
-Python interacts a lot with.
-
-On certain keyboard layouts like US English, typing single quotes is
-a bit easier than double quotes.  The latter requires use of the Shift
-key.  My recommendation here is to keep using whatever is faster to type
-and let *Black* handle the transformation.
-
-If you are adopting *Black* in a large project with pre-existing string
-conventions (like the popular ["single quotes for data, double quotes for
-human-readable strings"](https://stackoverflow.com/a/56190)), you can
-pass `--skip-string-normalization` on the command line.  This is meant as
-an adoption helper, avoid using this for new projects.
-
-### Numeric literals
-
-*Black* standardizes most numeric literals to use lowercase letters for the
-syntactic parts and uppercase letters for the digits themselves: `0xAB`
-instead of `0XAB` and `1e10` instead of `1E10`. Python 2 long literals are
-styled as `2L` instead of `2l` to avoid confusion between `l` and `1`.
-
-
-### Line breaks & binary operators
-
-*Black* will break a line before a binary operator when splitting a block
-of code over multiple lines. This is so that *Black* is compliant with the
-recent changes in the [PEP 8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#should-a-line-break-before-or-after-a-binary-operator)
-style guide, which emphasizes that this approach improves readability.
-
-This behaviour may raise ``W503 line break before binary operator`` warnings in
-style guide enforcement tools like Flake8. Since ``W503`` is not PEP 8 compliant,
-you should tell Flake8 to ignore these warnings.
-
-
-### Slices
-
-PEP 8 [recommends](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#whitespace-in-expressions-and-statements)
-to treat ``:`` in slices as a binary operator with the lowest priority, and to
-leave an equal amount of space on either side, except if a parameter is omitted
-(e.g. ``ham[1 + 1 :]``). It also states that for extended slices, both ``:``
-operators have to have the same amount of spacing, except if a parameter is
-omitted (``ham[1 + 1 ::]``). *Black* enforces these rules consistently.
-
-This behaviour may raise ``E203 whitespace before ':'`` warnings in style guide
-enforcement tools like Flake8. Since ``E203`` is not PEP 8 compliant, you should
-tell Flake8 to ignore these warnings.
-
-
-### Parentheses
-
-Some parentheses are optional in the Python grammar.  Any expression can
-be wrapped in a pair of parentheses to form an atom.  There are a few
-interesting cases:
-
-- `if (...):`
-- `while (...):`
-- `for (...) in (...):`
-- `assert (...), (...)`
-- `from X import (...)`
-- assignments like:
-  - `target = (...)`
-  - `target: type = (...)`
-  - `some, *un, packing = (...)`
-  - `augmented += (...)`
-
-In those cases, parentheses are removed when the entire statement fits
-in one line, or if the inner expression doesn't have any delimiters to
-further split on.  If there is only a single delimiter and the expression
-starts or ends with a bracket, the parenthesis can also be successfully
-omitted since the existing bracket pair will organize the expression
-neatly anyway.  Otherwise, the parentheses are added.
-
-Please note that *Black* does not add or remove any additional nested
-parentheses that you might want to have for clarity or further
-code organization.  For example those parentheses are not going to be
-removed:
-```py3
-return not (this or that)
-decision = (maybe.this() and values > 0) or (maybe.that() and values < 0)
-```
+_Black_ is a PEP 8 compliant opinionated formatter. _Black_ reformats entire files in
+place. It is not configurable. It doesn't take previous formatting into account. Your
+main option of configuring _Black_ is that it doesn't reformat blocks that start with
+`# fmt: off` and end with `# fmt: on`, or lines that ends with `# fmt: skip`. Pay
+attention that `# fmt: on/off` have to be on the same level of indentation. To learn
+more about _Black_'s opinions, to go
+[the_black_code_style](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/docs/the_black_code_style.md).

 
 

+Please refer to this document before submitting an issue. What seems like a bug might be
+intended behaviour.

 
 

-### Call chains
-
-Some popular APIs, like ORMs, use call chaining.  This API style is known
-as a [fluent interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface).
-*Black* formats those by treating dots that follow a call or an indexing
-operation like a very low priority delimiter.  It's easier to show the
-behavior than to explain it.  Look at the example:
-```py3
-def example(session):
-    result = (
-        session.query(models.Customer.id)
-        .filter(
-            models.Customer.account_id == account_id,
-            models.Customer.email == email_address,
-        )
-        .order_by(models.Customer.id.asc())
-        .all()
-    )
-```
-
+## Pragmatism

 
 

-### Typing stub files
-
-PEP 484 describes the syntax for type hints in Python.  One of the
-use cases for typing is providing type annotations for modules which
-cannot contain them directly (they might be written in C, or they might
-be third-party, or their implementation may be overly dynamic, and so on).
-
-To solve this, [stub files with the `.pyi` file
-extension](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484/#stub-files) can be
-used to describe typing information for an external module.  Those stub
-files omit the implementation of classes and functions they
-describe, instead they only contain the structure of the file (listing
-globals, functions, and classes with their members).  The recommended
-code style for those files is more terse than PEP 8:
-
-* prefer `...` on the same line as the class/function signature;
-* avoid vertical whitespace between consecutive module-level functions,
-  names, or methods and fields within a single class;
-* use a single blank line between top-level class definitions, or none
-  if the classes are very small.
-
-*Black* enforces the above rules.  There are additional guidelines for
-formatting `.pyi` file that are not enforced yet but might be in
-a future version of the formatter:
-
-* all function bodies should be empty (contain `...` instead of the body);
-* do not use docstrings;
-* prefer `...` over `pass`;
-* for arguments with a default, use `...` instead of the actual default;
-* avoid using string literals in type annotations, stub files support
-  forward references natively (like Python 3.7 code with `from __future__
-  import annotations`);
-* use variable annotations instead of type comments, even for stubs that
-  target older versions of Python;
-* for arguments that default to `None`, use `Optional[]` explicitly;
-* use `float` instead of `Union[int, float]`.
+Early versions of _Black_ used to be absolutist in some respects. They took after its
+initial author. This was fine at the time as it made the implementation simpler and
+there were not many users anyway. Not many edge cases were reported. As a mature tool,
+_Black_ does make some exceptions to rules it otherwise holds. This
+[section](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/docs/the_black_code_style.md#pragmatism)
+of `the_black_code_style` describes what those exceptions are and why this is the case.

 
 

+Please refer to this document before submitting an issue just like with the document
+above. What seems like a bug might be intended behaviour.

 
 ## pyproject.toml
 
 
 ## pyproject.toml
 

-*Black* is able to read project-specific default values for its
-command line options from a `pyproject.toml` file.  This is
-especially useful for specifying custom `--include` and `--exclude`
-patterns for your project.
-
-**Pro-tip**: If you're asking yourself "Do I need to configure anything?"
-the answer is "No".  *Black* is all about sensible defaults.
+_Black_ is able to read project-specific default values for its command line options
+from a `pyproject.toml` file. This is especially useful for specifying custom
+`--include` and `--exclude`/`--extend-exclude` patterns for your project.

 
 

+**Pro-tip**: If you're asking yourself "Do I need to configure anything?" the answer is
+"No". _Black_ is all about sensible defaults.

 
 ### What on Earth is a `pyproject.toml` file?
 
 
 ### What on Earth is a `pyproject.toml` file?
 

-[PEP 518](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0518/) defines
-`pyproject.toml` as a configuration file to store build system
-requirements for Python projects.  With the help of tools
-like [Poetry](https://poetry.eustace.io/) or
-[Flit](https://flit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) it can fully replace the
-need for `setup.py` and `setup.cfg` files.
+[PEP 518](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0518/) defines `pyproject.toml` as a
+configuration file to store build system requirements for Python projects. With the help
+of tools like [Poetry](https://python-poetry.org/) or
+[Flit](https://flit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) it can fully replace the need for
+`setup.py` and `setup.cfg` files.

 
 

+### Where _Black_ looks for the file

 
 

-### Where *Black* looks for the file
+By default _Black_ looks for `pyproject.toml` starting from the common base directory of
+all files and directories passed on the command line. If it's not there, it looks in
+parent directories. It stops looking when it finds the file, or a `.git` directory, or a
+`.hg` directory, or the root of the file system, whichever comes first.

 
 

-By default *Black* looks for `pyproject.toml` starting from the common
-base directory of all files and directories passed on the command line.
-If it's not there, it looks in parent directories.  It stops looking
-when it finds the file, or a `.git` directory, or a `.hg` directory,
-or the root of the file system, whichever comes first.
+If you're formatting standard input, _Black_ will look for configuration starting from
+the current working directory.

 
 

-If you're formatting standard input, *Black* will look for configuration
-starting from the current working directory.
+You can use a "global" configuration, stored in a specific location in your home
+directory. This will be used as a fallback configuration, that is, it will be used if
+and only if _Black_ doesn't find any configuration as mentioned above. Depending on your
+operating system, this configuration file should be stored as:

 
 

-You can also explicitly specify the path to a particular file that you
-want with `--config`.  In this situation *Black* will not look for any
-other file.
+- Windows: `~\.black`
+- Unix-like (Linux, MacOS, etc.): `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/black` (`~/.config/black` if the
+  `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` environment variable is not set)

 
 

-If you're running with `--verbose`, you will see a blue message if
-a file was found and used.
+Note that these are paths to the TOML file itself (meaning that they shouldn't be named
+as `pyproject.toml`), not directories where you store the configuration. Here, `~`
+refers to the path to your home directory. On Windows, this will be something like
+`C:\\Users\UserName`.

 
 

-Please note `blackd` will not use `pyproject.toml` configuration.
+You can also explicitly specify the path to a particular file that you want with
+`--config`. In this situation _Black_ will not look for any other file.

 
 

+If you're running with `--verbose`, you will see a blue message if a file was found and
+used.
+
+Please note `blackd` will not use `pyproject.toml` configuration.

 
 ### Configuration format
 
 
 ### Configuration format
 

-As the file extension suggests, `pyproject.toml` is a [TOML](https://github.com/toml-lang/toml) file.  It contains separate
-sections for different tools.  *Black* is using the `[tool.black]`
-section.  The option keys are the same as long names of options on
-the command line.
+As the file extension suggests, `pyproject.toml` is a
+[TOML](https://github.com/toml-lang/toml) file. It contains separate sections for
+different tools. _Black_ is using the `[tool.black]` section. The option keys are the
+same as long names of options on the command line.

 
 

-Note that you have to use single-quoted strings in TOML for regular
-expressions. It's the equivalent of r-strings in Python.  Multiline
-strings are treated as verbose regular expressions by Black.  Use `[ ]`
-to denote a significant space character.
+Note that you have to use single-quoted strings in TOML for regular expressions. It's
+the equivalent of r-strings in Python. Multiline strings are treated as verbose regular
+expressions by Black. Use `[ ]` to denote a significant space character.

 
 <details>
 
 <details>

-<summary>Example `pyproject.toml`</summary>
+<summary>Example <code>pyproject.toml</code></summary>

 
 ```toml
 [tool.black]
 line-length = 88
 
 ```toml
 [tool.black]
 line-length = 88

-target_version = ['py37']
+target-version = ['py37']

 include = '\.pyi?$'
 include = '\.pyi?$'

-exclude = '''
-
-(
-  /(
-      \.eggs         # exclude a few common directories in the
-    | \.git          # root of the project
-    | \.hg
-    | \.mypy_cache
-    | \.tox
-    | \.venv
-    | _build
-    | buck-out
-    | build
-    | dist
-  )/
-  | foo.py           # also separately exclude a file named foo.py in
-                     # the root of the project
-)
+extend-exclude = '''
+# A regex preceded with ^/ will apply only to files and directories
+# in the root of the project.
+^/foo.py  # exclude a file named foo.py in the root of the project (in addition to the defaults)

 '''
 ```
 
 '''
 ```
 


@@ -598,300 +345,137 @@ exclude = '''
 
 ### Lookup hierarchy
 
 
 ### Lookup hierarchy
 

-Command-line options have defaults that you can see in `--help`.
-A `pyproject.toml` can override those defaults.  Finally, options
-provided by the user on the command line override both.
-
-*Black* will only ever use one `pyproject.toml` file during an entire
-run. It doesn't look for multiple files, and doesn't compose
-configuration from different levels of the file hierarchy.
+Command-line options have defaults that you can see in `--help`. A `pyproject.toml` can
+override those defaults. Finally, options provided by the user on the command line
+override both.

 
 

+_Black_ will only ever use one `pyproject.toml` file during an entire run. It doesn't
+look for multiple files, and doesn't compose configuration from different levels of the
+file hierarchy.

 
 ## Editor integration
 
 
 ## Editor integration
 

-### Emacs
-
-Use [proofit404/blacken](https://github.com/proofit404/blacken).
-
-
-### PyCharm/IntelliJ IDEA
-
-1. Install `black`.
-
-```console
-$ pip install black
-```
-
-2. Locate your `black` installation folder.
-
-  On macOS / Linux / BSD:
-
-```console
-$ which black
-/usr/local/bin/black  # possible location
-```
-
-  On Windows:
-
-```console
-$ where black
-%LocalAppData%\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts\black.exe  # possible location
-```
-
-3. Open External tools in PyCharm/IntelliJ IDEA
-
-  On macOS:
-  
-```PyCharm -> Preferences -> Tools -> External Tools```
-
-  On Windows / Linux / BSD:
-  
-```File -> Settings -> Tools -> External Tools```
-
-4. Click the + icon to add a new external tool with the following values:
-    - Name: Black
-    - Description: Black is the uncompromising Python code formatter.
-    - Program: <install_location_from_step_2>
-    - Arguments: `"$FilePath$"`
+_Black_ can be integrated into many editors with plugins. They let you run _Black_ on
+your code with the ease of doing it in your editor. To get started using _Black_ in your
+editor of choice, please see
+[editor_integration](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/docs/editor_integration.md).

 
 

-5. Format the currently opened file by selecting `Tools -> External Tools -> black`.
-    - Alternatively, you can set a keyboard shortcut by navigating to `Preferences or Settings -> Keymap -> External Tools -> External Tools - Black`.
+Patches are welcome for editors without an editor integration or plugin! More
+information can be found in
+[editor_integration](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/docs/editor_integration.md#other-editors).

 
 

-6. Optionally, run Black on every file save:
-
-    1. Make sure you have the [File Watcher](https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/7177-file-watchers) plugin installed.
-    2. Go to `Preferences or Settings -> Tools -> File Watchers` and click `+` to add a new watcher:
-        - Name: Black
-        - File type: Python
-        - Scope: Project Files
-        - Program: <install_location_from_step_2>
-        - Arguments: `$FilePath$`
-        - Output paths to refresh: `$FilePath$`
-        - Working directory: `$ProjectFileDir$`
-       - Uncheck "Auto-save edited files to trigger the watcher"
-
-### Vim
-
-Commands and shortcuts:
-
-* `:Black` to format the entire file (ranges not supported);
-* `:BlackUpgrade` to upgrade *Black* inside the virtualenv;
-* `:BlackVersion` to get the current version of *Black* inside the
-  virtualenv.
-
-Configuration:
-* `g:black_fast` (defaults to `0`)
-* `g:black_linelength` (defaults to `88`)
-* `g:black_skip_string_normalization` (defaults to `0`)
-* `g:black_virtualenv` (defaults to `~/.vim/black`)
-
-To install with [vim-plug](https://github.com/junegunn/vim-plug):
+## blackd

 
 

-```
-Plug 'ambv/black'
-```
+`blackd` is a small HTTP server that exposes Black's functionality over a simple
+protocol. The main benefit of using it is to avoid paying the cost of starting up a new
+Black process every time you want to blacken a file. Please refer to
+[blackd](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/docs/blackd.md) to get the ball
+rolling.

 
 

-or with [Vundle](https://github.com/VundleVim/Vundle.vim):
+## black-primer

 
 

-```
-Plugin 'ambv/black'
-```
+`black-primer` is a tool built for CI (and humans) to have _Black_ `--check` a number of
+(configured in `primer.json`) Git accessible projects in parallel.
+[black_primer](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/docs/black_primer.md) has more
+information regarding its usage and configuration.

 
 

-or you can copy the plugin from [plugin/black.vim](https://github.com/ambv/black/tree/master/plugin/black.vim).
-Let me know if this requires any changes to work with Vim 8's builtin
-`packadd`, or Pathogen, and so on.
+(A PR adding Mercurial support will be accepted.)

 
 

-This plugin **requires Vim 7.0+ built with Python 3.6+ support**.  It
-needs Python 3.6 to be able to run *Black* inside the Vim process which
-is much faster than calling an external command.
-
-On first run, the plugin creates its own virtualenv using the right
-Python version and automatically installs *Black*. You can upgrade it later
-by calling `:BlackUpgrade` and restarting Vim.
-
-If you need to do anything special to make your virtualenv work and
-install *Black* (for example you want to run a version from master),
-create a virtualenv manually and point `g:black_virtualenv` to it.
-The plugin will use it.
+## Version control integration

 
 

-To run *Black* on save, add the following line to `.vimrc` or `init.vim`:
+Use [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com/). Once you
+[have it installed](https://pre-commit.com/#install), add this to the
+`.pre-commit-config.yaml` in your repository:

 
 

+```yaml
+repos:
+  - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
+    rev: 20.8b1 # Replace by any tag/version: https://github.com/psf/black/tags
+    hooks:
+      - id: black
+        language_version: python3 # Should be a command that runs python3.6+

 ```
 ```

-autocmd BufWritePre *.py execute ':Black'
-```
-
-**How to get Vim with Python 3.6?**
-On Ubuntu 17.10 Vim comes with Python 3.6 by default.
-On macOS with Homebrew run: `brew install vim --with-python3`.
-When building Vim from source, use:
-`./configure --enable-python3interp=yes`. There's many guides online how
-to do this.
-
-
-### Visual Studio Code
-
-Use the [Python extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-python.python)
-([instructions](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/python/editing#_formatting)).
-
-
-### SublimeText 3
-
-Use [sublack plugin](https://github.com/jgirardet/sublack).
-
-
-### Jupyter Notebook Magic
-
-Use [blackcellmagic](https://github.com/csurfer/blackcellmagic).
-
-
-### Python Language Server
-
-If your editor supports the [Language Server Protocol](https://langserver.org/)
-(Atom, Sublime Text, Visual Studio Code and many more), you can use
-the [Python Language Server](https://github.com/palantir/python-language-server) with the
-[pyls-black](https://github.com/rupert/pyls-black) plugin.
-
-
-### Atom/Nuclide
-
-Use [python-black](https://atom.io/packages/python-black).
-
-
-### Other editors
-
-Other editors will require external contributions.
-
-Patches welcome! ✨ 🍰 ✨
-
-Any tool that can pipe code through *Black* using its stdio mode (just
-[use `-` as the file name](https://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/special-chars.html#DASHREF2)).
-The formatted code will be returned on stdout (unless `--check` was
-passed).  *Black* will still emit messages on stderr but that shouldn't
-affect your use case.
-
-This can be used for example with PyCharm's or IntelliJ's [File Watchers](https://www.jetbrains.com/help/pycharm/file-watchers.html).

 
 

-## blackd
-
-`blackd` is a small HTTP server that exposes *Black*'s functionality over
-a simple protocol. The main benefit of using it is to avoid paying the
-cost of starting up a new *Black* process every time you want to blacken
-a file.
-
-### Usage
+Then run `pre-commit install` and you're ready to go.

 
 

-`blackd` is not packaged alongside *Black* by default because it has additional
-dependencies. You will need to do `pip install black[d]` to install it.
+Avoid using `args` in the hook. Instead, store necessary configuration in
+`pyproject.toml` so that editors and command-line usage of Black all behave consistently
+for your project. See _Black_'s own
+[pyproject.toml](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/pyproject.toml) for an
+example.

 
 

-You can start the server on the default port, binding only to the local interface
-by running `blackd`. You will see a single line mentioning the server's version,
-and the host and port it's listening on. `blackd` will then print an access log
-similar to most web servers on standard output, merged with any exception traces
-caused by invalid formatting requests.
+If you're already using Python 3.7, switch the `language_version` accordingly. Finally,
+`stable` is a branch that tracks the latest release on PyPI. If you'd rather run on
+master, this is also an option.

 
 

-`blackd` provides even less options than *Black*. You can see them by running
-`blackd --help`:
+## GitHub Actions

 
 

-```text
-Usage: blackd [OPTIONS]
-
-Options:
-  --bind-host TEXT                Address to bind the server to.
-  --bind-port INTEGER             Port to listen on
-  --version                       Show the version and exit.
-  -h, --help                      Show this message and exit.
-```
+Create a file named `.github/workflows/black.yml` inside your repository with:

 
 

-### Protocol
-
-`blackd` only accepts `POST` requests at the `/` path. The body of the request
-should contain the python source code to be formatted, encoded
-according to the `charset` field in the `Content-Type` request header. If no
-`charset` is specified, `blackd` assumes `UTF-8`.
-
-There are a few HTTP headers that control how the source is formatted. These
-correspond to command line flags for *Black*. There is one exception to this:
-`X-Protocol-Version` which if present, should have the value `1`, otherwise the
-request is rejected with `HTTP 501` (Not Implemented).
-
-The headers controlling how code is formatted are:
-
- - `X-Line-Length`: corresponds to the `--line-length` command line flag.
- - `X-Skip-String-Normalization`: corresponds to the `--skip-string-normalization`
-    command line flag. If present and its value is not the empty string, no string
-    normalization will be performed.
- - `X-Fast-Or-Safe`: if set to `fast`, `blackd` will act as *Black* does when
-    passed the `--fast` command line flag.
- - `X-Python-Variant`: if set to `pyi`, `blackd` will act as *Black* does when
-    passed the `--pyi` command line flag. Otherwise, its value must correspond to
-    a Python version or a set of comma-separated Python versions, optionally
-    prefixed with `py`. For example, to request code that is compatible
-    with Python 3.5 and 3.6, set the header to `py3.5,py3.6`.
-
-If any of these headers are set to invalid values, `blackd` returns a `HTTP 400`
-error response, mentioning the name of the problematic header in the message body.
-
-Apart from the above, `blackd` can produce the following response codes:
-
- - `HTTP 204`: If the input is already well-formatted. The response body is
-       empty.
- - `HTTP 200`: If formatting was needed on the input. The response body
-       contains the blackened Python code, and the `Content-Type` header is set
-       accordingly.
- - `HTTP 400`: If the input contains a syntax error. Details of the error are
-       returned in the response body.
- - `HTTP 500`: If there was any kind of error while trying to format the input.
-       The response body contains a textual representation of the error.
-
-## Version control integration
-
-Use [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com/). Once you [have it
-installed](https://pre-commit.com/#install), add this to the
-`.pre-commit-config.yaml` in your repository:

 ```yaml
 ```yaml

-repos:
--   repo: https://github.com/ambv/black
-    rev: stable
-    hooks:
-    - id: black
-      language_version: python3.6
+name: Lint
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      - uses: psf/black@stable
+        with:
+          args: ". --check"

 ```
 ```

-Then run `pre-commit install` and you're ready to go.

 
 

-Avoid using `args` in the hook.  Instead, store necessary configuration
-in `pyproject.toml` so that editors and command-line usage of Black all
-behave consistently for your project.  See *Black*'s own `pyproject.toml`
-for an example.
+### Inputs

 
 

-If you're already using Python 3.7, switch the `language_version`
-accordingly. Finally, `stable` is a tag that is pinned to the latest
-release on PyPI.  If you'd rather run on master, this is also an option.
+#### `black_args`

 
 

+**optional**: Black input arguments. Defaults to `. --check --diff`.

 
 ## Ignoring unmodified files
 
 
 ## Ignoring unmodified files
 

-*Black* remembers files it has already formatted, unless the `--diff` flag is used or
+_Black_ remembers files it has already formatted, unless the `--diff` flag is used or

 code is passed via standard input. This information is stored per-user. The exact
 code is passed via standard input. This information is stored per-user. The exact

-location of the file depends on the *Black* version and the system on which *Black*
-is run. The file is non-portable. The standard location on common operating systems
-is:
+location of the file depends on the _Black_ version and the system on which _Black_ is
+run. The file is non-portable. The standard location on common operating systems is:

 
 

-* Windows: `C:\\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\black\black\Cache\<version>\cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle`
-* macOS: `/Users/<username>/Library/Caches/black/<version>/cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle`
-* Linux: `/home/<username>/.cache/black/<version>/cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle`
+- Windows:
+  `C:\\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\black\black\Cache\<version>\cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle`
+- macOS:
+  `/Users/<username>/Library/Caches/black/<version>/cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle`
+- Linux:
+  `/home/<username>/.cache/black/<version>/cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle`

 
 `file-mode` is an int flag that determines whether the file was formatted as 3.6+ only,
 as .pyi, and whether string normalization was omitted.
 
 
 `file-mode` is an int flag that determines whether the file was formatted as 3.6+ only,
 as .pyi, and whether string normalization was omitted.
 

+To override the location of these files on macOS or Linux, set the environment variable
+`XDG_CACHE_HOME` to your preferred location. For example, if you want to put the cache
+in the directory you're running _Black_ from, set `XDG_CACHE_HOME=.cache`. _Black_ will
+then write the above files to `.cache/black/<version>/`.
+
+## Used by
+
+The following notable open-source projects trust _Black_ with enforcing a consistent
+code style: pytest, tox, Pyramid, Django Channels, Hypothesis, attrs, SQLAlchemy,
+Poetry, PyPA applications (Warehouse, Bandersnatch, Pipenv, virtualenv), pandas, Pillow,
+every Datadog Agent Integration, Home Assistant, Zulip.
+
+The following organizations use _Black_: Facebook, Dropbox, Mozilla, Quora.
+
+Are we missing anyone? Let us know.

 
 ## Testimonials
 
 
 ## Testimonials
 

-**Dusty Phillips**, [writer](https://smile.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=dusty+phillips):
+**Dusty Phillips**,
+[writer](https://smile.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=dusty+phillips):

 
 

-> *Black* is opinionated so you don't have to be.
+> _Black_ is opinionated so you don't have to be.

 
 

-**Hynek Schlawack**, [creator of `attrs`](https://www.attrs.org/), core
-developer of Twisted and CPython:
+**Hynek Schlawack**, [creator of `attrs`](https://www.attrs.org/), core developer of
+Twisted and CPython:

 
 > An auto-formatter that doesn't suck is all I want for Xmas!
 
 
 > An auto-formatter that doesn't suck is all I want for Xmas!
 


@@ -899,461 +483,53 @@ developer of Twisted and CPython:
 
 > At least the name is good.
 
 
 > At least the name is good.
 

-**Kenneth Reitz**, creator of [`requests`](http://python-requests.org/)
-and [`pipenv`](https://docs.pipenv.org/):
+**Kenneth Reitz**, creator of [`requests`](http://python-requests.org/) and
+[`pipenv`](https://readthedocs.org/projects/pipenv/):

 
 > This vastly improves the formatting of our code. Thanks a ton!
 
 
 > This vastly improves the formatting of our code. Thanks a ton!
 

-

 ## Show your style
 
 Use the badge in your project's README.md:
 
 ## Show your style
 
 Use the badge in your project's README.md:
 

-```markdown
-[![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/ambv/black)
+```md
+[![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/psf/black)

 ```
 
 Using the badge in README.rst:
 ```
 
 Using the badge in README.rst:

+

 ```
 .. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg
 ```
 .. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg

-    :target: https://github.com/ambv/black
+    :target: https://github.com/psf/black

 ```
 
 ```
 

-Looks like this: [![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/ambv/black)
-
+Looks like this:
+[![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/psf/black)

 
 ## License
 
 MIT
 
 
 ## License
 
 MIT
 

+## Contributing to _Black_

 
 

-## Contributing to *Black*
-
-In terms of inspiration, *Black* is about as configurable as *gofmt*.
-This is deliberate.
-
-Bug reports and fixes are always welcome!  However, before you suggest a
-new feature or configuration knob, ask yourself why you want it.  If it
-enables better integration with some workflow, fixes an inconsistency,
-speeds things up, and so on - go for it!  On the other hand, if your
-answer is "because I don't like a particular formatting" then you're not
-ready to embrace *Black* yet. Such changes are unlikely to get accepted.
-You can still try but prepare to be disappointed.
-
-More details can be found in [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md).
-
-
-## Change Log
-
-### 19.3b0
-
-* new option `--target-version` to control which Python versions
-  *Black*-formatted code should target (#618)
-
-* removed `--py36` (use `--target-version=py36` instead) (#724)
-
-* *Black* no longer normalizes numeric literals to include `_` separators (#696)
-
-* long `del` statements are now split into multiple lines (#698)
-
-* type comments are no longer mangled in function signatures
-
-* improved performance of formatting deeply nested data structures (#509)
-
-* *Black* now properly formats multiple files in parallel on
-  Windows (#632)
-
-* `blackd` now supports CORS (#622)
-
-### 18.9b0
-
-* numeric literals are now formatted by *Black* (#452, #461, #464, #469):
+In terms of inspiration, _Black_ is about as configurable as _gofmt_. This is
+deliberate.

 
 

-  * numeric literals are normalized to include `_` separators on Python 3.6+ code
+Bug reports and fixes are always welcome! However, before you suggest a new feature or
+configuration knob, ask yourself why you want it. If it enables better integration with
+some workflow, fixes an inconsistency, speeds things up, and so on - go for it! On the
+other hand, if your answer is "because I don't like a particular formatting" then you're
+not ready to embrace _Black_ yet. Such changes are unlikely to get accepted. You can
+still try but prepare to be disappointed.

 
 

-  * added `--skip-numeric-underscore-normalization` to disable the above behavior and
-    leave numeric underscores as they were in the input
+More details can be found in
+[CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).

 
 

-  * code with `_` in numeric literals is recognized as Python 3.6+
+## Change log

 
 

-  * most letters in numeric literals are lowercased (e.g., in `1e10`, `0x01`)
-
-  * hexadecimal digits are always uppercased (e.g. `0xBADC0DE`)
-
-* added `blackd`, see [its documentation](#blackd) for more info (#349)
-
-* adjacent string literals are now correctly split into multiple lines (#463)
-
-* trailing comma is now added to single imports that don't fit on a line (#250)
-
-* cache is now populated when `--check` is successful for a file which speeds up
-  consecutive checks of properly formatted unmodified files (#448)
-
-* whitespace at the beginning of the file is now removed (#399)
-
-* fixed mangling [pweave](http://mpastell.com/pweave/) and
-  [Spyder IDE](https://pythonhosted.org/spyder/) special comments (#532)
-
-* fixed unstable formatting when unpacking big tuples (#267)
-
-* fixed parsing of `__future__` imports with renames (#389)
-
-* fixed scope of `# fmt: off` when directly preceding `yield` and other nodes (#385)
-
-* fixed formatting of lambda expressions with default arguments (#468)
-
-* fixed ``async for`` statements: *Black* no longer breaks them into separate
-  lines (#372)
-
-* note: the Vim plugin stopped registering ``,=`` as a default chord as it turned out
-  to be a bad idea (#415)
-
-
-### 18.6b4
-
-* hotfix: don't freeze when multiple comments directly precede `# fmt: off` (#371)
-
-
-### 18.6b3
-
-* typing stub files (`.pyi`) now have blank lines added after constants (#340)
-
-* `# fmt: off` and `# fmt: on` are now much more dependable:
-
-  * they now work also within bracket pairs (#329)
-
-  * they now correctly work across function/class boundaries (#335)
-
-  * they now work when an indentation block starts with empty lines or misaligned
-    comments (#334)
-
-* made Click not fail on invalid environments; note that Click is right but the
-  likelihood we'll need to access non-ASCII file paths when dealing with Python source
-  code is low (#277)
-
-* fixed improper formatting of f-strings with quotes inside interpolated
-  expressions (#322)
-
-* fixed unnecessary slowdown when long list literals where found in a file
-
-* fixed unnecessary slowdown on AST nodes with very many siblings
-
-* fixed cannibalizing backslashes during string normalization
-
-* fixed a crash due to symbolic links pointing outside of the project directory (#338)
-
-
-### 18.6b2
-
-* added `--config` (#65)
-
-* added `-h` equivalent to `--help` (#316)
-
-* fixed improper unmodified file caching when `-S` was used
-
-* fixed extra space in string unpacking (#305)
-
-* fixed formatting of empty triple quoted strings (#313)
-
-* fixed unnecessary slowdown in comment placement calculation on lines without
-  comments
-
-
-### 18.6b1
-
-* hotfix: don't output human-facing information on stdout (#299)
-
-* hotfix: don't output cake emoji on non-zero return code (#300)
-
-
-### 18.6b0
-
-* added `--include` and `--exclude` (#270)
-
-* added `--skip-string-normalization` (#118)
-
-* added `--verbose` (#283)
-
-* the header output in `--diff` now actually conforms to the unified diff spec
-
-* fixed long trivial assignments being wrapped in unnecessary parentheses (#273)
-
-* fixed unnecessary parentheses when a line contained multiline strings (#232)
-
-* fixed stdin handling not working correctly if an old version of Click was
-  used (#276)
-
-* *Black* now preserves line endings when formatting a file in place (#258)
-
-
-### 18.5b1
-
-* added `--pyi` (#249)
-
-* added `--py36` (#249)
-
-* Python grammar pickle caches are stored with the formatting caches, making
-  *Black* work in environments where site-packages is not user-writable (#192)
-
-* *Black* now enforces a PEP 257 empty line after a class-level docstring
-  (and/or fields) and the first method
-
-* fixed invalid code produced when standalone comments were present in a trailer
-  that was omitted from line splitting on a large expression (#237)
-
-* fixed optional parentheses being removed within `# fmt: off` sections (#224)
-
-* fixed invalid code produced when stars in very long imports were incorrectly
-  wrapped in optional parentheses (#234)
-
-* fixed unstable formatting when inline comments were moved around in
-  a trailer that was omitted from line splitting on a large expression
-  (#238)
-
-* fixed extra empty line between a class declaration and the first
-  method if no class docstring or fields are present (#219)
-
-* fixed extra empty line between a function signature and an inner
-  function or inner class (#196)
-
-
-### 18.5b0
-
-* call chains are now formatted according to the
-  [fluent interfaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface)
-  style (#67)
-
-* data structure literals (tuples, lists, dictionaries, and sets) are
-  now also always exploded like imports when they don't fit in a single
-  line (#152)
-
-* slices are now formatted according to PEP 8 (#178)
-
-* parentheses are now also managed automatically on the right-hand side
-  of assignments and return statements (#140)
-
-* math operators now use their respective priorities for delimiting multiline
-  expressions (#148)
-
-* optional parentheses are now omitted on expressions that start or end
-  with a bracket and only contain a single operator (#177)
-
-* empty parentheses in a class definition are now removed (#145, #180)
-
-* string prefixes are now standardized to lowercase and `u` is removed
-  on Python 3.6+ only code and Python 2.7+ code with the `unicode_literals`
-  future import (#188, #198, #199)
-
-* typing stub files (`.pyi`) are now formatted in a style that is consistent
-  with PEP 484 (#207, #210)
-
-* progress when reformatting many files is now reported incrementally
-
-* fixed trailers (content with brackets) being unnecessarily exploded
-  into their own lines after a dedented closing bracket (#119)
-
-* fixed an invalid trailing comma sometimes left in imports (#185)
-
-* fixed non-deterministic formatting when multiple pairs of removable parentheses
-  were used (#183)
-
-* fixed multiline strings being unnecessarily wrapped in optional
-  parentheses in long assignments (#215)
-
-* fixed not splitting long from-imports with only a single name
-
-* fixed Python 3.6+ file discovery by also looking at function calls with
-  unpacking. This fixed non-deterministic formatting if trailing commas
-  where used both in function signatures with stars and function calls
-  with stars but the former would be reformatted to a single line.
-
-* fixed crash on dealing with optional parentheses (#193)
-
-* fixed "is", "is not", "in", and "not in" not considered operators for
-  splitting purposes
-
-* fixed crash when dead symlinks where encountered
-
-
-### 18.4a4
-
-* don't populate the cache on `--check` (#175)
-
-
-### 18.4a3
-
-* added a "cache"; files already reformatted that haven't changed on disk
-  won't be reformatted again (#109)
-
-* `--check` and `--diff` are no longer mutually exclusive (#149)
-
-* generalized star expression handling, including double stars; this
-  fixes multiplication making expressions "unsafe" for trailing commas (#132)
-
-* *Black* no longer enforces putting empty lines behind control flow statements
-  (#90)
-
-* *Black* now splits imports like "Mode 3 + trailing comma" of isort (#127)
-
-* fixed comment indentation when a standalone comment closes a block (#16, #32)
-
-* fixed standalone comments receiving extra empty lines if immediately preceding
-  a class, def, or decorator (#56, #154)
-
-* fixed `--diff` not showing entire path (#130)
-
-* fixed parsing of complex expressions after star and double stars in
-  function calls (#2)
-
-* fixed invalid splitting on comma in lambda arguments (#133)
-
-* fixed missing splits of ternary expressions (#141)
-
-
-### 18.4a2
-
-* fixed parsing of unaligned standalone comments (#99, #112)
-
-* fixed placement of dictionary unpacking inside dictionary literals (#111)
-
-* Vim plugin now works on Windows, too
-
-* fixed unstable formatting when encountering unnecessarily escaped quotes
-  in a string (#120)
-
-
-### 18.4a1
-
-* added `--quiet` (#78)
-
-* added automatic parentheses management (#4)
-
-* added [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com) integration (#103, #104)
-
-* fixed reporting on `--check` with multiple files (#101, #102)
-
-* fixed removing backslash escapes from raw strings (#100, #105)
-
-
-### 18.4a0
-
-* added `--diff` (#87)
-
-* add line breaks before all delimiters, except in cases like commas, to
-  better comply with PEP 8 (#73)
-
-* standardize string literals to use double quotes (almost) everywhere
-  (#75)
-
-* fixed handling of standalone comments within nested bracketed
-  expressions; *Black* will no longer produce super long lines or put all
-  standalone comments at the end of the expression (#22)
-
-* fixed 18.3a4 regression: don't crash and burn on empty lines with
-  trailing whitespace (#80)
-
-* fixed 18.3a4 regression: `# yapf: disable` usage as trailing comment
-  would cause *Black* to not emit the rest of the file (#95)
-
-* when CTRL+C is pressed while formatting many files, *Black* no longer
-  freaks out with a flurry of asyncio-related exceptions
-
-* only allow up to two empty lines on module level and only single empty
-  lines within functions (#74)
-
-
-### 18.3a4
-
-* `# fmt: off` and `# fmt: on` are implemented (#5)
-
-* automatic detection of deprecated Python 2 forms of print statements
-  and exec statements in the formatted file (#49)
-
-* use proper spaces for complex expressions in default values of typed
-  function arguments (#60)
-
-* only return exit code 1 when --check is used (#50)
-
-* don't remove single trailing commas from square bracket indexing
-  (#59)
-
-* don't omit whitespace if the previous factor leaf wasn't a math
-  operator (#55)
-
-* omit extra space in kwarg unpacking if it's the first argument (#46)
-
-* omit extra space in [Sphinx auto-attribute comments](http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/stable/ext/autodoc.html#directive-autoattribute)
-  (#68)
-
-
-### 18.3a3
-
-* don't remove single empty lines outside of bracketed expressions
-  (#19)
-
-* added ability to pipe formatting from stdin to stdin (#25)
-
-* restored ability to format code with legacy usage of `async` as
-  a name (#20, #42)
-
-* even better handling of numpy-style array indexing (#33, again)
-
-
-### 18.3a2
-
-* changed positioning of binary operators to occur at beginning of lines
-  instead of at the end, following [a recent change to PEP 8](https://github.com/python/peps/commit/c59c4376ad233a62ca4b3a6060c81368bd21e85b)
-  (#21)
-
-* ignore empty bracket pairs while splitting. This avoids very weirdly
-  looking formattings (#34, #35)
-
-* remove a trailing comma if there is a single argument to a call
-
-* if top level functions were separated by a comment, don't put four
-  empty lines after the upper function
-
-* fixed unstable formatting of newlines with imports
-
-* fixed unintentional folding of post scriptum standalone comments
-  into last statement if it was a simple statement (#18, #28)
-
-* fixed missing space in numpy-style array indexing (#33)
-
-* fixed spurious space after star-based unary expressions (#31)
-
-
-### 18.3a1
-
-* added `--check`
-
-* only put trailing commas in function signatures and calls if it's
-  safe to do so. If the file is Python 3.6+ it's always safe, otherwise
-  only safe if there are no `*args` or `**kwargs` used in the signature
-  or call. (#8)
-
-* fixed invalid spacing of dots in relative imports (#6, #13)
-
-* fixed invalid splitting after comma on unpacked variables in for-loops
-  (#23)
-
-* fixed spurious space in parenthesized set expressions (#7)
-
-* fixed spurious space after opening parentheses and in default
-  arguments (#14, #17)
-
-* fixed spurious space after unary operators when the operand was
-  a complex expression (#15)
-
-
-### 18.3a0
-
-* first published version, Happy 🍰 Day 2018!
-
-* alpha quality
-
-* date-versioned (see: https://calver.org/)
+The log's become rather long. It moved to its own file.

 
 

+See [CHANGES](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/CHANGES.md).

 
 ## Authors
 
 
 ## Authors
 


@@ -1362,27 +538,181 @@ Glued together by [Łukasz Langa](mailto:lukasz@langa.pl).
 Maintained with [Carol Willing](mailto:carolcode@willingconsulting.com),
 [Carl Meyer](mailto:carl@oddbird.net),
 [Jelle Zijlstra](mailto:jelle.zijlstra@gmail.com),
 Maintained with [Carol Willing](mailto:carolcode@willingconsulting.com),
 [Carl Meyer](mailto:carl@oddbird.net),
 [Jelle Zijlstra](mailto:jelle.zijlstra@gmail.com),

-[Mika Naylor](mailto:mail@autophagy.io), and
-[Zsolt Dollenstein](mailto:zsol.zsol@gmail.com).
+[Mika Naylor](mailto:mail@autophagy.io),
+[Zsolt Dollenstein](mailto:zsol.zsol@gmail.com), and
+[Cooper Lees](mailto:me@cooperlees.com).

 
 Multiple contributions by:
 
 Multiple contributions by:

-* [Anthony Sottile](mailto:asottile@umich.edu)
-* [Artem Malyshev](mailto:proofit404@gmail.com)
-* [Christian Heimes](mailto:christian@python.org)
-* [Daniel M. Capella](mailto:polycitizen@gmail.com)
-* [Eli Treuherz](mailto:eli@treuherz.com)
-* hauntsaninja
-* Hugo van Kemenade
-* [Ivan Katanić](mailto:ivan.katanic@gmail.com)
-* [Jonas Obrist](mailto:ojiidotch@gmail.com)
-* [Luka Sterbic](mailto:luka.sterbic@gmail.com)
-* [Miguel Gaiowski](mailto:miggaiowski@gmail.com)
-* [Miroslav Shubernetskiy](mailto:miroslav@miki725.com)
-* [Neraste](mailto:neraste.herr10@gmail.com)
-* [Osaetin Daniel](mailto:osaetindaniel@gmail.com)
-* [Peter Bengtsson](mailto:mail@peterbe.com)
-* [Stavros Korokithakis](mailto:hi@stavros.io)
-* [Sunil Kapil](mailto:snlkapil@gmail.com)
-* [Utsav Shah](mailto:ukshah2@illinois.edu)
-* [Vishwas B Sharma](mailto:sharma.vishwas88@gmail.com)
-* [Chuck Wooters](mailto:chuck.wooters@microsoft.com)
+
+- [Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer](mailto:arj.python@gmail.com)
+- [Adam Johnson](mailto:me@adamj.eu)
+- [Adam Williamson](mailto:adamw@happyassassin.net)
+- [Alexander Huynh](mailto:github@grande.coffee)
+- [Alex Vandiver](mailto:github@chmrr.net)
+- [Allan Simon](mailto:allan.simon@supinfo.com)
+- Anders-Petter Ljungquist
+- [Andrew Thorp](mailto:andrew.thorp.dev@gmail.com)
+- [Andrew Zhou](mailto:andrewfzhou@gmail.com)
+- [Andrey](mailto:dyuuus@yandex.ru)
+- [Andy Freeland](mailto:andy@andyfreeland.net)
+- [Anthony Sottile](mailto:asottile@umich.edu)
+- [Arjaan Buijk](mailto:arjaan.buijk@gmail.com)
+- [Arnav Borbornah](mailto:arnavborborah11@gmail.com)
+- [Artem Malyshev](mailto:proofit404@gmail.com)
+- [Asger Hautop Drewsen](mailto:asgerdrewsen@gmail.com)
+- [Augie Fackler](mailto:raf@durin42.com)
+- [Aviskar KC](mailto:aviskarkc10@gmail.com)
+- Batuhan Taşkaya
+- [Benjamin Wohlwend](mailto:bw@piquadrat.ch)
+- [Benjamin Woodruff](mailto:github@benjam.info)
+- [Bharat Raghunathan](mailto:bharatraghunthan9767@gmail.com)
+- [Brandt Bucher](mailto:brandtbucher@gmail.com)
+- [Brett Cannon](mailto:brett@python.org)
+- [Bryan Bugyi](mailto:bryan.bugyi@rutgers.edu)
+- [Bryan Forbes](mailto:bryan@reigndropsfall.net)
+- [Calum Lind](mailto:calumlind@gmail.com)
+- [Charles](mailto:peacech@gmail.com)
+- Charles Reid
+- [Christian Clauss](mailto:cclauss@bluewin.ch)
+- [Christian Heimes](mailto:christian@python.org)
+- [Chuck Wooters](mailto:chuck.wooters@microsoft.com)
+- [Chris Rose](mailto:offline@offby1.net)
+- Codey Oxley
+- [Cong](mailto:congusbongus@gmail.com)
+- [Cooper Ry Lees](mailto:me@cooperlees.com)
+- [Dan Davison](mailto:dandavison7@gmail.com)
+- [Daniel Hahler](mailto:github@thequod.de)
+- [Daniel M. Capella](mailto:polycitizen@gmail.com)
+- Daniele Esposti
+- [David Hotham](mailto:david.hotham@metaswitch.com)
+- [David Lukes](mailto:dafydd.lukes@gmail.com)
+- [David Szotten](mailto:davidszotten@gmail.com)
+- [Denis Laxalde](mailto:denis@laxalde.org)
+- [Douglas Thor](mailto:dthor@transphormusa.com)
+- dylanjblack
+- [Eli Treuherz](mailto:eli@treuherz.com)
+- [Emil Hessman](mailto:emil@hessman.se)
+- [Felix Kohlgrüber](mailto:felix.kohlgrueber@gmail.com)
+- [Florent Thiery](mailto:fthiery@gmail.com)
+- Francisco
+- [Giacomo Tagliabue](mailto:giacomo.tag@gmail.com)
+- [Greg Gandenberger](mailto:ggandenberger@shoprunner.com)
+- [Gregory P. Smith](mailto:greg@krypto.org)
+- Gustavo Camargo
+- hauntsaninja
+- [Hadi Alqattan](mailto:alqattanhadizaki@gmail.com)
+- [Heaford](mailto:dan@heaford.com)
+- [Hugo Barrera](mailto::hugo@barrera.io)
+- Hugo van Kemenade
+- [Hynek Schlawack](mailto:hs@ox.cx)
+- [Ivan Katanić](mailto:ivan.katanic@gmail.com)
+- [Jakub Kadlubiec](mailto:jakub.kadlubiec@skyscanner.net)
+- [Jakub Warczarek](mailto:jakub.warczarek@gmail.com)
+- [Jan Hnátek](mailto:jan.hnatek@gmail.com)
+- [Jason Fried](mailto:me@jasonfried.info)
+- [Jason Friedland](mailto:jason@friedland.id.au)
+- [jgirardet](mailto:ijkl@netc.fr)
+- Jim Brännlund
+- [Jimmy Jia](mailto:tesrin@gmail.com)
+- [Joe Antonakakis](mailto:jma353@cornell.edu)
+- [Jon Dufresne](mailto:jon.dufresne@gmail.com)
+- [Jonas Obrist](mailto:ojiidotch@gmail.com)
+- [Jonty Wareing](mailto:jonty@jonty.co.uk)
+- [Jose Nazario](mailto:jose.monkey.org@gmail.com)
+- [Joseph Larson](mailto:larson.joseph@gmail.com)
+- [Josh Bode](mailto:joshbode@fastmail.com)
+- [Josh Holland](mailto:anowlcalledjosh@gmail.com)
+- [Joshua Cannon](mailto:joshdcannon@gmail.com)
+- [José Padilla](mailto:jpadilla@webapplicate.com)
+- [Juan Luis Cano Rodríguez](mailto:hello@juanlu.space)
+- [kaiix](mailto:kvn.hou@gmail.com)
+- [Katie McLaughlin](mailto:katie@glasnt.com)
+- Katrin Leinweber
+- [Keith Smiley](mailto:keithbsmiley@gmail.com)
+- [Kenyon Ralph](mailto:kenyon@kenyonralph.com)
+- [Kevin Kirsche](mailto:Kev.Kirsche+GitHub@gmail.com)
+- [Kyle Hausmann](mailto:kyle.hausmann@gmail.com)
+- [Kyle Sunden](mailto:sunden@wisc.edu)
+- Lawrence Chan
+- [Linus Groh](mailto:mail@linusgroh.de)
+- [Loren Carvalho](mailto:comradeloren@gmail.com)
+- [Luka Sterbic](mailto:luka.sterbic@gmail.com)
+- [LukasDrude](mailto:mail@lukas-drude.de)
+- Mahmoud Hossam
+- Mariatta
+- [Matt VanEseltine](mailto:vaneseltine@gmail.com)
+- [Matthew Clapp](mailto:itsayellow+dev@gmail.com)
+- [Matthew Walster](mailto:matthew@walster.org)
+- Max Smolens
+- [Michael Aquilina](mailto:michaelaquilina@gmail.com)
+- [Michael Flaxman](mailto:michael.flaxman@gmail.com)
+- [Michael J. Sullivan](mailto:sully@msully.net)
+- [Michael McClimon](mailto:michael@mcclimon.org)
+- [Miguel Gaiowski](mailto:miggaiowski@gmail.com)
+- [Mike](mailto:roshi@fedoraproject.org)
+- [mikehoyio](mailto:mikehoy@gmail.com)
+- [Min ho Kim](mailto:minho42@gmail.com)
+- [Miroslav Shubernetskiy](mailto:miroslav@miki725.com)
+- MomIsBestFriend
+- [Nathan Goldbaum](mailto:ngoldbau@illinois.edu)
+- [Nathan Hunt](mailto:neighthan.hunt@gmail.com)
+- [Neraste](mailto:neraste.herr10@gmail.com)
+- [Nikolaus Waxweiler](mailto:madigens@gmail.com)
+- [Ofek Lev](mailto:ofekmeister@gmail.com)
+- [Osaetin Daniel](mailto:osaetindaniel@gmail.com)
+- [otstrel](mailto:otstrel@gmail.com)
+- [Pablo Galindo](mailto:Pablogsal@gmail.com)
+- [Paul Ganssle](mailto:p.ganssle@gmail.com)
+- [Paul Meinhardt](mailto:mnhrdt@gmail.com)
+- [Peter Bengtsson](mailto:mail@peterbe.com)
+- [Peter Grayson](mailto:pete@jpgrayson.net)
+- [Peter Stensmyr](mailto:peter.stensmyr@gmail.com)
+- pmacosta
+- [Quentin Pradet](mailto:quentin@pradet.me)
+- [Ralf Schmitt](mailto:ralf@systemexit.de)
+- [Ramón Valles](mailto:mroutis@protonmail.com)
+- [Richard Fearn](mailto:richardfearn@gmail.com)
+- Richard Si
+- [Rishikesh Jha](mailto:rishijha424@gmail.com)
+- [Rupert Bedford](mailto:rupert@rupertb.com)
+- Russell Davis
+- [Rémi Verschelde](mailto:rverschelde@gmail.com)
+- [Sami Salonen](mailto:sakki@iki.fi)
+- [Samuel Cormier-Iijima](mailto:samuel@cormier-iijima.com)
+- [Sanket Dasgupta](mailto:sanketdasgupta@gmail.com)
+- Sergi
+- [Scott Stevenson](mailto:scott@stevenson.io)
+- Shantanu
+- [shaoran](mailto:shaoran@sakuranohana.org)
+- [Shinya Fujino](mailto:shf0811@gmail.com)
+- springstan
+- [Stavros Korokithakis](mailto:hi@stavros.io)
+- [Stephen Rosen](mailto:sirosen@globus.org)
+- [Steven M. Vascellaro](mailto:S.Vascellaro@gmail.com)
+- [Sunil Kapil](mailto:snlkapil@gmail.com)
+- [Sébastien Eustace](mailto:sebastien.eustace@gmail.com)
+- [Tal Amuyal](mailto:TalAmuyal@gmail.com)
+- [Terrance](mailto:git@terrance.allofti.me)
+- [Thom Lu](mailto:thomas.c.lu@gmail.com)
+- [Thomas Grainger](mailto:tagrain@gmail.com)
+- [Tim Gates](mailto:tim.gates@iress.com)
+- [Tim Swast](mailto:swast@google.com)
+- [Timo](mailto:timo_tk@hotmail.com)
+- Toby Fleming
+- [Tom Christie](mailto:tom@tomchristie.com)
+- [Tony Narlock](mailto:tony@git-pull.com)
+- [Tsuyoshi Hombashi](mailto:tsuyoshi.hombashi@gmail.com)
+- [Tushar Chandra](mailto:tusharchandra2018@u.northwestern.edu)
+- [Tzu-ping Chung](mailto:uranusjr@gmail.com)
+- [Utsav Shah](mailto:ukshah2@illinois.edu)
+- utsav-dbx
+- vezeli
+- [Ville Skyttä](mailto:ville.skytta@iki.fi)
+- [Vishwas B Sharma](mailto:sharma.vishwas88@gmail.com)
+- [Vlad Emelianov](mailto:volshebnyi@gmail.com)
+- [williamfzc](mailto:178894043@qq.com)
+- [wouter bolsterlee](mailto:wouter@bolsterl.ee)
+- Yazdan
+- [Yngve Høiseth](mailto:yngve@hoiseth.net)
+- [Yurii Karabas](mailto:1998uriyyo@gmail.com)
+- [Zac Hatfield-Dodds](mailto:zac@zhd.dev)