Update heredoc marker case to conform with vim patch 8.1.1723 (#1348)

[etc/vim.git] / black.py

diff --git a/black.py b/black.py
index 57d5c8377a6a7357fdbb44cca369f6c3ba51b19e..d9348a37b42d4c45a4bf4fd126f23c8c6626d848 100644 (file)
--- a/black.py
+++ b/black.py
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+import ast

 import asyncio
 import asyncio

-from asyncio.base_events import BaseEventLoop

 from concurrent.futures import Executor, ProcessPoolExecutor
 from concurrent.futures import Executor, ProcessPoolExecutor

+from contextlib import contextmanager

 from datetime import datetime
 from datetime import datetime

-from enum import Enum, Flag
+from enum import Enum

 from functools import lru_cache, partial, wraps
 import io
 import itertools
 from functools import lru_cache, partial, wraps
 import io
 import itertools


@@ -11,10 +12,12 @@ from multiprocessing import Manager, freeze_support
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
 import pickle
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
 import pickle

-import re
+import regex as re

 import signal
 import sys
 import signal
 import sys

+import tempfile

 import tokenize
 import tokenize

+import traceback

 from typing import (
     Any,
     Callable,
 from typing import (
     Any,
     Callable,


@@ -34,24 +37,27 @@ from typing import (
     Union,
     cast,
 )
     Union,
     cast,
 )

+from typing_extensions import Final
+from mypy_extensions import mypyc_attr

 
 from appdirs import user_cache_dir
 
 from appdirs import user_cache_dir

-from attr import dataclass, Factory
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace

 import click
 import toml
 import click
 import toml

+from typed_ast import ast3, ast27
+from pathspec import PathSpec

 
 # lib2to3 fork
 from blib2to3.pytree import Node, Leaf, type_repr
 from blib2to3 import pygram, pytree
 from blib2to3.pgen2 import driver, token
 
 # lib2to3 fork
 from blib2to3.pytree import Node, Leaf, type_repr
 from blib2to3 import pygram, pytree
 from blib2to3.pgen2 import driver, token

+from blib2to3.pgen2.grammar import Grammar

 from blib2to3.pgen2.parse import ParseError
 
 from blib2to3.pgen2.parse import ParseError
 

+from _black_version import version as __version__

 
 

-__version__ = "18.9b0"

 DEFAULT_LINE_LENGTH = 88
 DEFAULT_LINE_LENGTH = 88

-DEFAULT_EXCLUDES = (
-    r"/(\.eggs|\.git|\.hg|\.mypy_cache|\.nox|\.tox|\.venv|_build|buck-out|build|dist)/"
-)
+DEFAULT_EXCLUDES = r"/(\.eggs|\.git|\.hg|\.mypy_cache|\.nox|\.tox|\.venv|\.svn|_build|buck-out|build|dist)/"  # noqa: B950

 DEFAULT_INCLUDES = r"\.pyi?$"
 CACHE_DIR = Path(user_cache_dir("black", version=__version__))
 
 DEFAULT_INCLUDES = r"\.pyi?$"
 CACHE_DIR = Path(user_cache_dir("black", version=__version__))
 


@@ -66,7 +72,7 @@ LeafID = int
 Priority = int
 Index = int
 LN = Union[Leaf, Node]
 Priority = int
 Index = int
 LN = Union[Leaf, Node]

-SplitFunc = Callable[["Line", bool], Iterator["Line"]]
+SplitFunc = Callable[["Line", Collection["Feature"]], Iterator["Line"]]

 Timestamp = float
 FileSize = int
 CacheInfo = Tuple[Timestamp, FileSize]
 Timestamp = float
 FileSize = int
 CacheInfo = Tuple[Timestamp, FileSize]


@@ -110,32 +116,122 @@ class Changed(Enum):
     YES = 2
 
 
     YES = 2
 
 

-class FileMode(Flag):
-    AUTO_DETECT = 0
-    PYTHON36 = 1
-    PYI = 2
-    NO_STRING_NORMALIZATION = 4
-    NO_NUMERIC_UNDERSCORE_NORMALIZATION = 8
+class TargetVersion(Enum):
+    PY27 = 2
+    PY33 = 3
+    PY34 = 4
+    PY35 = 5
+    PY36 = 6
+    PY37 = 7
+    PY38 = 8
+
+    def is_python2(self) -> bool:
+        return self is TargetVersion.PY27
+
+
+PY36_VERSIONS = {TargetVersion.PY36, TargetVersion.PY37, TargetVersion.PY38}
+
+
+class Feature(Enum):
+    # All string literals are unicode
+    UNICODE_LITERALS = 1
+    F_STRINGS = 2
+    NUMERIC_UNDERSCORES = 3
+    TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL = 4
+    TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF = 5
+    # The following two feature-flags are mutually exclusive, and exactly one should be
+    # set for every version of python.
+    ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS = 6
+    ASYNC_KEYWORDS = 7
+    ASSIGNMENT_EXPRESSIONS = 8
+    POS_ONLY_ARGUMENTS = 9
+
+
+VERSION_TO_FEATURES: Dict[TargetVersion, Set[Feature]] = {
+    TargetVersion.PY27: {Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS},
+    TargetVersion.PY33: {Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS, Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS},
+    TargetVersion.PY34: {Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS, Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS},
+    TargetVersion.PY35: {
+        Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL,
+        Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS,
+    },
+    TargetVersion.PY36: {
+        Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS,
+        Feature.F_STRINGS,
+        Feature.NUMERIC_UNDERSCORES,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF,
+        Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS,
+    },
+    TargetVersion.PY37: {
+        Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS,
+        Feature.F_STRINGS,
+        Feature.NUMERIC_UNDERSCORES,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF,
+        Feature.ASYNC_KEYWORDS,
+    },
+    TargetVersion.PY38: {
+        Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS,
+        Feature.F_STRINGS,
+        Feature.NUMERIC_UNDERSCORES,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF,
+        Feature.ASYNC_KEYWORDS,
+        Feature.ASSIGNMENT_EXPRESSIONS,
+        Feature.POS_ONLY_ARGUMENTS,
+    },
+}

 
 

-    @classmethod
-    def from_configuration(
-        cls,
-        *,
-        py36: bool,
-        pyi: bool,
-        skip_string_normalization: bool,
-        skip_numeric_underscore_normalization: bool,
-    ) -> "FileMode":
-        mode = cls.AUTO_DETECT
-        if py36:
-            mode |= cls.PYTHON36
-        if pyi:
-            mode |= cls.PYI
-        if skip_string_normalization:
-            mode |= cls.NO_STRING_NORMALIZATION
-        if skip_numeric_underscore_normalization:
-            mode |= cls.NO_NUMERIC_UNDERSCORE_NORMALIZATION
-        return mode
+
+@dataclass
+class Mode:
+    target_versions: Set[TargetVersion] = field(default_factory=set)
+    line_length: int = DEFAULT_LINE_LENGTH
+    string_normalization: bool = True
+    is_pyi: bool = False
+
+    def get_cache_key(self) -> str:
+        if self.target_versions:
+            version_str = ",".join(
+                str(version.value)
+                for version in sorted(self.target_versions, key=lambda v: v.value)
+            )
+        else:
+            version_str = "-"
+        parts = [
+            version_str,
+            str(self.line_length),
+            str(int(self.string_normalization)),
+            str(int(self.is_pyi)),
+        ]
+        return ".".join(parts)
+
+
+# Legacy name, left for integrations.
+FileMode = Mode
+
+
+def supports_feature(target_versions: Set[TargetVersion], feature: Feature) -> bool:
+    return all(feature in VERSION_TO_FEATURES[version] for version in target_versions)
+
+
+def find_pyproject_toml(path_search_start: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Find the absolute filepath to a pyproject.toml if it exists"""
+    path_project_root = find_project_root(path_search_start)
+    path_pyproject_toml = path_project_root / "pyproject.toml"
+    return str(path_pyproject_toml) if path_pyproject_toml.is_file() else None
+
+
+def parse_pyproject_toml(path_config: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Parse a pyproject toml file, pulling out relevant parts for Black
+
+    If parsing fails, will raise a toml.TomlDecodeError
+    """
+    pyproject_toml = toml.load(path_config)
+    config = pyproject_toml.get("tool", {}).get("black", {})
+    return {k.replace("--", "").replace("-", "_"): v for k, v in config.items()}

 
 
 def read_pyproject_toml(
 
 
 def read_pyproject_toml(


@@ -148,16 +244,12 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
     """
     assert not isinstance(value, (int, bool)), "Invalid parameter type passed"
     if not value:
     """
     assert not isinstance(value, (int, bool)), "Invalid parameter type passed"
     if not value:

-        root = find_project_root(ctx.params.get("src", ()))
-        path = root / "pyproject.toml"
-        if path.is_file():
-            value = str(path)
-        else:
+        value = find_pyproject_toml(ctx.params.get("src", ()))
+        if value is None:

             return None
 
     try:
             return None
 
     try:

-        pyproject_toml = toml.load(value)
-        config = pyproject_toml.get("tool", {}).get("black", {})
+        config = parse_pyproject_toml(value)

     except (toml.TomlDecodeError, OSError) as e:
         raise click.FileError(
             filename=value, hint=f"Error reading configuration file: {e}"
     except (toml.TomlDecodeError, OSError) as e:
         raise click.FileError(
             filename=value, hint=f"Error reading configuration file: {e}"


@@ -168,13 +260,23 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
 
     if ctx.default_map is None:
         ctx.default_map = {}
 
     if ctx.default_map is None:
         ctx.default_map = {}

-    ctx.default_map.update(  # type: ignore  # bad types in .pyi
-        {k.replace("--", "").replace("-", "_"): v for k, v in config.items()}
-    )
+    ctx.default_map.update(config)  # type: ignore  # bad types in .pyi

     return value
 
 
     return value
 
 

+def target_version_option_callback(
+    c: click.Context, p: Union[click.Option, click.Parameter], v: Tuple[str, ...]
+) -> List[TargetVersion]:
+    """Compute the target versions from a --target-version flag.
+
+    This is its own function because mypy couldn't infer the type correctly
+    when it was a lambda, causing mypyc trouble.
+    """
+    return [TargetVersion[val.upper()] for val in v]
+
+

 @click.command(context_settings=dict(help_option_names=["-h", "--help"]))
 @click.command(context_settings=dict(help_option_names=["-h", "--help"]))

+@click.option("-c", "--code", type=str, help="Format the code passed in as a string.")

 @click.option(
     "-l",
     "--line-length",
 @click.option(
     "-l",
     "--line-length",


@@ -183,13 +285,25 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
     help="How many characters per line to allow.",
     show_default=True,
 )
     help="How many characters per line to allow.",
     show_default=True,
 )

+@click.option(
+    "-t",
+    "--target-version",
+    type=click.Choice([v.name.lower() for v in TargetVersion]),
+    callback=target_version_option_callback,
+    multiple=True,
+    help=(
+        "Python versions that should be supported by Black's output. [default: "
+        "per-file auto-detection]"
+    ),
+)

 @click.option(
     "--py36",
     is_flag=True,
     help=(
         "Allow using Python 3.6-only syntax on all input files.  This will put "
         "trailing commas in function signatures and calls also after *args and "
 @click.option(
     "--py36",
     is_flag=True,
     help=(
         "Allow using Python 3.6-only syntax on all input files.  This will put "
         "trailing commas in function signatures and calls also after *args and "

-        "**kwargs.  [default: per-file auto-detection]"
+        "**kwargs. Deprecated; use --target-version instead. "
+        "[default: per-file auto-detection]"

     ),
 )
 @click.option(
     ),
 )
 @click.option(


@@ -206,12 +320,6 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
     is_flag=True,
     help="Don't normalize string quotes or prefixes.",
 )
     is_flag=True,
     help="Don't normalize string quotes or prefixes.",
 )

-@click.option(
-    "-N",
-    "--skip-numeric-underscore-normalization",
-    is_flag=True,
-    help="Don't normalize underscores in numeric literals.",
-)

 @click.option(
     "--check",
     is_flag=True,
 @click.option(
     "--check",
     is_flag=True,


@@ -261,7 +369,7 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
     "--quiet",
     is_flag=True,
     help=(
     "--quiet",
     is_flag=True,
     help=(

-        "Don't emit non-error messages to stderr. Errors are still emitted, "
+        "Don't emit non-error messages to stderr. Errors are still emitted; "

         "silence those with 2>/dev/null."
     ),
 )
         "silence those with 2>/dev/null."
     ),
 )


@@ -295,31 +403,50 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
 @click.pass_context
 def main(
     ctx: click.Context,
 @click.pass_context
 def main(
     ctx: click.Context,

+    code: Optional[str],

     line_length: int,
     line_length: int,

+    target_version: List[TargetVersion],

     check: bool,
     diff: bool,
     fast: bool,
     pyi: bool,
     py36: bool,
     skip_string_normalization: bool,
     check: bool,
     diff: bool,
     fast: bool,
     pyi: bool,
     py36: bool,
     skip_string_normalization: bool,

-    skip_numeric_underscore_normalization: bool,

     quiet: bool,
     verbose: bool,
     include: str,
     exclude: str,
     quiet: bool,
     verbose: bool,
     include: str,
     exclude: str,

-    src: Tuple[str],
+    src: Tuple[str, ...],

     config: Optional[str],
 ) -> None:
     """The uncompromising code formatter."""
     write_back = WriteBack.from_configuration(check=check, diff=diff)
     config: Optional[str],
 ) -> None:
     """The uncompromising code formatter."""
     write_back = WriteBack.from_configuration(check=check, diff=diff)

-    mode = FileMode.from_configuration(
-        py36=py36,
-        pyi=pyi,
-        skip_string_normalization=skip_string_normalization,
-        skip_numeric_underscore_normalization=skip_numeric_underscore_normalization,
+    if target_version:
+        if py36:
+            err("Cannot use both --target-version and --py36")
+            ctx.exit(2)
+        else:
+            versions = set(target_version)
+    elif py36:
+        err(
+            "--py36 is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. "
+            "Use --target-version py36 instead."
+        )
+        versions = PY36_VERSIONS
+    else:
+        # We'll autodetect later.
+        versions = set()
+    mode = Mode(
+        target_versions=versions,
+        line_length=line_length,
+        is_pyi=pyi,
+        string_normalization=not skip_string_normalization,

     )
     if config and verbose:
         out(f"Using configuration from {config}.", bold=False, fg="blue")
     )
     if config and verbose:
         out(f"Using configuration from {config}.", bold=False, fg="blue")

+    if code is not None:
+        print(format_str(code, mode=mode))
+        ctx.exit(0)

     try:
         include_regex = re_compile_maybe_verbose(include)
     except re.error:
     try:
         include_regex = re_compile_maybe_verbose(include)
     except re.error:


@@ -330,14 +457,17 @@ def main(
     except re.error:
         err(f"Invalid regular expression for exclude given: {exclude!r}")
         ctx.exit(2)
     except re.error:
         err(f"Invalid regular expression for exclude given: {exclude!r}")
         ctx.exit(2)

-    report = Report(check=check, quiet=quiet, verbose=verbose)
+    report = Report(check=check, diff=diff, quiet=quiet, verbose=verbose)

     root = find_project_root(src)
     sources: Set[Path] = set()
     root = find_project_root(src)
     sources: Set[Path] = set()

+    path_empty(src, quiet, verbose, ctx)

     for s in src:
         p = Path(s)
         if p.is_dir():
             sources.update(
     for s in src:
         p = Path(s)
         if p.is_dir():
             sources.update(

-                gen_python_files_in_dir(p, root, include_regex, exclude_regex, report)
+                gen_python_files_in_dir(
+                    p, root, include_regex, exclude_regex, report, get_gitignore(root)
+                )

             )
         elif p.is_file() or s == "-":
             # if a file was explicitly given, we don't care about its extension
             )
         elif p.is_file() or s == "-":
             # if a file was explicitly given, we don't care about its extension


@@ -346,108 +476,119 @@ def main(
             err(f"invalid path: {s}")
     if len(sources) == 0:
         if verbose or not quiet:
             err(f"invalid path: {s}")
     if len(sources) == 0:
         if verbose or not quiet:

-            out("No paths given. Nothing to do 😴")
+            out("No Python files are present to be formatted. Nothing to do 😴")

         ctx.exit(0)
 
     if len(sources) == 1:
         reformat_one(
             src=sources.pop(),
         ctx.exit(0)
 
     if len(sources) == 1:
         reformat_one(
             src=sources.pop(),

-            line_length=line_length,

             fast=fast,
             write_back=write_back,
             mode=mode,
             report=report,
         )
     else:
             fast=fast,
             write_back=write_back,
             mode=mode,
             report=report,
         )
     else:

-        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
-        executor = ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=os.cpu_count())
-        try:
-            loop.run_until_complete(
-                schedule_formatting(
-                    sources=sources,
-                    line_length=line_length,
-                    fast=fast,
-                    write_back=write_back,
-                    mode=mode,
-                    report=report,
-                    loop=loop,
-                    executor=executor,
-                )
-            )
-        finally:
-            shutdown(loop)
+        reformat_many(
+            sources=sources, fast=fast, write_back=write_back, mode=mode, report=report
+        )
+

     if verbose or not quiet:
     if verbose or not quiet:

-        bang = "💥 💔 💥" if report.return_code else "✨ 🍰 ✨"
-        out(f"All done! {bang}")
+        out("Oh no! 💥 💔 💥" if report.return_code else "All done! ✨ 🍰 ✨")

         click.secho(str(report), err=True)
     ctx.exit(report.return_code)
 
 
         click.secho(str(report), err=True)
     ctx.exit(report.return_code)
 
 

+def path_empty(
+    src: Tuple[str, ...], quiet: bool, verbose: bool, ctx: click.Context
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Exit if there is no `src` provided for formatting
+    """
+    if not src:
+        if verbose or not quiet:
+            out("No Path provided. Nothing to do 😴")
+            ctx.exit(0)
+
+

 def reformat_one(
 def reformat_one(

-    src: Path,
-    line_length: int,
-    fast: bool,
-    write_back: WriteBack,
-    mode: FileMode,
-    report: "Report",
+    src: Path, fast: bool, write_back: WriteBack, mode: Mode, report: "Report"

 ) -> None:
     """Reformat a single file under `src` without spawning child processes.
 
 ) -> None:
     """Reformat a single file under `src` without spawning child processes.
 

-    If `quiet` is True, non-error messages are not output. `line_length`,
-    `write_back`, `fast` and `pyi` options are passed to
+    `fast`, `write_back`, and `mode` options are passed to

     :func:`format_file_in_place` or :func:`format_stdin_to_stdout`.
     """
     try:
         changed = Changed.NO
         if not src.is_file() and str(src) == "-":
     :func:`format_file_in_place` or :func:`format_stdin_to_stdout`.
     """
     try:
         changed = Changed.NO
         if not src.is_file() and str(src) == "-":

-            if format_stdin_to_stdout(
-                line_length=line_length, fast=fast, write_back=write_back, mode=mode
-            ):
+            if format_stdin_to_stdout(fast=fast, write_back=write_back, mode=mode):

                 changed = Changed.YES
         else:
             cache: Cache = {}
             if write_back != WriteBack.DIFF:
                 changed = Changed.YES
         else:
             cache: Cache = {}
             if write_back != WriteBack.DIFF:

-                cache = read_cache(line_length, mode)
+                cache = read_cache(mode)

                 res_src = src.resolve()
                 if res_src in cache and cache[res_src] == get_cache_info(res_src):
                     changed = Changed.CACHED
             if changed is not Changed.CACHED and format_file_in_place(
                 res_src = src.resolve()
                 if res_src in cache and cache[res_src] == get_cache_info(res_src):
                     changed = Changed.CACHED
             if changed is not Changed.CACHED and format_file_in_place(

-                src,
-                line_length=line_length,
-                fast=fast,
-                write_back=write_back,
-                mode=mode,
+                src, fast=fast, write_back=write_back, mode=mode

             ):
                 changed = Changed.YES
             if (write_back is WriteBack.YES and changed is not Changed.CACHED) or (
                 write_back is WriteBack.CHECK and changed is Changed.NO
             ):
             ):
                 changed = Changed.YES
             if (write_back is WriteBack.YES and changed is not Changed.CACHED) or (
                 write_back is WriteBack.CHECK and changed is Changed.NO
             ):

-                write_cache(cache, [src], line_length, mode)
+                write_cache(cache, [src], mode)

         report.done(src, changed)
     except Exception as exc:
         report.failed(src, str(exc))
 
 
         report.done(src, changed)
     except Exception as exc:
         report.failed(src, str(exc))
 
 

+def reformat_many(
+    sources: Set[Path], fast: bool, write_back: WriteBack, mode: Mode, report: "Report"
+) -> None:
+    """Reformat multiple files using a ProcessPoolExecutor."""
+    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+    worker_count = os.cpu_count()
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        # Work around https://bugs.python.org/issue26903
+        worker_count = min(worker_count, 61)
+    executor = ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=worker_count)
+    try:
+        loop.run_until_complete(
+            schedule_formatting(
+                sources=sources,
+                fast=fast,
+                write_back=write_back,
+                mode=mode,
+                report=report,
+                loop=loop,
+                executor=executor,
+            )
+        )
+    finally:
+        shutdown(loop)
+        executor.shutdown()
+
+

 async def schedule_formatting(
     sources: Set[Path],
 async def schedule_formatting(
     sources: Set[Path],

-    line_length: int,

     fast: bool,
     write_back: WriteBack,
     fast: bool,
     write_back: WriteBack,

-    mode: FileMode,
+    mode: Mode,

     report: "Report",
     report: "Report",

-    loop: BaseEventLoop,
+    loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop,

     executor: Executor,
 ) -> None:
     """Run formatting of `sources` in parallel using the provided `executor`.
 
     (Use ProcessPoolExecutors for actual parallelism.)
 
     executor: Executor,
 ) -> None:
     """Run formatting of `sources` in parallel using the provided `executor`.
 
     (Use ProcessPoolExecutors for actual parallelism.)
 

-    `line_length`, `write_back`, `fast`, and `pyi` options are passed to
+    `write_back`, `fast`, and `mode` options are passed to

     :func:`format_file_in_place`.
     """
     cache: Cache = {}
     if write_back != WriteBack.DIFF:
     :func:`format_file_in_place`.
     """
     cache: Cache = {}
     if write_back != WriteBack.DIFF:

-        cache = read_cache(line_length, mode)
+        cache = read_cache(mode)

         sources, cached = filter_cached(cache, sources)
         for src in sorted(cached):
             report.done(src, Changed.CACHED)
         sources, cached = filter_cached(cache, sources)
         for src in sorted(cached):
             report.done(src, Changed.CACHED)


@@ -463,19 +604,14 @@ async def schedule_formatting(
         manager = Manager()
         lock = manager.Lock()
     tasks = {
         manager = Manager()
         lock = manager.Lock()
     tasks = {

-        loop.run_in_executor(
-            executor,
-            format_file_in_place,
-            src,
-            line_length,
-            fast,
-            write_back,
-            mode,
-            lock,
+        asyncio.ensure_future(
+            loop.run_in_executor(
+                executor, format_file_in_place, src, fast, mode, write_back, lock
+            )

         ): src
         for src in sorted(sources)
     }
         ): src
         for src in sorted(sources)
     }

-    pending: Iterable[asyncio.Task] = tasks.keys()
+    pending: Iterable["asyncio.Future[bool]"] = tasks.keys()

     try:
         loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGINT, cancel, pending)
         loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGTERM, cancel, pending)
     try:
         loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGINT, cancel, pending)
         loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGTERM, cancel, pending)


@@ -502,47 +638,43 @@ async def schedule_formatting(
     if cancelled:
         await asyncio.gather(*cancelled, loop=loop, return_exceptions=True)
     if sources_to_cache:
     if cancelled:
         await asyncio.gather(*cancelled, loop=loop, return_exceptions=True)
     if sources_to_cache:

-        write_cache(cache, sources_to_cache, line_length, mode)
+        write_cache(cache, sources_to_cache, mode)

 
 
 def format_file_in_place(
     src: Path,
 
 
 def format_file_in_place(
     src: Path,

-    line_length: int,

     fast: bool,
     fast: bool,

+    mode: Mode,

     write_back: WriteBack = WriteBack.NO,
     write_back: WriteBack = WriteBack.NO,

-    mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT,

     lock: Any = None,  # multiprocessing.Manager().Lock() is some crazy proxy
 ) -> bool:
     """Format file under `src` path. Return True if changed.
 
     If `write_back` is DIFF, write a diff to stdout. If it is YES, write reformatted
     code to the file.
     lock: Any = None,  # multiprocessing.Manager().Lock() is some crazy proxy
 ) -> bool:
     """Format file under `src` path. Return True if changed.
 
     If `write_back` is DIFF, write a diff to stdout. If it is YES, write reformatted
     code to the file.

-    `line_length` and `fast` options are passed to :func:`format_file_contents`.
+    `mode` and `fast` options are passed to :func:`format_file_contents`.

     """
     if src.suffix == ".pyi":
     """
     if src.suffix == ".pyi":

-        mode |= FileMode.PYI
+        mode = replace(mode, is_pyi=True)

 
     then = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(src.stat().st_mtime)
     with open(src, "rb") as buf:
         src_contents, encoding, newline = decode_bytes(buf.read())
     try:
 
     then = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(src.stat().st_mtime)
     with open(src, "rb") as buf:
         src_contents, encoding, newline = decode_bytes(buf.read())
     try:

-        dst_contents = format_file_contents(
-            src_contents, line_length=line_length, fast=fast, mode=mode
-        )
+        dst_contents = format_file_contents(src_contents, fast=fast, mode=mode)

     except NothingChanged:
         return False
 
     except NothingChanged:
         return False
 

-    if write_back == write_back.YES:
+    if write_back == WriteBack.YES:

         with open(src, "w", encoding=encoding, newline=newline) as f:
             f.write(dst_contents)
         with open(src, "w", encoding=encoding, newline=newline) as f:
             f.write(dst_contents)

-    elif write_back == write_back.DIFF:
+    elif write_back == WriteBack.DIFF:

         now = datetime.utcnow()
         src_name = f"{src}\t{then} +0000"
         dst_name = f"{src}\t{now} +0000"
         diff_contents = diff(src_contents, dst_contents, src_name, dst_name)
         now = datetime.utcnow()
         src_name = f"{src}\t{then} +0000"
         dst_name = f"{src}\t{now} +0000"
         diff_contents = diff(src_contents, dst_contents, src_name, dst_name)

-        if lock:
-            lock.acquire()
-        try:
+
+        with lock or nullcontext():

             f = io.TextIOWrapper(
                 sys.stdout.buffer,
                 encoding=encoding,
             f = io.TextIOWrapper(
                 sys.stdout.buffer,
                 encoding=encoding,


@@ -551,30 +683,24 @@ def format_file_in_place(
             )
             f.write(diff_contents)
             f.detach()
             )
             f.write(diff_contents)
             f.detach()

-        finally:
-            if lock:
-                lock.release()
+

     return True
 
 
 def format_stdin_to_stdout(
     return True
 
 
 def format_stdin_to_stdout(

-    line_length: int,
-    fast: bool,
-    write_back: WriteBack = WriteBack.NO,
-    mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT,
+    fast: bool, *, write_back: WriteBack = WriteBack.NO, mode: Mode

 ) -> bool:
     """Format file on stdin. Return True if changed.
 
     If `write_back` is YES, write reformatted code back to stdout. If it is DIFF,
 ) -> bool:
     """Format file on stdin. Return True if changed.
 
     If `write_back` is YES, write reformatted code back to stdout. If it is DIFF,

-    write a diff to stdout.
-    `line_length`, `fast`, `is_pyi`, and `force_py36` arguments are passed to
+    write a diff to stdout. The `mode` argument is passed to

     :func:`format_file_contents`.
     """
     then = datetime.utcnow()
     src, encoding, newline = decode_bytes(sys.stdin.buffer.read())
     dst = src
     try:
     :func:`format_file_contents`.
     """
     then = datetime.utcnow()
     src, encoding, newline = decode_bytes(sys.stdin.buffer.read())
     dst = src
     try:

-        dst = format_file_contents(src, line_length=line_length, fast=fast, mode=mode)
+        dst = format_file_contents(src, fast=fast, mode=mode)

         return True
 
     except NothingChanged:
         return True
 
     except NothingChanged:


@@ -594,65 +720,86 @@ def format_stdin_to_stdout(
         f.detach()
 
 
         f.detach()
 
 

-def format_file_contents(
-    src_contents: str,
-    *,
-    line_length: int,
-    fast: bool,
-    mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT,
-) -> FileContent:
+def format_file_contents(src_contents: str, *, fast: bool, mode: Mode) -> FileContent:

     """Reformat contents a file and return new contents.
 
     If `fast` is False, additionally confirm that the reformatted code is
     valid by calling :func:`assert_equivalent` and :func:`assert_stable` on it.
     """Reformat contents a file and return new contents.
 
     If `fast` is False, additionally confirm that the reformatted code is
     valid by calling :func:`assert_equivalent` and :func:`assert_stable` on it.

-    `line_length` is passed to :func:`format_str`.
+    `mode` is passed to :func:`format_str`.

     """
     if src_contents.strip() == "":
         raise NothingChanged
 
     """
     if src_contents.strip() == "":
         raise NothingChanged
 

-    dst_contents = format_str(src_contents, line_length=line_length, mode=mode)
+    dst_contents = format_str(src_contents, mode=mode)

     if src_contents == dst_contents:
         raise NothingChanged
 
     if not fast:
         assert_equivalent(src_contents, dst_contents)
     if src_contents == dst_contents:
         raise NothingChanged
 
     if not fast:
         assert_equivalent(src_contents, dst_contents)

-        assert_stable(src_contents, dst_contents, line_length=line_length, mode=mode)
+        assert_stable(src_contents, dst_contents, mode=mode)

     return dst_contents
 
 
     return dst_contents
 
 

-def format_str(
-    src_contents: str, line_length: int, *, mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT
-) -> FileContent:
+def format_str(src_contents: str, *, mode: Mode) -> FileContent:

     """Reformat a string and return new contents.
 
     """Reformat a string and return new contents.
 

-    `line_length` determines how many characters per line are allowed.
+    `mode` determines formatting options, such as how many characters per line are
+    allowed.  Example:
+
+    >>> import black
+    >>> print(black.format_str("def f(arg:str='')->None:...", mode=Mode()))
+    def f(arg: str = "") -> None:
+        ...
+
+    A more complex example:
+    >>> print(
+    ...   black.format_str(
+    ...     "def f(arg:str='')->None: hey",
+    ...     mode=black.Mode(
+    ...       target_versions={black.TargetVersion.PY36},
+    ...       line_length=10,
+    ...       string_normalization=False,
+    ...       is_pyi=False,
+    ...     ),
+    ...   ),
+    ... )
+    def f(
+        arg: str = '',
+    ) -> None:
+        hey
+

     """
     """

-    src_node = lib2to3_parse(src_contents.lstrip())
-    dst_contents = ""
+    src_node = lib2to3_parse(src_contents.lstrip(), mode.target_versions)
+    dst_contents = []

     future_imports = get_future_imports(src_node)
     future_imports = get_future_imports(src_node)

-    is_pyi = bool(mode & FileMode.PYI)
-    py36 = bool(mode & FileMode.PYTHON36) or is_python36(src_node)
-    normalize_strings = not bool(mode & FileMode.NO_STRING_NORMALIZATION)
+    if mode.target_versions:
+        versions = mode.target_versions
+    else:
+        versions = detect_target_versions(src_node)

     normalize_fmt_off(src_node)
     lines = LineGenerator(
     normalize_fmt_off(src_node)
     lines = LineGenerator(

-        remove_u_prefix=py36 or "unicode_literals" in future_imports,
-        is_pyi=is_pyi,
-        normalize_strings=normalize_strings,
-        allow_underscores=py36
-        and not bool(mode & FileMode.NO_NUMERIC_UNDERSCORE_NORMALIZATION),
+        remove_u_prefix="unicode_literals" in future_imports
+        or supports_feature(versions, Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS),
+        is_pyi=mode.is_pyi,
+        normalize_strings=mode.string_normalization,

     )
     )

-    elt = EmptyLineTracker(is_pyi=is_pyi)
+    elt = EmptyLineTracker(is_pyi=mode.is_pyi)

     empty_line = Line()
     after = 0
     empty_line = Line()
     after = 0

+    split_line_features = {
+        feature
+        for feature in {Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL, Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF}
+        if supports_feature(versions, feature)
+    }

     for current_line in lines.visit(src_node):
     for current_line in lines.visit(src_node):

-        for _ in range(after):
-            dst_contents += str(empty_line)
+        dst_contents.append(str(empty_line) * after)

         before, after = elt.maybe_empty_lines(current_line)
         before, after = elt.maybe_empty_lines(current_line)

-        for _ in range(before):
-            dst_contents += str(empty_line)
-        for line in split_line(current_line, line_length=line_length, py36=py36):
-            dst_contents += str(line)
-    return dst_contents
+        dst_contents.append(str(empty_line) * before)
+        for line in split_line(
+            current_line, line_length=mode.line_length, features=split_line_features
+        ):
+            dst_contents.append(str(line))
+    return "".join(dst_contents)

 
 
 def decode_bytes(src: bytes) -> Tuple[FileContent, Encoding, NewLine]:
 
 
 def decode_bytes(src: bytes) -> Tuple[FileContent, Encoding, NewLine]:


@@ -672,18 +819,51 @@ def decode_bytes(src: bytes) -> Tuple[FileContent, Encoding, NewLine]:
         return tiow.read(), encoding, newline
 
 
         return tiow.read(), encoding, newline
 
 

-GRAMMARS = [
-    pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement_no_exec_statement,
-    pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement,
-    pygram.python_grammar,
-]
+def get_grammars(target_versions: Set[TargetVersion]) -> List[Grammar]:
+    if not target_versions:
+        # No target_version specified, so try all grammars.
+        return [
+            # Python 3.7+
+            pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement_no_exec_statement_async_keywords,
+            # Python 3.0-3.6
+            pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement_no_exec_statement,
+            # Python 2.7 with future print_function import
+            pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement,
+            # Python 2.7
+            pygram.python_grammar,
+        ]

 
 

+    if all(version.is_python2() for version in target_versions):
+        # Python 2-only code, so try Python 2 grammars.
+        return [
+            # Python 2.7 with future print_function import
+            pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement,
+            # Python 2.7
+            pygram.python_grammar,
+        ]

 
 

-def lib2to3_parse(src_txt: str) -> Node:
+    # Python 3-compatible code, so only try Python 3 grammar.
+    grammars = []
+    # If we have to parse both, try to parse async as a keyword first
+    if not supports_feature(target_versions, Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS):
+        # Python 3.7+
+        grammars.append(
+            pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement_no_exec_statement_async_keywords
+        )
+    if not supports_feature(target_versions, Feature.ASYNC_KEYWORDS):
+        # Python 3.0-3.6
+        grammars.append(pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement_no_exec_statement)
+    # At least one of the above branches must have been taken, because every Python
+    # version has exactly one of the two 'ASYNC_*' flags
+    return grammars
+
+
+def lib2to3_parse(src_txt: str, target_versions: Iterable[TargetVersion] = ()) -> Node:

     """Given a string with source, return the lib2to3 Node."""
     if src_txt[-1:] != "\n":
         src_txt += "\n"
     """Given a string with source, return the lib2to3 Node."""
     if src_txt[-1:] != "\n":
         src_txt += "\n"

-    for grammar in GRAMMARS:
+
+    for grammar in get_grammars(set(target_versions)):

         drv = driver.Driver(grammar, pytree.convert)
         try:
             result = drv.parse_string(src_txt, True)
         drv = driver.Driver(grammar, pytree.convert)
         try:
             result = drv.parse_string(src_txt, True)


@@ -730,8 +910,16 @@ class Visitor(Generic[T]):
         if node.type < 256:
             name = token.tok_name[node.type]
         else:
         if node.type < 256:
             name = token.tok_name[node.type]
         else:

-            name = type_repr(node.type)
-        yield from getattr(self, f"visit_{name}", self.visit_default)(node)
+            name = str(type_repr(node.type))
+        # We explicitly branch on whether a visitor exists (instead of
+        # using self.visit_default as the default arg to getattr) in order
+        # to save needing to create a bound method object and so mypyc can
+        # generate a native call to visit_default.
+        visitf = getattr(self, f"visit_{name}", None)
+        if visitf:
+            yield from visitf(node)
+        else:
+            yield from self.visit_default(node)

 
     def visit_default(self, node: LN) -> Iterator[T]:
         """Default `visit_*()` implementation. Recurses to children of `node`."""
 
     def visit_default(self, node: LN) -> Iterator[T]:
         """Default `visit_*()` implementation. Recurses to children of `node`."""


@@ -776,8 +964,8 @@ class DebugVisitor(Visitor[T]):
         list(v.visit(code))
 
 
         list(v.visit(code))
 
 

-WHITESPACE = {token.DEDENT, token.INDENT, token.NEWLINE}
-STATEMENT = {
+WHITESPACE: Final = {token.DEDENT, token.INDENT, token.NEWLINE}
+STATEMENT: Final = {

     syms.if_stmt,
     syms.while_stmt,
     syms.for_stmt,
     syms.if_stmt,
     syms.while_stmt,
     syms.for_stmt,


@@ -787,10 +975,10 @@ STATEMENT = {
     syms.funcdef,
     syms.classdef,
 }
     syms.funcdef,
     syms.classdef,
 }

-STANDALONE_COMMENT = 153
+STANDALONE_COMMENT: Final = 153

 token.tok_name[STANDALONE_COMMENT] = "STANDALONE_COMMENT"
 token.tok_name[STANDALONE_COMMENT] = "STANDALONE_COMMENT"

-LOGIC_OPERATORS = {"and", "or"}
-COMPARATORS = {
+LOGIC_OPERATORS: Final = {"and", "or"}
+COMPARATORS: Final = {

     token.LESS,
     token.GREATER,
     token.EQEQUAL,
     token.LESS,
     token.GREATER,
     token.EQEQUAL,


@@ -798,7 +986,7 @@ COMPARATORS = {
     token.LESSEQUAL,
     token.GREATEREQUAL,
 }
     token.LESSEQUAL,
     token.GREATEREQUAL,
 }

-MATH_OPERATORS = {
+MATH_OPERATORS: Final = {

     token.VBAR,
     token.CIRCUMFLEX,
     token.AMPER,
     token.VBAR,
     token.CIRCUMFLEX,
     token.AMPER,


@@ -814,22 +1002,23 @@ MATH_OPERATORS = {
     token.TILDE,
     token.DOUBLESTAR,
 }
     token.TILDE,
     token.DOUBLESTAR,
 }

-STARS = {token.STAR, token.DOUBLESTAR}
-VARARGS_PARENTS = {
+STARS: Final = {token.STAR, token.DOUBLESTAR}
+VARARGS_SPECIALS: Final = STARS | {token.SLASH}
+VARARGS_PARENTS: Final = {

     syms.arglist,
     syms.argument,  # double star in arglist
     syms.trailer,  # single argument to call
     syms.typedargslist,
     syms.varargslist,  # lambdas
 }
     syms.arglist,
     syms.argument,  # double star in arglist
     syms.trailer,  # single argument to call
     syms.typedargslist,
     syms.varargslist,  # lambdas
 }

-UNPACKING_PARENTS = {
+UNPACKING_PARENTS: Final = {

     syms.atom,  # single element of a list or set literal
     syms.dictsetmaker,
     syms.listmaker,
     syms.testlist_gexp,
     syms.testlist_star_expr,
 }
     syms.atom,  # single element of a list or set literal
     syms.dictsetmaker,
     syms.listmaker,
     syms.testlist_gexp,
     syms.testlist_star_expr,
 }

-TEST_DESCENDANTS = {
+TEST_DESCENDANTS: Final = {

     syms.test,
     syms.lambdef,
     syms.or_test,
     syms.test,
     syms.lambdef,
     syms.or_test,


@@ -846,7 +1035,7 @@ TEST_DESCENDANTS = {
     syms.term,
     syms.power,
 }
     syms.term,
     syms.power,
 }

-ASSIGNMENTS = {
+ASSIGNMENTS: Final = {

     "=",
     "+=",
     "-=",
     "=",
     "+=",
     "-=",


@@ -862,13 +1051,13 @@ ASSIGNMENTS = {
     "**=",
     "//=",
 }
     "**=",
     "//=",
 }

-COMPREHENSION_PRIORITY = 20
-COMMA_PRIORITY = 18
-TERNARY_PRIORITY = 16
-LOGIC_PRIORITY = 14
-STRING_PRIORITY = 12
-COMPARATOR_PRIORITY = 10
-MATH_PRIORITIES = {
+COMPREHENSION_PRIORITY: Final = 20
+COMMA_PRIORITY: Final = 18
+TERNARY_PRIORITY: Final = 16
+LOGIC_PRIORITY: Final = 14
+STRING_PRIORITY: Final = 12
+COMPARATOR_PRIORITY: Final = 10
+MATH_PRIORITIES: Final = {

     token.VBAR: 9,
     token.CIRCUMFLEX: 8,
     token.AMPER: 7,
     token.VBAR: 9,
     token.CIRCUMFLEX: 8,
     token.AMPER: 7,


@@ -884,7 +1073,7 @@ MATH_PRIORITIES = {
     token.TILDE: 3,
     token.DOUBLESTAR: 2,
 }
     token.TILDE: 3,
     token.DOUBLESTAR: 2,
 }

-DOT_PRIORITY = 1
+DOT_PRIORITY: Final = 1

 
 
 @dataclass
 
 
 @dataclass


@@ -892,11 +1081,11 @@ class BracketTracker:
     """Keeps track of brackets on a line."""
 
     depth: int = 0
     """Keeps track of brackets on a line."""
 
     depth: int = 0

-    bracket_match: Dict[Tuple[Depth, NodeType], Leaf] = Factory(dict)
-    delimiters: Dict[LeafID, Priority] = Factory(dict)
+    bracket_match: Dict[Tuple[Depth, NodeType], Leaf] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    delimiters: Dict[LeafID, Priority] = field(default_factory=dict)

     previous: Optional[Leaf] = None
     previous: Optional[Leaf] = None

-    _for_loop_depths: List[int] = Factory(list)
-    _lambda_argument_depths: List[int] = Factory(list)
+    _for_loop_depths: List[int] = field(default_factory=list)
+    _lambda_argument_depths: List[int] = field(default_factory=list)

 
     def mark(self, leaf: Leaf) -> None:
         """Mark `leaf` with bracket-related metadata. Keep track of delimiters.
 
     def mark(self, leaf: Leaf) -> None:
         """Mark `leaf` with bracket-related metadata. Keep track of delimiters.


@@ -942,7 +1131,7 @@ class BracketTracker:
         """Return True if there is an yet unmatched open bracket on the line."""
         return bool(self.bracket_match)
 
         """Return True if there is an yet unmatched open bracket on the line."""
         return bool(self.bracket_match)
 

-    def max_delimiter_priority(self, exclude: Iterable[LeafID] = ()) -> int:
+    def max_delimiter_priority(self, exclude: Iterable[LeafID] = ()) -> Priority:

         """Return the highest priority of a delimiter found on the line.
 
         Values are consistent with what `is_split_*_delimiter()` return.
         """Return the highest priority of a delimiter found on the line.
 
         Values are consistent with what `is_split_*_delimiter()` return.


@@ -950,7 +1139,7 @@ class BracketTracker:
         """
         return max(v for k, v in self.delimiters.items() if k not in exclude)
 
         """
         return max(v for k, v in self.delimiters.items() if k not in exclude)
 

-    def delimiter_count_with_priority(self, priority: int = 0) -> int:
+    def delimiter_count_with_priority(self, priority: Priority = 0) -> int:

         """Return the number of delimiters with the given `priority`.
 
         If no `priority` is passed, defaults to max priority on the line.
         """Return the number of delimiters with the given `priority`.
 
         If no `priority` is passed, defaults to max priority on the line.


@@ -1024,11 +1213,10 @@ class Line:
     """Holds leaves and comments. Can be printed with `str(line)`."""
 
     depth: int = 0
     """Holds leaves and comments. Can be printed with `str(line)`."""
 
     depth: int = 0

-    leaves: List[Leaf] = Factory(list)
-    # The LeafID keys of comments must remain ordered by the corresponding leaf's index
-    # in leaves
-    comments: Dict[LeafID, List[Leaf]] = Factory(dict)
-    bracket_tracker: BracketTracker = Factory(BracketTracker)
+    leaves: List[Leaf] = field(default_factory=list)
+    # keys ordered like `leaves`
+    comments: Dict[LeafID, List[Leaf]] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    bracket_tracker: BracketTracker = field(default_factory=BracketTracker)

     inside_brackets: bool = False
     should_explode: bool = False
 
     inside_brackets: bool = False
     should_explode: bool = False
 


@@ -1108,6 +1296,69 @@ class Line:
             Leaf(token.DOT, ".") for _ in range(3)
         ]
 
             Leaf(token.DOT, ".") for _ in range(3)
         ]
 

+    @property
+    def is_collection_with_optional_trailing_comma(self) -> bool:
+        """Is this line a collection literal with a trailing comma that's optional?
+
+        Note that the trailing comma in a 1-tuple is not optional.
+        """
+        if not self.leaves or len(self.leaves) < 4:
+            return False
+
+        # Look for and address a trailing colon.
+        if self.leaves[-1].type == token.COLON:
+            closer = self.leaves[-2]
+            close_index = -2
+        else:
+            closer = self.leaves[-1]
+            close_index = -1
+        if closer.type not in CLOSING_BRACKETS or self.inside_brackets:
+            return False
+
+        if closer.type == token.RPAR:
+            # Tuples require an extra check, because if there's only
+            # one element in the tuple removing the comma unmakes the
+            # tuple.
+            #
+            # We also check for parens before looking for the trailing
+            # comma because in some cases (eg assigning a dict
+            # literal) the literal gets wrapped in temporary parens
+            # during parsing. This case is covered by the
+            # collections.py test data.
+            opener = closer.opening_bracket
+            for _open_index, leaf in enumerate(self.leaves):
+                if leaf is opener:
+                    break
+
+            else:
+                # Couldn't find the matching opening paren, play it safe.
+                return False
+
+            commas = 0
+            comma_depth = self.leaves[close_index - 1].bracket_depth
+            for leaf in self.leaves[_open_index + 1 : close_index]:
+                if leaf.bracket_depth == comma_depth and leaf.type == token.COMMA:
+                    commas += 1
+            if commas > 1:
+                # We haven't looked yet for the trailing comma because
+                # we might also have caught noop parens.
+                return self.leaves[close_index - 1].type == token.COMMA
+
+            elif commas == 1:
+                return False  # it's either a one-tuple or didn't have a trailing comma
+
+            if self.leaves[close_index - 1].type in CLOSING_BRACKETS:
+                close_index -= 1
+                closer = self.leaves[close_index]
+                if closer.type == token.RPAR:
+                    # TODO: this is a gut feeling. Will we ever see this?
+                    return False
+
+        if self.leaves[close_index - 1].type != token.COMMA:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+

     @property
     def is_def(self) -> bool:
         """Is this a function definition? (Also returns True for async defs.)"""
     @property
     def is_def(self) -> bool:
         """Is this a function definition? (Also returns True for async defs.)"""


@@ -1155,72 +1406,117 @@ class Line:
     def contains_standalone_comments(self, depth_limit: int = sys.maxsize) -> bool:
         """If so, needs to be split before emitting."""
         for leaf in self.leaves:
     def contains_standalone_comments(self, depth_limit: int = sys.maxsize) -> bool:
         """If so, needs to be split before emitting."""
         for leaf in self.leaves:

-            if leaf.type == STANDALONE_COMMENT:
-                if leaf.bracket_depth <= depth_limit:
-                    return True
+            if leaf.type == STANDALONE_COMMENT and leaf.bracket_depth <= depth_limit:
+                return True

 
         return False
 
 
         return False
 

-    def contains_multiline_strings(self) -> bool:
-        for leaf in self.leaves:
-            if is_multiline_string(leaf):
-                return True
+    def contains_uncollapsable_type_comments(self) -> bool:
+        ignored_ids = set()
+        try:
+            last_leaf = self.leaves[-1]
+            ignored_ids.add(id(last_leaf))
+            if last_leaf.type == token.COMMA or (
+                last_leaf.type == token.RPAR and not last_leaf.value
+            ):
+                # When trailing commas or optional parens are inserted by Black for
+                # consistency, comments after the previous last element are not moved
+                # (they don't have to, rendering will still be correct).  So we ignore
+                # trailing commas and invisible.
+                last_leaf = self.leaves[-2]
+                ignored_ids.add(id(last_leaf))
+        except IndexError:
+            return False
+
+        # A type comment is uncollapsable if it is attached to a leaf
+        # that isn't at the end of the line (since that could cause it
+        # to get associated to a different argument) or if there are
+        # comments before it (since that could cause it to get hidden
+        # behind a comment.
+        comment_seen = False
+        for leaf_id, comments in self.comments.items():
+            for comment in comments:
+                if is_type_comment(comment):
+                    if comment_seen or (
+                        not is_type_comment(comment, " ignore")
+                        and leaf_id not in ignored_ids
+                    ):
+                        return True
+
+                comment_seen = True

 
         return False
 
 
         return False
 

+    def contains_unsplittable_type_ignore(self) -> bool:
+        if not self.leaves:
+            return False
+
+        # If a 'type: ignore' is attached to the end of a line, we
+        # can't split the line, because we can't know which of the
+        # subexpressions the ignore was meant to apply to.
+        #
+        # We only want this to apply to actual physical lines from the
+        # original source, though: we don't want the presence of a
+        # 'type: ignore' at the end of a multiline expression to
+        # justify pushing it all onto one line. Thus we
+        # (unfortunately) need to check the actual source lines and
+        # only report an unsplittable 'type: ignore' if this line was
+        # one line in the original code.
+
+        # Grab the first and last line numbers, skipping generated leaves
+        first_line = next((l.lineno for l in self.leaves if l.lineno != 0), 0)
+        last_line = next((l.lineno for l in reversed(self.leaves) if l.lineno != 0), 0)
+
+        if first_line == last_line:
+            # We look at the last two leaves since a comma or an
+            # invisible paren could have been added at the end of the
+            # line.
+            for node in self.leaves[-2:]:
+                for comment in self.comments.get(id(node), []):
+                    if is_type_comment(comment, " ignore"):
+                        return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def contains_multiline_strings(self) -> bool:
+        return any(is_multiline_string(leaf) for leaf in self.leaves)
+

     def maybe_remove_trailing_comma(self, closing: Leaf) -> bool:
         """Remove trailing comma if there is one and it's safe."""
     def maybe_remove_trailing_comma(self, closing: Leaf) -> bool:
         """Remove trailing comma if there is one and it's safe."""

+        if not (self.leaves and self.leaves[-1].type == token.COMMA):
+            return False
+
+        # We remove trailing commas only in the case of importing a
+        # single name from a module.

         if not (
             self.leaves
         if not (
             self.leaves

+            and self.is_import
+            and len(self.leaves) > 4

             and self.leaves[-1].type == token.COMMA
             and closing.type in CLOSING_BRACKETS
             and self.leaves[-1].type == token.COMMA
             and closing.type in CLOSING_BRACKETS

+            and self.leaves[-4].type == token.NAME
+            and (
+                # regular `from foo import bar,`
+                self.leaves[-4].value == "import"
+                # `from foo import (bar as baz,)
+                or (
+                    len(self.leaves) > 6
+                    and self.leaves[-6].value == "import"
+                    and self.leaves[-3].value == "as"
+                )
+                # `from foo import bar as baz,`
+                or (
+                    len(self.leaves) > 5
+                    and self.leaves[-5].value == "import"
+                    and self.leaves[-3].value == "as"
+                )
+            )
+            and closing.type == token.RPAR

         ):
             return False
 
         ):
             return False
 

-        if closing.type == token.RBRACE:
-            self.remove_trailing_comma()
-            return True
-
-        if closing.type == token.RSQB:
-            comma = self.leaves[-1]
-            if comma.parent and comma.parent.type == syms.listmaker:
-                self.remove_trailing_comma()
-                return True
-
-        # For parens let's check if it's safe to remove the comma.
-        # Imports are always safe.
-        if self.is_import:
-            self.remove_trailing_comma()
-            return True
-
-        # Otherwise, if the trailing one is the only one, we might mistakenly
-        # change a tuple into a different type by removing the comma.
-        depth = closing.bracket_depth + 1
-        commas = 0
-        opening = closing.opening_bracket
-        for _opening_index, leaf in enumerate(self.leaves):
-            if leaf is opening:
-                break
-
-        else:
-            return False
-
-        for leaf in self.leaves[_opening_index + 1 :]:
-            if leaf is closing:
-                break
-
-            bracket_depth = leaf.bracket_depth
-            if bracket_depth == depth and leaf.type == token.COMMA:
-                commas += 1
-                if leaf.parent and leaf.parent.type == syms.arglist:
-                    commas += 1
-                    break
-
-        if commas > 1:
-            self.remove_trailing_comma()
-            return True
-
-        return False
+        self.remove_trailing_comma()
+        return True

 
     def append_comment(self, comment: Leaf) -> bool:
         """Add an inline or standalone comment to the line."""
 
     def append_comment(self, comment: Leaf) -> bool:
         """Add an inline or standalone comment to the line."""


@@ -1239,13 +1535,25 @@ class Line:
             comment.prefix = ""
             return False
 
             comment.prefix = ""
             return False
 

-        else:
-            leaf_id = id(self.leaves[-1])
-            if leaf_id not in self.comments:
-                self.comments[leaf_id] = [comment]
-            else:
-                self.comments[leaf_id].append(comment)
-            return True
+        last_leaf = self.leaves[-1]
+        if (
+            last_leaf.type == token.RPAR
+            and not last_leaf.value
+            and last_leaf.parent
+            and len(list(last_leaf.parent.leaves())) <= 3
+            and not is_type_comment(comment)
+        ):
+            # Comments on an optional parens wrapping a single leaf should belong to
+            # the wrapped node except if it's a type comment. Pinning the comment like
+            # this avoids unstable formatting caused by comment migration.
+            if len(self.leaves) < 2:
+                comment.type = STANDALONE_COMMENT
+                comment.prefix = ""
+                return False
+
+            last_leaf = self.leaves[-2]
+        self.comments.setdefault(id(last_leaf), []).append(comment)
+        return True

 
     def comments_after(self, leaf: Leaf) -> List[Leaf]:
         """Generate comments that should appear directly after `leaf`."""
 
     def comments_after(self, leaf: Leaf) -> List[Leaf]:
         """Generate comments that should appear directly after `leaf`."""


@@ -1253,17 +1561,11 @@ class Line:
 
     def remove_trailing_comma(self) -> None:
         """Remove the trailing comma and moves the comments attached to it."""
 
     def remove_trailing_comma(self) -> None:
         """Remove the trailing comma and moves the comments attached to it."""

-        # Remember, the LeafID keys of self.comments are ordered by the
-        # corresponding leaf's index in self.leaves
-        # If id(self.leaves[-2]) is in self.comments, the order doesn't change.
-        # Otherwise, we insert it into self.comments, and it becomes the last entry.
-        # However, since we delete id(self.leaves[-1]) from self.comments, the invariant
-        # is maintained
-        self.comments.setdefault(id(self.leaves[-2]), []).extend(
-            self.comments.get(id(self.leaves[-1]), [])
+        trailing_comma = self.leaves.pop()
+        trailing_comma_comments = self.comments.pop(id(trailing_comma), [])
+        self.comments.setdefault(id(self.leaves[-1]), []).extend(
+            trailing_comma_comments

         )
         )

-        self.comments.pop(id(self.leaves[-1]), None)
-        self.leaves.pop()

 
     def is_complex_subscript(self, leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
         """Return True iff `leaf` is part of a slice with non-trivial exprs."""
 
     def is_complex_subscript(self, leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
         """Return True iff `leaf` is part of a slice with non-trivial exprs."""


@@ -1316,7 +1618,7 @@ class EmptyLineTracker:
     is_pyi: bool = False
     previous_line: Optional[Line] = None
     previous_after: int = 0
     is_pyi: bool = False
     previous_line: Optional[Line] = None
     previous_after: int = 0

-    previous_defs: List[int] = Factory(list)
+    previous_defs: List[int] = field(default_factory=list)

 
     def maybe_empty_lines(self, current_line: Line) -> Tuple[int, int]:
         """Return the number of extra empty lines before and after the `current_line`.
 
     def maybe_empty_lines(self, current_line: Line) -> Tuple[int, int]:
         """Return the number of extra empty lines before and after the `current_line`.


@@ -1325,7 +1627,13 @@ class EmptyLineTracker:
         lines (two on module-level).
         """
         before, after = self._maybe_empty_lines(current_line)
         lines (two on module-level).
         """
         before, after = self._maybe_empty_lines(current_line)

-        before -= self.previous_after
+        before = (
+            # Black should not insert empty lines at the beginning
+            # of the file
+            0
+            if self.previous_line is None
+            else before - self.previous_after
+        )

         self.previous_after = after
         self.previous_line = current_line
         return before, after
         self.previous_after = after
         self.previous_line = current_line
         return before, after


@@ -1424,9 +1732,8 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]):
 
     is_pyi: bool = False
     normalize_strings: bool = True
 
     is_pyi: bool = False
     normalize_strings: bool = True

-    current_line: Line = Factory(Line)
+    current_line: Line = field(default_factory=Line)

     remove_u_prefix: bool = False
     remove_u_prefix: bool = False

-    allow_underscores: bool = False

 
     def line(self, indent: int = 0) -> Iterator[Line]:
         """Generate a line.
 
     def line(self, indent: int = 0) -> Iterator[Line]:
         """Generate a line.


@@ -1469,18 +1776,18 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]):
                 normalize_string_prefix(node, remove_u_prefix=self.remove_u_prefix)
                 normalize_string_quotes(node)
             if node.type == token.NUMBER:
                 normalize_string_prefix(node, remove_u_prefix=self.remove_u_prefix)
                 normalize_string_quotes(node)
             if node.type == token.NUMBER:

-                normalize_numeric_literal(node, self.allow_underscores)
+                normalize_numeric_literal(node)

             if node.type not in WHITESPACE:
                 self.current_line.append(node)
         yield from super().visit_default(node)
 
             if node.type not in WHITESPACE:
                 self.current_line.append(node)
         yield from super().visit_default(node)
 

-    def visit_INDENT(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]:
+    def visit_INDENT(self, node: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]:

         """Increase indentation level, maybe yield a line."""
         # In blib2to3 INDENT never holds comments.
         yield from self.line(+1)
         yield from self.visit_default(node)
 
         """Increase indentation level, maybe yield a line."""
         # In blib2to3 INDENT never holds comments.
         yield from self.line(+1)
         yield from self.visit_default(node)
 

-    def visit_DEDENT(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]:
+    def visit_DEDENT(self, node: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]:

         """Decrease indentation level, maybe yield a line."""
         # The current line might still wait for trailing comments.  At DEDENT time
         # there won't be any (they would be prefixes on the preceding NEWLINE).
         """Decrease indentation level, maybe yield a line."""
         # The current line might still wait for trailing comments.  At DEDENT time
         # there won't be any (they would be prefixes on the preceding NEWLINE).


@@ -1573,7 +1880,24 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]):
             yield from self.line()
         yield from self.visit_default(leaf)
 
             yield from self.line()
         yield from self.visit_default(leaf)
 

-    def __attrs_post_init__(self) -> None:
+    def visit_factor(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]:
+        """Force parentheses between a unary op and a binary power:
+
+        -2 ** 8 -> -(2 ** 8)
+        """
+        _operator, operand = node.children
+        if (
+            operand.type == syms.power
+            and len(operand.children) == 3
+            and operand.children[1].type == token.DOUBLESTAR
+        ):
+            lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "(")
+            rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, ")")
+            index = operand.remove() or 0
+            node.insert_child(index, Node(syms.atom, [lpar, operand, rpar]))
+        yield from self.visit_default(node)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:

         """You are in a twisty little maze of passages."""
         v = self.visit_stmt
         Ø: Set[str] = set()
         """You are in a twisty little maze of passages."""
         v = self.visit_stmt
         Ø: Set[str] = set()


@@ -1593,6 +1917,7 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]):
         self.visit_expr_stmt = partial(v, keywords=Ø, parens=ASSIGNMENTS)
         self.visit_return_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"return"}, parens={"return"})
         self.visit_import_from = partial(v, keywords=Ø, parens={"import"})
         self.visit_expr_stmt = partial(v, keywords=Ø, parens=ASSIGNMENTS)
         self.visit_return_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"return"}, parens={"return"})
         self.visit_import_from = partial(v, keywords=Ø, parens={"import"})

+        self.visit_del_stmt = partial(v, keywords=Ø, parens={"del"})

         self.visit_async_funcdef = self.visit_async_stmt
         self.visit_decorated = self.visit_decorators
 
         self.visit_async_funcdef = self.visit_async_stmt
         self.visit_decorated = self.visit_decorators
 


@@ -1605,7 +1930,7 @@ BRACKETS = OPENING_BRACKETS | CLOSING_BRACKETS
 ALWAYS_NO_SPACE = CLOSING_BRACKETS | {token.COMMA, STANDALONE_COMMENT}
 
 
 ALWAYS_NO_SPACE = CLOSING_BRACKETS | {token.COMMA, STANDALONE_COMMENT}
 
 

-def whitespace(leaf: Leaf, *, complex_subscript: bool) -> str:  # noqa C901
+def whitespace(leaf: Leaf, *, complex_subscript: bool) -> str:  # noqa: C901

     """Return whitespace prefix if needed for the given `leaf`.
 
     `complex_subscript` signals whether the given leaf is part of a subscription
     """Return whitespace prefix if needed for the given `leaf`.
 
     `complex_subscript` signals whether the given leaf is part of a subscription


@@ -1662,7 +1987,7 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf, *, complex_subscript: bool) -> str:  # noqa C901
                     # that, too.
                     return prevp.prefix
 
                     # that, too.
                     return prevp.prefix
 

-        elif prevp.type in STARS:
+        elif prevp.type in VARARGS_SPECIALS:

             if is_vararg(prevp, within=VARARGS_PARENTS | UNPACKING_PARENTS):
                 return NO
 
             if is_vararg(prevp, within=VARARGS_PARENTS | UNPACKING_PARENTS):
                 return NO
 


@@ -1752,7 +2077,7 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf, *, complex_subscript: bool) -> str:  # noqa C901
             if not prevp or prevp.type == token.LPAR:
                 return NO
 
             if not prevp or prevp.type == token.LPAR:
                 return NO
 

-        elif prev.type in {token.EQUAL} | STARS:
+        elif prev.type in {token.EQUAL} | VARARGS_SPECIALS:

             return NO
 
     elif p.type == syms.decorator:
             return NO
 
     elif p.type == syms.decorator:


@@ -1886,7 +2211,7 @@ def container_of(leaf: Leaf) -> LN:
     return container
 
 
     return container
 
 

-def is_split_after_delimiter(leaf: Leaf, previous: Optional[Leaf] = None) -> int:
+def is_split_after_delimiter(leaf: Leaf, previous: Optional[Leaf] = None) -> Priority:

     """Return the priority of the `leaf` delimiter, given a line break after it.
 
     The delimiter priorities returned here are from those delimiters that would
     """Return the priority of the `leaf` delimiter, given a line break after it.
 
     The delimiter priorities returned here are from those delimiters that would


@@ -1900,7 +2225,7 @@ def is_split_after_delimiter(leaf: Leaf, previous: Optional[Leaf] = None) -> int
     return 0
 
 
     return 0
 
 

-def is_split_before_delimiter(leaf: Leaf, previous: Optional[Leaf] = None) -> int:
+def is_split_before_delimiter(leaf: Leaf, previous: Optional[Leaf] = None) -> Priority:

     """Return the priority of the `leaf` delimiter, given a line break before it.
 
     The delimiter priorities returned here are from those delimiters that would
     """Return the priority of the `leaf` delimiter, given a line break before it.
 
     The delimiter priorities returned here are from those delimiters that would


@@ -2050,15 +2375,21 @@ def list_comments(prefix: str, *, is_endmarker: bool) -> List[ProtoComment]:
 
     consumed = 0
     nlines = 0
 
     consumed = 0
     nlines = 0

+    ignored_lines = 0

     for index, line in enumerate(prefix.split("\n")):
         consumed += len(line) + 1  # adding the length of the split '\n'
         line = line.lstrip()
         if not line:
             nlines += 1
         if not line.startswith("#"):
     for index, line in enumerate(prefix.split("\n")):
         consumed += len(line) + 1  # adding the length of the split '\n'
         line = line.lstrip()
         if not line:
             nlines += 1
         if not line.startswith("#"):

+            # Escaped newlines outside of a comment are not really newlines at
+            # all. We treat a single-line comment following an escaped newline
+            # as a simple trailing comment.
+            if line.endswith("\\"):
+                ignored_lines += 1

             continue
 
             continue
 

-        if index == 0 and not is_endmarker:
+        if index == ignored_lines and not is_endmarker:

             comment_type = token.COMMENT  # simple trailing comment
         else:
             comment_type = STANDALONE_COMMENT
             comment_type = token.COMMENT  # simple trailing comment
         else:
             comment_type = STANDALONE_COMMENT


@@ -2092,7 +2423,10 @@ def make_comment(content: str) -> str:
 
 
 def split_line(
 
 
 def split_line(

-    line: Line, line_length: int, inner: bool = False, py36: bool = False
+    line: Line,
+    line_length: int,
+    inner: bool = False,
+    features: Collection[Feature] = (),

 ) -> Iterator[Line]:
     """Split a `line` into potentially many lines.
 
 ) -> Iterator[Line]:
     """Split a `line` into potentially many lines.
 


@@ -2101,8 +2435,7 @@ def split_line(
     current `line`, possibly transitively. This means we can fallback to splitting
     by delimiters if the LHS/RHS don't yield any results.
 
     current `line`, possibly transitively. This means we can fallback to splitting
     by delimiters if the LHS/RHS don't yield any results.
 

-    If `py36` is True, splitting may generate syntax that is only compatible
-    with Python 3.6 and later.
+    `features` are syntactical features that may be used in the output.

     """
     if line.is_comment:
         yield line
     """
     if line.is_comment:
         yield line


@@ -2110,18 +2443,14 @@ def split_line(
 
     line_str = str(line).strip("\n")
 
 
     line_str = str(line).strip("\n")
 

-    # we don't want to split special comments like type annotations
-    # https://github.com/python/typing/issues/186
-    has_special_comment = False
-    for leaf in line.leaves:
-        for comment in line.comments_after(leaf):
-            if leaf.type == token.COMMA and is_special_comment(comment):
-                has_special_comment = True
-

     if (
     if (

-        not has_special_comment
+        not line.contains_uncollapsable_type_comments()

         and not line.should_explode
         and not line.should_explode

-        and is_line_short_enough(line, line_length=line_length, line_str=line_str)
+        and not line.is_collection_with_optional_trailing_comma
+        and (
+            is_line_short_enough(line, line_length=line_length, line_str=line_str)
+            or line.contains_unsplittable_type_ignore()
+        )

     ):
         yield line
         return
     ):
         yield line
         return


@@ -2131,9 +2460,9 @@ def split_line(
         split_funcs = [left_hand_split]
     else:
 
         split_funcs = [left_hand_split]
     else:
 

-        def rhs(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
+        def rhs(line: Line, features: Collection[Feature]) -> Iterator[Line]:

             for omit in generate_trailers_to_omit(line, line_length):
             for omit in generate_trailers_to_omit(line, line_length):

-                lines = list(right_hand_split(line, line_length, py36, omit=omit))
+                lines = list(right_hand_split(line, line_length, features, omit=omit))

                 if is_line_short_enough(lines[0], line_length=line_length):
                     yield from lines
                     return
                 if is_line_short_enough(lines[0], line_length=line_length):
                     yield from lines
                     return


@@ -2141,7 +2470,9 @@ def split_line(
             # All splits failed, best effort split with no omits.
             # This mostly happens to multiline strings that are by definition
             # reported as not fitting a single line.
             # All splits failed, best effort split with no omits.
             # This mostly happens to multiline strings that are by definition
             # reported as not fitting a single line.

-            yield from right_hand_split(line, py36)
+            # line_length=1 here was historically a bug that somehow became a feature.
+            # See #762 and #781 for the full story.
+            yield from right_hand_split(line, line_length=1, features=features)

 
         if line.inside_brackets:
             split_funcs = [delimiter_split, standalone_comment_split, rhs]
 
         if line.inside_brackets:
             split_funcs = [delimiter_split, standalone_comment_split, rhs]


@@ -2153,12 +2484,14 @@ def split_line(
         # split altogether.
         result: List[Line] = []
         try:
         # split altogether.
         result: List[Line] = []
         try:

-            for l in split_func(line, py36):
+            for l in split_func(line, features):

                 if str(l).strip("\n") == line_str:
                     raise CannotSplit("Split function returned an unchanged result")
 
                 result.extend(
                 if str(l).strip("\n") == line_str:
                     raise CannotSplit("Split function returned an unchanged result")
 
                 result.extend(

-                    split_line(l, line_length=line_length, inner=True, py36=py36)
+                    split_line(
+                        l, line_length=line_length, inner=True, features=features
+                    )

                 )
         except CannotSplit:
             continue
                 )
         except CannotSplit:
             continue


@@ -2171,7 +2504,7 @@ def split_line(
         yield line
 
 
         yield line
 
 

-def left_hand_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
+def left_hand_split(line: Line, features: Collection[Feature] = ()) -> Iterator[Line]:

     """Split line into many lines, starting with the first matching bracket pair.
 
     Note: this usually looks weird, only use this for function definitions.
     """Split line into many lines, starting with the first matching bracket pair.
 
     Note: this usually looks weird, only use this for function definitions.


@@ -2182,7 +2515,7 @@ def left_hand_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
     body_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     head_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     current_leaves = head_leaves
     body_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     head_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     current_leaves = head_leaves

-    matching_bracket = None
+    matching_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None

     for leaf in line.leaves:
         if (
             current_leaves is body_leaves
     for leaf in line.leaves:
         if (
             current_leaves is body_leaves


@@ -2208,7 +2541,10 @@ def left_hand_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
 
 
 def right_hand_split(
 
 
 def right_hand_split(

-    line: Line, line_length: int, py36: bool = False, omit: Collection[LeafID] = ()
+    line: Line,
+    line_length: int,
+    features: Collection[Feature] = (),
+    omit: Collection[LeafID] = (),

 ) -> Iterator[Line]:
     """Split line into many lines, starting with the last matching bracket pair.
 
 ) -> Iterator[Line]:
     """Split line into many lines, starting with the last matching bracket pair.
 


@@ -2222,8 +2558,8 @@ def right_hand_split(
     body_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     head_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     current_leaves = tail_leaves
     body_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     head_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     current_leaves = tail_leaves

-    opening_bracket = None
-    closing_bracket = None
+    opening_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None
+    closing_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None

     for leaf in reversed(line.leaves):
         if current_leaves is body_leaves:
             if leaf is opening_bracket:
     for leaf in reversed(line.leaves):
         if current_leaves is body_leaves:
             if leaf is opening_bracket:


@@ -2266,7 +2602,7 @@ def right_hand_split(
     ):
         omit = {id(closing_bracket), *omit}
         try:
     ):
         omit = {id(closing_bracket), *omit}
         try:

-            yield from right_hand_split(line, line_length, py36=py36, omit=omit)
+            yield from right_hand_split(line, line_length, features=features, omit=omit)

             return
 
         except CannotSplit:
             return
 
         except CannotSplit:


@@ -2334,10 +2670,23 @@ def bracket_split_build_line(
         if leaves:
             # Since body is a new indent level, remove spurious leading whitespace.
             normalize_prefix(leaves[0], inside_brackets=True)
         if leaves:
             # Since body is a new indent level, remove spurious leading whitespace.
             normalize_prefix(leaves[0], inside_brackets=True)

-            # Ensure a trailing comma when expected.
-            if original.is_import:
-                if leaves[-1].type != token.COMMA:
-                    leaves.append(Leaf(token.COMMA, ","))
+            # Ensure a trailing comma for imports and standalone function arguments, but
+            # be careful not to add one after any comments or within type annotations.
+            no_commas = (
+                original.is_def
+                and opening_bracket.value == "("
+                and not any(l.type == token.COMMA for l in leaves)
+            )
+
+            if original.is_import or no_commas:
+                for i in range(len(leaves) - 1, -1, -1):
+                    if leaves[i].type == STANDALONE_COMMENT:
+                        continue
+
+                    if leaves[i].type != token.COMMA:
+                        leaves.insert(i + 1, Leaf(token.COMMA, ","))
+                    break
+

     # Populate the line
     for leaf in leaves:
         result.append(leaf, preformatted=True)
     # Populate the line
     for leaf in leaves:
         result.append(leaf, preformatted=True)


@@ -2355,8 +2704,8 @@ def dont_increase_indentation(split_func: SplitFunc) -> SplitFunc:
     """
 
     @wraps(split_func)
     """
 
     @wraps(split_func)

-    def split_wrapper(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
-        for l in split_func(line, py36):
+    def split_wrapper(line: Line, features: Collection[Feature] = ()) -> Iterator[Line]:
+        for l in split_func(line, features):

             normalize_prefix(l.leaves[0], inside_brackets=True)
             yield l
 
             normalize_prefix(l.leaves[0], inside_brackets=True)
             yield l
 


@@ -2364,11 +2713,11 @@ def dont_increase_indentation(split_func: SplitFunc) -> SplitFunc:
 
 
 @dont_increase_indentation
 
 
 @dont_increase_indentation

-def delimiter_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
+def delimiter_split(line: Line, features: Collection[Feature] = ()) -> Iterator[Line]:

     """Split according to delimiters of the highest priority.
 
     """Split according to delimiters of the highest priority.
 

-    If `py36` is True, the split will add trailing commas also in function
-    signatures that contain `*` and `**`.
+    If the appropriate Features are given, the split will add trailing commas
+    also in function signatures and calls that contain `*` and `**`.

     """
     try:
         last_leaf = line.leaves[-1]
     """
     try:
         last_leaf = line.leaves[-1]


@@ -2407,10 +2756,16 @@ def delimiter_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
             yield from append_to_line(comment_after)
 
         lowest_depth = min(lowest_depth, leaf.bracket_depth)
             yield from append_to_line(comment_after)
 
         lowest_depth = min(lowest_depth, leaf.bracket_depth)

-        if leaf.bracket_depth == lowest_depth and is_vararg(
-            leaf, within=VARARGS_PARENTS
-        ):
-            trailing_comma_safe = trailing_comma_safe and py36
+        if leaf.bracket_depth == lowest_depth:
+            if is_vararg(leaf, within={syms.typedargslist}):
+                trailing_comma_safe = (
+                    trailing_comma_safe and Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF in features
+                )
+            elif is_vararg(leaf, within={syms.arglist, syms.argument}):
+                trailing_comma_safe = (
+                    trailing_comma_safe and Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL in features
+                )
+

         leaf_priority = bt.delimiters.get(id(leaf))
         if leaf_priority == delimiter_priority:
             yield current_line
         leaf_priority = bt.delimiters.get(id(leaf))
         if leaf_priority == delimiter_priority:
             yield current_line


@@ -2428,7 +2783,9 @@ def delimiter_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
 
 
 @dont_increase_indentation
 
 
 @dont_increase_indentation

-def standalone_comment_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
+def standalone_comment_split(
+    line: Line, features: Collection[Feature] = ()
+) -> Iterator[Line]:

     """Split standalone comments from the rest of the line."""
     if not line.contains_standalone_comments(0):
         raise CannotSplit("Line does not have any standalone comments")
     """Split standalone comments from the rest of the line."""
     if not line.contains_standalone_comments(0):
         raise CannotSplit("Line does not have any standalone comments")


@@ -2470,14 +2827,12 @@ def is_import(leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
     )
 
 
     )
 
 

-def is_special_comment(leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
+def is_type_comment(leaf: Leaf, suffix: str = "") -> bool:

     """Return True if the given leaf is a special comment.
     Only returns true for type comments for now."""
     t = leaf.type
     v = leaf.value
     """Return True if the given leaf is a special comment.
     Only returns true for type comments for now."""
     t = leaf.type
     v = leaf.value

-    return bool(
-        (t == token.COMMENT or t == STANDALONE_COMMENT) and (v.startswith("# type:"))
-    )
+    return t in {token.COMMENT, STANDALONE_COMMENT} and v.startswith("# type:" + suffix)

 
 
 def normalize_prefix(leaf: Leaf, *, inside_brackets: bool) -> None:
 
 
 def normalize_prefix(leaf: Leaf, *, inside_brackets: bool) -> None:


@@ -2508,7 +2863,7 @@ def normalize_string_prefix(leaf: Leaf, remove_u_prefix: bool = False) -> None:
     match = re.match(r"^([furbFURB]*)(.*)$", leaf.value, re.DOTALL)
     assert match is not None, f"failed to match string {leaf.value!r}"
     orig_prefix = match.group(1)
     match = re.match(r"^([furbFURB]*)(.*)$", leaf.value, re.DOTALL)
     assert match is not None, f"failed to match string {leaf.value!r}"
     orig_prefix = match.group(1)

-    new_prefix = orig_prefix.lower()
+    new_prefix = orig_prefix.replace("F", "f").replace("B", "b").replace("U", "u")

     if remove_u_prefix:
         new_prefix = new_prefix.replace("u", "")
     leaf.value = f"{new_prefix}{match.group(2)}"
     if remove_u_prefix:
         new_prefix = new_prefix.replace("u", "")
     leaf.value = f"{new_prefix}{match.group(2)}"


@@ -2562,11 +2917,20 @@ def normalize_string_quotes(leaf: Leaf) -> None:
         new_body = sub_twice(escaped_orig_quote, rf"\1\2{orig_quote}", new_body)
         new_body = sub_twice(unescaped_new_quote, rf"\1\\{new_quote}", new_body)
     if "f" in prefix.casefold():
         new_body = sub_twice(escaped_orig_quote, rf"\1\2{orig_quote}", new_body)
         new_body = sub_twice(unescaped_new_quote, rf"\1\\{new_quote}", new_body)
     if "f" in prefix.casefold():

-        matches = re.findall(r"[^{]\{(.*?)\}[^}]", new_body)
+        matches = re.findall(
+            r"""
+            (?:[^{]|^)\{  # start of the string or a non-{ followed by a single {
+                ([^{].*?)  # contents of the brackets except if begins with {{
+            \}(?:[^}]|$)  # A } followed by end of the string or a non-}
+            """,
+            new_body,
+            re.VERBOSE,
+        )

         for m in matches:
             if "\\" in str(m):
                 # Do not introduce backslashes in interpolated expressions
                 return
         for m in matches:
             if "\\" in str(m):
                 # Do not introduce backslashes in interpolated expressions
                 return

+

     if new_quote == '"""' and new_body[-1:] == '"':
         # edge case:
         new_body = new_body[:-1] + '\\"'
     if new_quote == '"""' and new_body[-1:] == '"':
         # edge case:
         new_body = new_body[:-1] + '\\"'


@@ -2581,11 +2945,11 @@ def normalize_string_quotes(leaf: Leaf) -> None:
     leaf.value = f"{prefix}{new_quote}{new_body}{new_quote}"
 
 
     leaf.value = f"{prefix}{new_quote}{new_body}{new_quote}"
 
 

-def normalize_numeric_literal(leaf: Leaf, allow_underscores: bool) -> None:
+def normalize_numeric_literal(leaf: Leaf) -> None:

     """Normalizes numeric (float, int, and complex) literals.
 
     All letters used in the representation are normalized to lowercase (except
     """Normalizes numeric (float, int, and complex) literals.
 
     All letters used in the representation are normalized to lowercase (except

-    in Python 2 long literals), and long number literals are split using underscores.
+    in Python 2 long literals).

     """
     text = leaf.value.lower()
     if text.startswith(("0o", "0b")):
     """
     text = leaf.value.lower()
     if text.startswith(("0o", "0b")):


@@ -2603,8 +2967,7 @@ def normalize_numeric_literal(leaf: Leaf, allow_underscores: bool) -> None:
             sign = "-"
         elif after.startswith("+"):
             after = after[1:]
             sign = "-"
         elif after.startswith("+"):
             after = after[1:]

-        before = format_float_or_int_string(before, allow_underscores)
-        after = format_int_string(after, allow_underscores)
+        before = format_float_or_int_string(before)

         text = f"{before}e{sign}{after}"
     elif text.endswith(("j", "l")):
         number = text[:-1]
         text = f"{before}e{sign}{after}"
     elif text.endswith(("j", "l")):
         number = text[:-1]


@@ -2612,56 +2975,25 @@ def normalize_numeric_literal(leaf: Leaf, allow_underscores: bool) -> None:
         # Capitalize in "2L" because "l" looks too similar to "1".
         if suffix == "l":
             suffix = "L"
         # Capitalize in "2L" because "l" looks too similar to "1".
         if suffix == "l":
             suffix = "L"

-        text = f"{format_float_or_int_string(number, allow_underscores)}{suffix}"
+        text = f"{format_float_or_int_string(number)}{suffix}"

     else:
     else:

-        text = format_float_or_int_string(text, allow_underscores)
+        text = format_float_or_int_string(text)

     leaf.value = text
 
 
     leaf.value = text
 
 

-def format_float_or_int_string(text: str, allow_underscores: bool) -> str:
+def format_float_or_int_string(text: str) -> str:

     """Formats a float string like "1.0"."""
     if "." not in text:
     """Formats a float string like "1.0"."""
     if "." not in text:

-        return format_int_string(text, allow_underscores)
-
-    before, after = text.split(".")
-    before = format_int_string(before, allow_underscores) if before else "0"
-    if after:
-        after = format_int_string(after, allow_underscores, count_from_end=False)
-    else:
-        after = "0"
-    return f"{before}.{after}"
-
-
-def format_int_string(
-    text: str, allow_underscores: bool, count_from_end: bool = True
-) -> str:
-    """Normalizes underscores in a string to e.g. 1_000_000.
-
-    Input must be a string of digits and optional underscores.
-    If count_from_end is False, we add underscores after groups of three digits
-    counting from the beginning instead of the end of the strings. This is used
-    for the fractional part of float literals.
-    """
-    if not allow_underscores:

         return text
 
         return text
 

-    text = text.replace("_", "")
-    if len(text) <= 5:
-        # No underscores for numbers <= 5 digits long.
-        return text
-
-    if count_from_end:
-        # Avoid removing leading zeros, which are important if we're formatting
-        # part of a number like "0.001".
-        return format(int("1" + text), "3_")[1:].lstrip("_")
-    else:
-        return "_".join(text[i : i + 3] for i in range(0, len(text), 3))
+    before, after = text.split(".")
+    return f"{before or 0}.{after or 0}"

 
 
 def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None:
     """Make existing optional parentheses invisible or create new ones.
 
 
 
 def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None:
     """Make existing optional parentheses invisible or create new ones.
 

-    `parens_after` is a set of string leaf values immeditely after which parens
+    `parens_after` is a set of string leaf values immediately after which parens

     should be put.
 
     Standardizes on visible parentheses for single-element tuples, and keeps
     should be put.
 
     Standardizes on visible parentheses for single-element tuples, and keeps


@@ -2671,22 +3003,25 @@ def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None:
         if pc.value in FMT_OFF:
             # This `node` has a prefix with `# fmt: off`, don't mess with parens.
             return
         if pc.value in FMT_OFF:
             # This `node` has a prefix with `# fmt: off`, don't mess with parens.
             return

-

     check_lpar = False
     for index, child in enumerate(list(node.children)):
     check_lpar = False
     for index, child in enumerate(list(node.children)):

+        # Add parentheses around long tuple unpacking in assignments.
+        if (
+            index == 0
+            and isinstance(child, Node)
+            and child.type == syms.testlist_star_expr
+        ):
+            check_lpar = True
+

         if check_lpar:
         if check_lpar:

+            if is_walrus_assignment(child):
+                continue
+

             if child.type == syms.atom:
             if child.type == syms.atom:

-                if maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(child):
-                    lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "")
-                    rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, "")
-                    index = child.remove() or 0
-                    node.insert_child(index, Node(syms.atom, [lpar, child, rpar]))
+                if maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(child, parent=node):
+                    wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=False)

             elif is_one_tuple(child):
             elif is_one_tuple(child):

-                # wrap child in visible parentheses
-                lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "(")
-                rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, ")")
-                child.remove()
-                node.insert_child(index, Node(syms.atom, [lpar, child, rpar]))
+                wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=True)

             elif node.type == syms.import_from:
                 # "import from" nodes store parentheses directly as part of
                 # the statement
             elif node.type == syms.import_from:
                 # "import from" nodes store parentheses directly as part of
                 # the statement


@@ -2701,11 +3036,7 @@ def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None:
                 break
 
             elif not (isinstance(child, Leaf) and is_multiline_string(child)):
                 break
 
             elif not (isinstance(child, Leaf) and is_multiline_string(child)):

-                # wrap child in invisible parentheses
-                lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "")
-                rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, "")
-                index = child.remove() or 0
-                node.insert_child(index, Node(syms.atom, [lpar, child, rpar]))
+                wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=False)

 
         check_lpar = isinstance(child, Leaf) and child.value in parens_after
 
 
         check_lpar = isinstance(child, Leaf) and child.value in parens_after
 


@@ -2749,7 +3080,7 @@ def convert_one_fmt_off_pair(node: Node) -> bool:
                     # That happens when one of the `ignored_nodes` ended with a NEWLINE
                     # leaf (possibly followed by a DEDENT).
                     hidden_value = hidden_value[:-1]
                     # That happens when one of the `ignored_nodes` ended with a NEWLINE
                     # leaf (possibly followed by a DEDENT).
                     hidden_value = hidden_value[:-1]

-                first_idx = None
+                first_idx: Optional[int] = None

                 for ignored in ignored_nodes:
                     index = ignored.remove()
                     if first_idx is None:
                 for ignored in ignored_nodes:
                     index = ignored.remove()
                     if first_idx is None:


@@ -2778,17 +3109,24 @@ def generate_ignored_nodes(leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[LN]:
     """
     container: Optional[LN] = container_of(leaf)
     while container is not None and container.type != token.ENDMARKER:
     """
     container: Optional[LN] = container_of(leaf)
     while container is not None and container.type != token.ENDMARKER:

+        is_fmt_on = False

         for comment in list_comments(container.prefix, is_endmarker=False):
             if comment.value in FMT_ON:
         for comment in list_comments(container.prefix, is_endmarker=False):
             if comment.value in FMT_ON:

-                return
+                is_fmt_on = True
+            elif comment.value in FMT_OFF:
+                is_fmt_on = False
+        if is_fmt_on:
+            return

 
         yield container
 
         container = container.next_sibling
 
 
 
         yield container
 
         container = container.next_sibling
 
 

-def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node: LN) -> bool:
+def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node: LN, parent: LN) -> bool:

     """If it's safe, make the parens in the atom `node` invisible, recursively.
     """If it's safe, make the parens in the atom `node` invisible, recursively.

+    Additionally, remove repeated, adjacent invisible parens from the atom `node`
+    as they are redundant.

 
     Returns whether the node should itself be wrapped in invisible parentheses.
 
 
     Returns whether the node should itself be wrapped in invisible parentheses.
 


@@ -2797,7 +3135,7 @@ def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node: LN) -> bool:
         node.type != syms.atom
         or is_empty_tuple(node)
         or is_one_tuple(node)
         node.type != syms.atom
         or is_empty_tuple(node)
         or is_one_tuple(node)

-        or is_yield(node)
+        or (is_yield(node) and parent.type != syms.expr_stmt)

         or max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node) >= COMMA_PRIORITY
     ):
         return False
         or max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node) >= COMMA_PRIORITY
     ):
         return False


@@ -2805,16 +3143,40 @@ def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node: LN) -> bool:
     first = node.children[0]
     last = node.children[-1]
     if first.type == token.LPAR and last.type == token.RPAR:
     first = node.children[0]
     last = node.children[-1]
     if first.type == token.LPAR and last.type == token.RPAR:

+        middle = node.children[1]

         # make parentheses invisible
         first.value = ""  # type: ignore
         last.value = ""  # type: ignore
         # make parentheses invisible
         first.value = ""  # type: ignore
         last.value = ""  # type: ignore

-        if len(node.children) > 1:
-            maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node.children[1])
+        maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(middle, parent=parent)
+
+        if is_atom_with_invisible_parens(middle):
+            # Strip the invisible parens from `middle` by replacing
+            # it with the child in-between the invisible parens
+            middle.replace(middle.children[1])
+

         return False
 
     return True
 
 
         return False
 
     return True
 
 

+def is_atom_with_invisible_parens(node: LN) -> bool:
+    """Given a `LN`, determines whether it's an atom `node` with invisible
+    parens. Useful in dedupe-ing and normalizing parens.
+    """
+    if isinstance(node, Leaf) or node.type != syms.atom:
+        return False
+
+    first, last = node.children[0], node.children[-1]
+    return (
+        isinstance(first, Leaf)
+        and first.type == token.LPAR
+        and first.value == ""
+        and isinstance(last, Leaf)
+        and last.type == token.RPAR
+        and last.value == ""
+    )
+
+

 def is_empty_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
     """Return True if `node` holds an empty tuple."""
     return (
 def is_empty_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
     """Return True if `node` holds an empty tuple."""
     return (


@@ -2825,18 +3187,43 @@ def is_empty_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
     )
 
 
     )
 
 

+def unwrap_singleton_parenthesis(node: LN) -> Optional[LN]:
+    """Returns `wrapped` if `node` is of the shape ( wrapped ).
+
+    Parenthesis can be optional. Returns None otherwise"""
+    if len(node.children) != 3:
+        return None
+
+    lpar, wrapped, rpar = node.children
+    if not (lpar.type == token.LPAR and rpar.type == token.RPAR):
+        return None
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def wrap_in_parentheses(parent: Node, child: LN, *, visible: bool = True) -> None:
+    """Wrap `child` in parentheses.
+
+    This replaces `child` with an atom holding the parentheses and the old
+    child.  That requires moving the prefix.
+
+    If `visible` is False, the leaves will be valueless (and thus invisible).
+    """
+    lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "(" if visible else "")
+    rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, ")" if visible else "")
+    prefix = child.prefix
+    child.prefix = ""
+    index = child.remove() or 0
+    new_child = Node(syms.atom, [lpar, child, rpar])
+    new_child.prefix = prefix
+    parent.insert_child(index, new_child)
+
+

 def is_one_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
     """Return True if `node` holds a tuple with one element, with or without parens."""
     if node.type == syms.atom:
 def is_one_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
     """Return True if `node` holds a tuple with one element, with or without parens."""
     if node.type == syms.atom:

-        if len(node.children) != 3:
-            return False
-
-        lpar, gexp, rpar = node.children
-        if not (
-            lpar.type == token.LPAR
-            and gexp.type == syms.testlist_gexp
-            and rpar.type == token.RPAR
-        ):
+        gexp = unwrap_singleton_parenthesis(node)
+        if gexp is None or gexp.type != syms.testlist_gexp:

             return False
 
         return len(gexp.children) == 2 and gexp.children[1].type == token.COMMA
             return False
 
         return len(gexp.children) == 2 and gexp.children[1].type == token.COMMA


@@ -2848,6 +3235,12 @@ def is_one_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
     )
 
 
     )
 
 

+def is_walrus_assignment(node: LN) -> bool:
+    """Return True iff `node` is of the shape ( test := test )"""
+    inner = unwrap_singleton_parenthesis(node)
+    return inner is not None and inner.type == syms.namedexpr_test
+
+

 def is_yield(node: LN) -> bool:
     """Return True if `node` holds a `yield` or `yield from` expression."""
     if node.type == syms.yield_expr:
 def is_yield(node: LN) -> bool:
     """Return True if `node` holds a `yield` or `yield from` expression."""
     if node.type == syms.yield_expr:


@@ -2877,7 +3270,7 @@ def is_vararg(leaf: Leaf, within: Set[NodeType]) -> bool:
     extended iterable unpacking (PEP 3132) and additional unpacking
     generalizations (PEP 448).
     """
     extended iterable unpacking (PEP 3132) and additional unpacking
     generalizations (PEP 448).
     """

-    if leaf.type not in STARS or not leaf.parent:
+    if leaf.type not in VARARGS_SPECIALS or not leaf.parent:

         return False
 
     p = leaf.parent
         return False
 
     p = leaf.parent


@@ -2927,7 +3320,7 @@ def is_stub_body(node: LN) -> bool:
     )
 
 
     )
 
 

-def max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node: LN) -> int:
+def max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node: LN) -> Priority:

     """Return maximum delimiter priority inside `node`.
 
     This is specific to atoms with contents contained in a pair of parentheses.
     """Return maximum delimiter priority inside `node`.
 
     This is specific to atoms with contents contained in a pair of parentheses.


@@ -2959,7 +3352,7 @@ def ensure_visible(leaf: Leaf) -> None:
     """Make sure parentheses are visible.
 
     They could be invisible as part of some statements (see
     """Make sure parentheses are visible.
 
     They could be invisible as part of some statements (see

-    :func:`normalize_invible_parens` and :func:`visit_import_from`).
+    :func:`normalize_invisible_parens` and :func:`visit_import_from`).

     """
     if leaf.type == token.LPAR:
         leaf.value = "("
     """
     if leaf.type == token.LPAR:
         leaf.value = "("


@@ -2987,39 +3380,61 @@ def should_explode(line: Line, opening_bracket: Leaf) -> bool:
     return max_priority == COMMA_PRIORITY
 
 
     return max_priority == COMMA_PRIORITY
 
 

-def is_python36(node: Node) -> bool:
-    """Return True if the current file is using Python 3.6+ features.
+def get_features_used(node: Node) -> Set[Feature]:
+    """Return a set of (relatively) new Python features used in this file.

 
     Currently looking for:
     - f-strings;
 
     Currently looking for:
     - f-strings;

-    - underscores in numeric literals; and
-    - trailing commas after * or ** in function signatures and calls.
+    - underscores in numeric literals;
+    - trailing commas after * or ** in function signatures and calls;
+    - positional only arguments in function signatures and lambdas;

     """
     """

+    features: Set[Feature] = set()

     for n in node.pre_order():
         if n.type == token.STRING:
             value_head = n.value[:2]  # type: ignore
             if value_head in {'f"', 'F"', "f'", "F'", "rf", "fr", "RF", "FR"}:
     for n in node.pre_order():
         if n.type == token.STRING:
             value_head = n.value[:2]  # type: ignore
             if value_head in {'f"', 'F"', "f'", "F'", "rf", "fr", "RF", "FR"}:

-                return True
+                features.add(Feature.F_STRINGS)

 
         elif n.type == token.NUMBER:
             if "_" in n.value:  # type: ignore
 
         elif n.type == token.NUMBER:
             if "_" in n.value:  # type: ignore

-                return True
+                features.add(Feature.NUMERIC_UNDERSCORES)
+
+        elif n.type == token.SLASH:
+            if n.parent and n.parent.type in {syms.typedargslist, syms.arglist}:
+                features.add(Feature.POS_ONLY_ARGUMENTS)
+
+        elif n.type == token.COLONEQUAL:
+            features.add(Feature.ASSIGNMENT_EXPRESSIONS)

 
         elif (
             n.type in {syms.typedargslist, syms.arglist}
             and n.children
             and n.children[-1].type == token.COMMA
         ):
 
         elif (
             n.type in {syms.typedargslist, syms.arglist}
             and n.children
             and n.children[-1].type == token.COMMA
         ):

+            if n.type == syms.typedargslist:
+                feature = Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF
+            else:
+                feature = Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL
+

             for ch in n.children:
                 if ch.type in STARS:
             for ch in n.children:
                 if ch.type in STARS:

-                    return True
+                    features.add(feature)

 
                 if ch.type == syms.argument:
                     for argch in ch.children:
                         if argch.type in STARS:
 
                 if ch.type == syms.argument:
                     for argch in ch.children:
                         if argch.type in STARS:

-                            return True
+                            features.add(feature)
+
+    return features

 
 

-    return False
+
+def detect_target_versions(node: Node) -> Set[TargetVersion]:
+    """Detect the version to target based on the nodes used."""
+    features = get_features_used(node)
+    return {
+        version for version in TargetVersion if features <= VERSION_TO_FEATURES[version]
+    }

 
 
 def generate_trailers_to_omit(line: Line, line_length: int) -> Iterator[Set[LeafID]]:
 
 
 def generate_trailers_to_omit(line: Line, line_length: int) -> Iterator[Set[LeafID]]:


@@ -3036,8 +3451,8 @@ def generate_trailers_to_omit(line: Line, line_length: int) -> Iterator[Set[Leaf
     yield omit
 
     length = 4 * line.depth
     yield omit
 
     length = 4 * line.depth

-    opening_bracket = None
-    closing_bracket = None
+    opening_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None
+    closing_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None

     inner_brackets: Set[LeafID] = set()
     for index, leaf, leaf_length in enumerate_with_length(line, reversed=True):
         length += leaf_length
     inner_brackets: Set[LeafID] = set()
     for index, leaf, leaf_length in enumerate_with_length(line, reversed=True):
         length += leaf_length


@@ -3081,19 +3496,23 @@ def get_future_imports(node: Node) -> Set[str]:
             if isinstance(child, Leaf):
                 if child.type == token.NAME:
                     yield child.value
             if isinstance(child, Leaf):
                 if child.type == token.NAME:
                     yield child.value

+

             elif child.type == syms.import_as_name:
                 orig_name = child.children[0]
                 assert isinstance(orig_name, Leaf), "Invalid syntax parsing imports"
                 assert orig_name.type == token.NAME, "Invalid syntax parsing imports"
                 yield orig_name.value
             elif child.type == syms.import_as_name:
                 orig_name = child.children[0]
                 assert isinstance(orig_name, Leaf), "Invalid syntax parsing imports"
                 assert orig_name.type == token.NAME, "Invalid syntax parsing imports"
                 yield orig_name.value

+

             elif child.type == syms.import_as_names:
                 yield from get_imports_from_children(child.children)
             elif child.type == syms.import_as_names:
                 yield from get_imports_from_children(child.children)

+

             else:
             else:

-                assert False, "Invalid syntax parsing imports"
+                raise AssertionError("Invalid syntax parsing imports")

 
     for child in node.children:
         if child.type != syms.simple_stmt:
             break
 
     for child in node.children:
         if child.type != syms.simple_stmt:
             break

+

         first_child = child.children[0]
         if isinstance(first_child, Leaf):
             # Continue looking if we see a docstring; otherwise stop.
         first_child = child.children[0]
         if isinstance(first_child, Leaf):
             # Continue looking if we see a docstring; otherwise stop.


@@ -3103,24 +3522,39 @@ def get_future_imports(node: Node) -> Set[str]:
                 and child.children[1].type == token.NEWLINE
             ):
                 continue
                 and child.children[1].type == token.NEWLINE
             ):
                 continue

-            else:
-                break
+
+            break
+

         elif first_child.type == syms.import_from:
             module_name = first_child.children[1]
             if not isinstance(module_name, Leaf) or module_name.value != "__future__":
                 break
         elif first_child.type == syms.import_from:
             module_name = first_child.children[1]
             if not isinstance(module_name, Leaf) or module_name.value != "__future__":
                 break

+

             imports |= set(get_imports_from_children(first_child.children[3:]))
         else:
             break
             imports |= set(get_imports_from_children(first_child.children[3:]))
         else:
             break

+

     return imports
 
 
     return imports
 
 

+@lru_cache()
+def get_gitignore(root: Path) -> PathSpec:
+    """ Return a PathSpec matching gitignore content if present."""
+    gitignore = root / ".gitignore"
+    lines: List[str] = []
+    if gitignore.is_file():
+        with gitignore.open() as gf:
+            lines = gf.readlines()
+    return PathSpec.from_lines("gitwildmatch", lines)
+
+

 def gen_python_files_in_dir(
     path: Path,
     root: Path,
     include: Pattern[str],
     exclude: Pattern[str],
     report: "Report",
 def gen_python_files_in_dir(
     path: Path,
     root: Path,
     include: Pattern[str],
     exclude: Pattern[str],
     report: "Report",

+    gitignore: PathSpec,

 ) -> Iterator[Path]:
     """Generate all files under `path` whose paths are not excluded by the
     `exclude` regex, but are included by the `include` regex.
 ) -> Iterator[Path]:
     """Generate all files under `path` whose paths are not excluded by the
     `exclude` regex, but are included by the `include` regex.


@@ -3131,8 +3565,18 @@ def gen_python_files_in_dir(
     """
     assert root.is_absolute(), f"INTERNAL ERROR: `root` must be absolute but is {root}"
     for child in path.iterdir():
     """
     assert root.is_absolute(), f"INTERNAL ERROR: `root` must be absolute but is {root}"
     for child in path.iterdir():

+        # First ignore files matching .gitignore
+        if gitignore.match_file(child.as_posix()):
+            report.path_ignored(child, "matches the .gitignore file content")
+            continue
+
+        # Then ignore with `exclude` option.

         try:
             normalized_path = "/" + child.resolve().relative_to(root).as_posix()
         try:
             normalized_path = "/" + child.resolve().relative_to(root).as_posix()

+        except OSError as e:
+            report.path_ignored(child, f"cannot be read because {e}")
+            continue
+

         except ValueError:
             if child.is_symlink():
                 report.path_ignored(
         except ValueError:
             if child.is_symlink():
                 report.path_ignored(


@@ -3144,13 +3588,16 @@ def gen_python_files_in_dir(
 
         if child.is_dir():
             normalized_path += "/"
 
         if child.is_dir():
             normalized_path += "/"

+

         exclude_match = exclude.search(normalized_path)
         if exclude_match and exclude_match.group(0):
         exclude_match = exclude.search(normalized_path)
         if exclude_match and exclude_match.group(0):

-            report.path_ignored(child, f"matches the --exclude regular expression")
+            report.path_ignored(child, "matches the --exclude regular expression")

             continue
 
         if child.is_dir():
             continue
 
         if child.is_dir():

-            yield from gen_python_files_in_dir(child, root, include, exclude, report)
+            yield from gen_python_files_in_dir(
+                child, root, include, exclude, report, gitignore
+            )

 
         elif child.is_file():
             include_match = include.search(normalized_path)
 
         elif child.is_file():
             include_match = include.search(normalized_path)


@@ -3176,7 +3623,7 @@ def find_project_root(srcs: Iterable[str]) -> Path:
         # Append a fake file so `parents` below returns `common_base_dir`, too.
         common_base /= "fake-file"
     for directory in common_base.parents:
         # Append a fake file so `parents` below returns `common_base_dir`, too.
         common_base /= "fake-file"
     for directory in common_base.parents:

-        if (directory / ".git").is_dir():
+        if (directory / ".git").exists():

             return directory
 
         if (directory / ".hg").is_dir():
             return directory
 
         if (directory / ".hg").is_dir():


@@ -3193,6 +3640,7 @@ class Report:
     """Provides a reformatting counter. Can be rendered with `str(report)`."""
 
     check: bool = False
     """Provides a reformatting counter. Can be rendered with `str(report)`."""
 
     check: bool = False

+    diff: bool = False

     quiet: bool = False
     verbose: bool = False
     change_count: int = 0
     quiet: bool = False
     verbose: bool = False
     change_count: int = 0


@@ -3202,7 +3650,7 @@ class Report:
     def done(self, src: Path, changed: Changed) -> None:
         """Increment the counter for successful reformatting. Write out a message."""
         if changed is Changed.YES:
     def done(self, src: Path, changed: Changed) -> None:
         """Increment the counter for successful reformatting. Write out a message."""
         if changed is Changed.YES:

-            reformatted = "would reformat" if self.check else "reformatted"
+            reformatted = "would reformat" if self.check or self.diff else "reformatted"

             if self.verbose or not self.quiet:
                 out(f"{reformatted} {src}")
             self.change_count += 1
             if self.verbose or not self.quiet:
                 out(f"{reformatted} {src}")
             self.change_count += 1


@@ -3248,7 +3696,7 @@ class Report:
 
         Use `click.unstyle` to remove colors.
         """
 
         Use `click.unstyle` to remove colors.
         """

-        if self.check:
+        if self.check or self.diff:

             reformatted = "would be reformatted"
             unchanged = "would be left unchanged"
             failed = "would fail to reformat"
             reformatted = "would be reformatted"
             unchanged = "would be left unchanged"
             failed = "would fail to reformat"


@@ -3273,17 +3721,59 @@ class Report:
         return ", ".join(report) + "."
 
 
         return ", ".join(report) + "."
 
 

+def parse_ast(src: str) -> Union[ast.AST, ast3.AST, ast27.AST]:
+    filename = "<unknown>"
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+        # TODO: support Python 4+ ;)
+        for minor_version in range(sys.version_info[1], 4, -1):
+            try:
+                return ast.parse(src, filename, feature_version=(3, minor_version))
+            except SyntaxError:
+                continue
+    else:
+        for feature_version in (7, 6):
+            try:
+                return ast3.parse(src, filename, feature_version=feature_version)
+            except SyntaxError:
+                continue
+
+    return ast27.parse(src)
+
+
+def _fixup_ast_constants(
+    node: Union[ast.AST, ast3.AST, ast27.AST]
+) -> Union[ast.AST, ast3.AST, ast27.AST]:
+    """Map ast nodes deprecated in 3.8 to Constant."""
+    if isinstance(node, (ast.Str, ast3.Str, ast27.Str, ast.Bytes, ast3.Bytes)):
+        return ast.Constant(value=node.s)
+
+    if isinstance(node, (ast.Num, ast3.Num, ast27.Num)):
+        return ast.Constant(value=node.n)
+
+    if isinstance(node, (ast.NameConstant, ast3.NameConstant)):
+        return ast.Constant(value=node.value)
+
+    return node
+
+

 def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
     """Raise AssertionError if `src` and `dst` aren't equivalent."""
 
 def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
     """Raise AssertionError if `src` and `dst` aren't equivalent."""
 

-    import ast
-    import traceback
-
-    def _v(node: ast.AST, depth: int = 0) -> Iterator[str]:
+    def _v(node: Union[ast.AST, ast3.AST, ast27.AST], depth: int = 0) -> Iterator[str]:

         """Simple visitor generating strings to compare ASTs by content."""
         """Simple visitor generating strings to compare ASTs by content."""

+
+        node = _fixup_ast_constants(node)
+

         yield f"{'  ' * depth}{node.__class__.__name__}("
 
         yield f"{'  ' * depth}{node.__class__.__name__}("
 

-        for field in sorted(node._fields):
+        for field in sorted(node._fields):  # noqa: F402
+            # TypeIgnore has only one field 'lineno' which breaks this comparison
+            type_ignore_classes = (ast3.TypeIgnore, ast27.TypeIgnore)
+            if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+                type_ignore_classes += (ast.TypeIgnore,)
+            if isinstance(node, type_ignore_classes):
+                break
+

             try:
                 value = getattr(node, field)
             except AttributeError:
             try:
                 value = getattr(node, field)
             except AttributeError:


@@ -3293,10 +3783,20 @@ def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
 
             if isinstance(value, list):
                 for item in value:
 
             if isinstance(value, list):
                 for item in value:

-                    if isinstance(item, ast.AST):
+                    # Ignore nested tuples within del statements, because we may insert
+                    # parentheses and they change the AST.
+                    if (
+                        field == "targets"
+                        and isinstance(node, (ast.Delete, ast3.Delete, ast27.Delete))
+                        and isinstance(item, (ast.Tuple, ast3.Tuple, ast27.Tuple))
+                    ):
+                        for item in item.elts:
+                            yield from _v(item, depth + 2)
+
+                    elif isinstance(item, (ast.AST, ast3.AST, ast27.AST)):

                         yield from _v(item, depth + 2)
 
                         yield from _v(item, depth + 2)
 

-            elif isinstance(value, ast.AST):
+            elif isinstance(value, (ast.AST, ast3.AST, ast27.AST)):

                 yield from _v(value, depth + 2)
 
             else:
                 yield from _v(value, depth + 2)
 
             else:


@@ -3305,22 +3805,20 @@ def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
         yield f"{'  ' * depth})  # /{node.__class__.__name__}"
 
     try:
         yield f"{'  ' * depth})  # /{node.__class__.__name__}"
 
     try:

-        src_ast = ast.parse(src)
+        src_ast = parse_ast(src)

     except Exception as exc:
     except Exception as exc:

-        major, minor = sys.version_info[:2]

         raise AssertionError(
         raise AssertionError(

-            f"cannot use --safe with this file; failed to parse source file "
-            f"with Python {major}.{minor}'s builtin AST. Re-run with --fast "
-            f"or stop using deprecated Python 2 syntax. AST error message: {exc}"
+            f"cannot use --safe with this file; failed to parse source file.  "
+            f"AST error message: {exc}"

         )
 
     try:
         )
 
     try:

-        dst_ast = ast.parse(dst)
+        dst_ast = parse_ast(dst)

     except Exception as exc:
         log = dump_to_file("".join(traceback.format_tb(exc.__traceback__)), dst)
         raise AssertionError(
             f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced invalid code: {exc}. "
     except Exception as exc:
         log = dump_to_file("".join(traceback.format_tb(exc.__traceback__)), dst)
         raise AssertionError(
             f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced invalid code: {exc}. "

-            f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/ambv/black/issues.  "
+            f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/psf/black/issues.  "

             f"This invalid output might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
 
             f"This invalid output might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
 


@@ -3331,16 +3829,14 @@ def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
         raise AssertionError(
             f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced code that is not equivalent to "
             f"the source.  "
         raise AssertionError(
             f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced code that is not equivalent to "
             f"the source.  "

-            f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/ambv/black/issues.  "
+            f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/psf/black/issues.  "

             f"This diff might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
 
 
             f"This diff might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
 
 

-def assert_stable(
-    src: str, dst: str, line_length: int, mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT
-) -> None:
+def assert_stable(src: str, dst: str, mode: Mode) -> None:

     """Raise AssertionError if `dst` reformats differently the second time."""
     """Raise AssertionError if `dst` reformats differently the second time."""

-    newdst = format_str(dst, line_length=line_length, mode=mode)
+    newdst = format_str(dst, mode=mode)

     if dst != newdst:
         log = dump_to_file(
             diff(src, dst, "source", "first pass"),
     if dst != newdst:
         log = dump_to_file(
             diff(src, dst, "source", "first pass"),


@@ -3349,15 +3845,14 @@ def assert_stable(
         raise AssertionError(
             f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced different code on the second pass "
             f"of the formatter.  "
         raise AssertionError(
             f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced different code on the second pass "
             f"of the formatter.  "

-            f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/ambv/black/issues.  "
+            f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/psf/black/issues.  "

             f"This diff might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
 
 
             f"This diff might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
 
 

+@mypyc_attr(patchable=True)

 def dump_to_file(*output: str) -> str:
     """Dump `output` to a temporary file. Return path to the file."""
 def dump_to_file(*output: str) -> str:
     """Dump `output` to a temporary file. Return path to the file."""

-    import tempfile
-

     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
         mode="w", prefix="blk_", suffix=".log", delete=False, encoding="utf8"
     ) as f:
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
         mode="w", prefix="blk_", suffix=".log", delete=False, encoding="utf8"
     ) as f:


@@ -3368,29 +3863,42 @@ def dump_to_file(*output: str) -> str:
     return f.name
 
 
     return f.name
 
 

+@contextmanager
+def nullcontext() -> Iterator[None]:
+    """Return an empty context manager.
+
+    To be used like `nullcontext` in Python 3.7.
+    """
+    yield
+
+

 def diff(a: str, b: str, a_name: str, b_name: str) -> str:
     """Return a unified diff string between strings `a` and `b`."""
     import difflib
 
 def diff(a: str, b: str, a_name: str, b_name: str) -> str:
     """Return a unified diff string between strings `a` and `b`."""
     import difflib
 

-    a_lines = [line + "\n" for line in a.split("\n")]
-    b_lines = [line + "\n" for line in b.split("\n")]
+    a_lines = [line + "\n" for line in a.splitlines()]
+    b_lines = [line + "\n" for line in b.splitlines()]

     return "".join(
         difflib.unified_diff(a_lines, b_lines, fromfile=a_name, tofile=b_name, n=5)
     )
 
 
     return "".join(
         difflib.unified_diff(a_lines, b_lines, fromfile=a_name, tofile=b_name, n=5)
     )
 
 

-def cancel(tasks: Iterable[asyncio.Task]) -> None:
+def cancel(tasks: Iterable["asyncio.Task[Any]"]) -> None:

     """asyncio signal handler that cancels all `tasks` and reports to stderr."""
     err("Aborted!")
     for task in tasks:
         task.cancel()
 
 
     """asyncio signal handler that cancels all `tasks` and reports to stderr."""
     err("Aborted!")
     for task in tasks:
         task.cancel()
 
 

-def shutdown(loop: BaseEventLoop) -> None:
+def shutdown(loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop) -> None:

     """Cancel all pending tasks on `loop`, wait for them, and close the loop."""
     try:
     """Cancel all pending tasks on `loop`, wait for them, and close the loop."""
     try:

+        if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+            all_tasks = asyncio.all_tasks
+        else:
+            all_tasks = asyncio.Task.all_tasks

         # This part is borrowed from asyncio/runners.py in Python 3.7b2.
         # This part is borrowed from asyncio/runners.py in Python 3.7b2.

-        to_cancel = [task for task in asyncio.Task.all_tasks(loop) if not task.done()]
+        to_cancel = [task for task in all_tasks(loop) if not task.done()]

         if not to_cancel:
             return
 
         if not to_cancel:
             return
 


@@ -3424,7 +3932,8 @@ def re_compile_maybe_verbose(regex: str) -> Pattern[str]:
     """
     if "\n" in regex:
         regex = "(?x)" + regex
     """
     if "\n" in regex:
         regex = "(?x)" + regex

-    return re.compile(regex)
+    compiled: Pattern[str] = re.compile(regex)
+    return compiled

 
 
 def enumerate_reversed(sequence: Sequence[T]) -> Iterator[Tuple[Index, T]]:
 
 
 def enumerate_reversed(sequence: Sequence[T]) -> Iterator[Tuple[Index, T]]:


@@ -3451,7 +3960,6 @@ def enumerate_with_length(
         if "\n" in leaf.value:
             return  # Multiline strings, we can't continue.
 
         if "\n" in leaf.value:
             return  # Multiline strings, we can't continue.
 

-        comment: Optional[Leaf]

         for comment in line.comments_after(leaf):
             length += len(comment.value)
 
         for comment in line.comments_after(leaf):
             length += len(comment.value)
 


@@ -3597,23 +4105,23 @@ def can_omit_invisible_parens(line: Line, line_length: int) -> bool:
     return False
 
 
     return False
 
 

-def get_cache_file(line_length: int, mode: FileMode) -> Path:
-    return CACHE_DIR / f"cache.{line_length}.{mode.value}.pickle"
+def get_cache_file(mode: Mode) -> Path:
+    return CACHE_DIR / f"cache.{mode.get_cache_key()}.pickle"

 
 
 
 

-def read_cache(line_length: int, mode: FileMode) -> Cache:
+def read_cache(mode: Mode) -> Cache:

     """Read the cache if it exists and is well formed.
 
     If it is not well formed, the call to write_cache later should resolve the issue.
     """
     """Read the cache if it exists and is well formed.
 
     If it is not well formed, the call to write_cache later should resolve the issue.
     """

-    cache_file = get_cache_file(line_length, mode)
+    cache_file = get_cache_file(mode)

     if not cache_file.exists():
         return {}
 
     with cache_file.open("rb") as fobj:
         try:
             cache: Cache = pickle.load(fobj)
     if not cache_file.exists():
         return {}
 
     with cache_file.open("rb") as fobj:
         try:
             cache: Cache = pickle.load(fobj)

-        except pickle.UnpicklingError:
+        except (pickle.UnpicklingError, ValueError):

             return {}
 
     return cache
             return {}
 
     return cache


@@ -3641,17 +4149,15 @@ def filter_cached(cache: Cache, sources: Iterable[Path]) -> Tuple[Set[Path], Set
     return todo, done
 
 
     return todo, done
 
 

-def write_cache(
-    cache: Cache, sources: Iterable[Path], line_length: int, mode: FileMode
-) -> None:
+def write_cache(cache: Cache, sources: Iterable[Path], mode: Mode) -> None:

     """Update the cache file."""
     """Update the cache file."""

-    cache_file = get_cache_file(line_length, mode)
+    cache_file = get_cache_file(mode)

     try:
     try:

-        if not CACHE_DIR.exists():
-            CACHE_DIR.mkdir(parents=True)
+        CACHE_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

         new_cache = {**cache, **{src.resolve(): get_cache_info(src) for src in sources}}
         new_cache = {**cache, **{src.resolve(): get_cache_info(src) for src in sources}}

-        with cache_file.open("wb") as fobj:
-            pickle.dump(new_cache, fobj, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(dir=str(cache_file.parent), delete=False) as f:
+            pickle.dump(new_cache, f, protocol=4)
+        os.replace(f.name, cache_file)

     except OSError:
         pass
 
     except OSError:
         pass