---
_Contents:_ **[Installation and usage](#installation-and-usage)** |
-**[Code style](#the-black-code-style)** | **[pyproject.toml](#pyprojecttoml)** |
-**[Editor integration](#editor-integration)** | **[blackd](#blackd)** |
-**[Version control integration](#version-control-integration)** |
-**[Ignoring unmodified files](#ignoring-unmodified-files)** | **[Used by](#used-by)** |
-**[Testimonials](#testimonials)** | **[Show your style](#show-your-style)** |
+**[Code style](#the-black-code-style)** | **[Pragmatism](#pragmatism)** |
+**[pyproject.toml](#pyprojecttoml)** | **[Editor integration](#editor-integration)** |
+**[blackd](#blackd)** | **[Version control integration](#version-control-integration)**
+| **[Ignoring unmodified files](#ignoring-unmodified-files)** | **[Used by](#used-by)**
+| **[Testimonials](#testimonials)** | **[Show your style](#show-your-style)** |
**[Contributing](#contributing-to-black)** | **[Change Log](#change-log)** |
**[Authors](#authors)**
- for arguments that default to `None`, use `Optional[]` explicitly;
- use `float` instead of `Union[int, float]`.
+## Pragmatism
+
+Early versions of _Black_ used to be absolutist in some respects. They took after its
+initial author. This was fine at the time as it made the implementation simpler and
+there were not many users anyway. Not many edge cases were reported. As a mature tool,
+_Black_ does make some exceptions to rules it otherwise holds. This section documents
+what those exceptions are and why this is the case.
+
+### The magic trailing comma
+
+_Black_ in general does not take existing formatting into account.
+
+However, there are cases where you put a short collection or function call in your code
+but you anticipate it will grow in the future.
+
+For example:
+
+```py3
+TRANSLATIONS = {
+ "en_us": "English (US)",
+ "pl_pl": "polski",
+}
+```
+
+Early versions of _Black_ used to ruthlessly collapse those into one line (it fits!).
+Now, you can communicate that you don't want that by putting a trailing comma in the
+collection yourself. When you do, _Black_ will know to always explode your collection
+into one item per line.
+
+How do you make it stop? Just delete that trailing comma and _Black_ will collapse your
+collection into one line if it fits.
+
+### r"strings" and R"strings"
+
+_Black_ normalizes string quotes as well as string prefixes, making them lowercase. One
+exception to this rule is r-strings. It turns out that the very popular
+[MagicPython](https://github.com/MagicStack/MagicPython/) syntax highlighter, used by
+default by (among others) GitHub and Visual Studio Code, differentiates between
+r-strings and R-strings. The former are syntax highlighted as regular expressions while
+the latter are treated as true raw strings with no special semantics.
+
## pyproject.toml
_Black_ is able to read project-specific default values for its command line options
%LocalAppData%\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts\black.exe # possible location
```
+Note that if you are using a virtual environment detected by PyCharm, this is an
+unneeded step. In this case the path to `black` is `$PyInterpreterDirectory$/black`.
+
3. Open External tools in PyCharm/IntelliJ IDEA
On macOS:
To install with [vim-plug](https://github.com/junegunn/vim-plug):
```
-Plug 'psf/black'
+Plug 'psf/black', { 'branch': 'stable' }
```
or with [Vundle](https://github.com/VundleVim/Vundle.vim):
Plugin 'psf/black'
```
+and execute the following in a terminal:
+
+```console
+$ cd ~/.vim/bundle/black
+$ git checkout origin/stable -b stable
+```
+
or you can copy the plugin from
-[plugin/black.vim](https://github.com/psf/black/tree/master/plugin/black.vim).
+[plugin/black.vim](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/stable/plugin/black.vim).
```
mkdir -p ~/.vim/pack/python/start/black/plugin
Poetry, PyPA applications (Warehouse, Pipenv, virtualenv), pandas, Pillow, every Datadog
Agent Integration, Home Assistant.
+The following organizations use _Black_: Dropbox.
+
Are we missing anyone? Let us know.
## Testimonials
Maintained with [Carol Willing](mailto:carolcode@willingconsulting.com),
[Carl Meyer](mailto:carl@oddbird.net),
[Jelle Zijlstra](mailto:jelle.zijlstra@gmail.com),
-[Mika Naylor](mailto:mail@autophagy.io), and
-[Zsolt Dollenstein](mailto:zsol.zsol@gmail.com).
+[Mika Naylor](mailto:mail@autophagy.io),
+[Zsolt Dollenstein](mailto:zsol.zsol@gmail.com), and
+[Cooper Lees](mailto:me@cooperlees.com).
Multiple contributions by:
-- [Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer](mailto:cryptolabour@gmail.com)
+- [Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer](mailto:arj.python@gmail.com)
- [Adam Johnson](mailto:me@adamj.eu)
- [Alexander Huynh](mailto:github@grande.coffee)
- [Andrew Thorp](mailto:andrew.thorp.dev@gmail.com)
projects / etc / vim.git / blobdiff