Move primer to own workflow (#1451)

[etc/vim.git] / README.md

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3052d631455f517b0b705723f9909f6d4d4fea16..6125289eb48804bed80975091a2f48f518dd33e0 100644 (file)
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,47 +1,43 @@
-![Black Logo](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ambv/black/master/docs/_static/logo2-readme.png)
+![Black Logo](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/black/master/docs/_static/logo2-readme.png)
+

 <h2 align="center">The Uncompromising Code Formatter</h2>
 
 <p align="center">
 <h2 align="center">The Uncompromising Code Formatter</h2>
 
 <p align="center">

-<a href="https://travis-ci.org/ambv/black"><img alt="Build Status" src="https://travis-ci.org/ambv/black.svg?branch=master"></a>
+<a href="https://travis-ci.com/psf/black"><img alt="Build Status" src="https://travis-ci.com/psf/black.svg?branch=master"></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/psf/black/actions"><img alt="Actions Status" src="https://github.com/psf/black/workflows/Test/badge.svg"></a>

 <a href="https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/?badge=stable"><img alt="Documentation Status" src="https://readthedocs.org/projects/black/badge/?version=stable"></a>
 <a href="https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/?badge=stable"><img alt="Documentation Status" src="https://readthedocs.org/projects/black/badge/?version=stable"></a>

-<a href="https://coveralls.io/github/ambv/black?branch=master"><img alt="Coverage Status" src="https://coveralls.io/repos/github/ambv/black/badge.svg?branch=master"></a>
-<a href="https://github.com/ambv/black/blob/master/LICENSE"><img alt="License: MIT" src="https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/_static/license.svg"></a>
-<a href="https://pypi.org/project/black/"><img alt="PyPI" src="https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/_static/pypi.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://coveralls.io/github/psf/black?branch=master"><img alt="Coverage Status" src="https://coveralls.io/repos/github/psf/black/badge.svg?branch=master"></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/LICENSE"><img alt="License: MIT" src="https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/_static/license.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://pypi.org/project/black/"><img alt="PyPI" src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/black"></a>

 <a href="https://pepy.tech/project/black"><img alt="Downloads" src="https://pepy.tech/badge/black"></a>
 <a href="https://pepy.tech/project/black"><img alt="Downloads" src="https://pepy.tech/badge/black"></a>

-<a href="https://github.com/ambv/black"><img alt="Code style: black" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/psf/black"><img alt="Code style: black" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg"></a>

 </p>
 
 > “Any color you like.”
 
 </p>
 
 > “Any color you like.”
 

+_Black_ is the uncompromising Python code formatter. By using it, you agree to cede
+control over minutiae of hand-formatting. In return, _Black_ gives you speed,
+determinism, and freedom from `pycodestyle` nagging about formatting. You will save time
+and mental energy for more important matters.

 
 

-*Black* is the uncompromising Python code formatter.  By using it, you
-agree to cede control over minutiae of hand-formatting.  In return,
-*Black* gives you speed, determinism, and freedom from `pycodestyle`
-nagging about formatting.  You will save time and mental energy for
-more important matters.
-
-Blackened code looks the same regardless of the project you're reading.
-Formatting becomes transparent after a while and you can focus on the
-content instead.
+Blackened code looks the same regardless of the project you're reading. Formatting
+becomes transparent after a while and you can focus on the content instead.

 
 

-*Black* makes code review faster by producing the smallest diffs
-possible.
+_Black_ makes code review faster by producing the smallest diffs possible.

 
 

-Try it out now using the [Black Playground](https://black.now.sh).
+Try it out now using the [Black Playground](https://black.now.sh). Watch the
+[PyCon 2019 talk](https://youtu.be/esZLCuWs_2Y) to learn more.

 
 ---
 
 
 ---
 

-*Contents:* **[Installation and usage](#installation-and-usage)** |
-**[Code style](#the-black-code-style)** |
-**[pyproject.toml](#pyprojecttoml)** |
-**[Editor integration](#editor-integration)** |
-**[blackd](#blackd)** |
+_Contents:_ **[Installation and usage](#installation-and-usage)** |
+**[Code style](#the-black-code-style)** | **[Pragmatism](#pragmatism)** |
+**[pyproject.toml](#pyprojecttoml)** | **[Editor integration](#editor-integration)** |
+**[blackd](#blackd)** | **[black-primer](#black-primer)** |

 **[Version control integration](#version-control-integration)** |
 **[Version control integration](#version-control-integration)** |

-**[Ignoring unmodified files](#ignoring-unmodified-files)** |
-**[Testimonials](#testimonials)** |
-**[Show your style](#show-your-style)** |
-**[Contributing](#contributing-to-black)** |
-**[Change Log](#change-log)** |
+**[Ignoring unmodified files](#ignoring-unmodified-files)** | **[Used by](#used-by)** |
+**[Testimonials](#testimonials)** | **[Show your style](#show-your-style)** |
+**[Contributing](#contributing-to-black)** | **[Change Log](#change-log)** |

 **[Authors](#authors)**
 
 ---
 **[Authors](#authors)**
 
 ---


@@ -50,154 +46,224 @@ Try it out now using the [Black Playground](https://black.now.sh).
 
 ### Installation
 
 
 ### Installation
 

-*Black* can be installed by running `pip install black`.  It requires
-Python 3.6.0+ to run but you can reformat Python 2 code with it, too.
-
+_Black_ can be installed by running `pip install black`. It requires Python 3.6.0+ to
+run but you can reformat Python 2 code with it, too.

 
 ### Usage
 
 To get started right away with sensible defaults:
 
 
 ### Usage
 
 To get started right away with sensible defaults:
 

-```
+```sh

 black {source_file_or_directory}
 ```
 
 ### Command line options
 
 black {source_file_or_directory}
 ```
 
 ### Command line options
 

-*Black* doesn't provide many options.  You can list them by running
-`black --help`:
+_Black_ doesn't provide many options. You can list them by running `black --help`:

 
 ```text
 
 ```text

-black [OPTIONS] [SRC]...
+Usage: black [OPTIONS] [SRC]...
+
+  The uncompromising code formatter.

 
 Options:
 
 Options:

-  -l, --line-length INTEGER   Where to wrap around.  [default: 88]
-  --py36                      Allow using Python 3.6-only syntax on all input
-                              files.  This will put trailing commas in function
-                              signatures and calls also after *args and
-                              **kwargs.  [default: per-file auto-detection]
-  --pyi                       Format all input files like typing stubs
-                              regardless of file extension (useful when piping
-                              source on standard input).
+  -c, --code TEXT                 Format the code passed in as a string.
+  -l, --line-length INTEGER       How many characters per line to allow.
+                                  [default: 88]
+
+  -t, --target-version [py27|py33|py34|py35|py36|py37|py38]
+                                  Python versions that should be supported by
+                                  Black's output. [default: per-file auto-
+                                  detection]
+
+  --pyi                           Format all input files like typing stubs
+                                  regardless of file extension (useful when
+                                  piping source on standard input).
+

   -S, --skip-string-normalization
   -S, --skip-string-normalization

-                              Don't normalize string quotes or prefixes.
-  -N, --skip-numeric-underscore-normalization
-                              Don't normalize underscores in numeric literals.
-  --check                     Don't write the files back, just return the
-                              status.  Return code 0 means nothing would
-                              change.  Return code 1 means some files would be
-                              reformatted.  Return code 123 means there was an
-                              internal error.
-  --diff                      Don't write the files back, just output a diff
-                              for each file on stdout.
-  --fast / --safe             If --fast given, skip temporary sanity checks.
-                              [default: --safe]
-  --include TEXT              A regular expression that matches files and
-                              directories that should be included on
-                              recursive searches. On Windows, use forward
-                              slashes for directories.  [default: \.pyi?$]
-  --exclude TEXT              A regular expression that matches files and
-                              directories that should be excluded on
-                              recursive searches. On Windows, use forward
-                              slashes for directories.  [default:
-                              build/|buck-out/|dist/|_build/|\.eggs/|\.git/|
-                              \.hg/|\.mypy_cache/|\.nox/|\.tox/|\.venv/]
-  -q, --quiet                 Don't emit non-error messages to stderr. Errors
-                              are still emitted, silence those with
-                              2>/dev/null.
-  -v, --verbose               Also emit messages to stderr about files
-                              that were not changed or were ignored due to
-                              --exclude=.
-  --version                   Show the version and exit.
-  --config PATH               Read configuration from PATH.
-  --help                      Show this message and exit.
+                                  Don't normalize string quotes or prefixes.
+  --check                         Don't write the files back, just return the
+                                  status.  Return code 0 means nothing would
+                                  change.  Return code 1 means some files
+                                  would be reformatted. Return code 123 means
+                                  there was an internal error.
+
+  --diff                          Don't write the files back, just output a
+                                  diff for each file on stdout.
+
+  --color / --no-color            Show colored diff. Only applies when
+                                  `--diff` is given.
+
+  --fast / --safe                 If --fast given, skip temporary sanity
+                                  checks. [default: --safe]
+
+  --include TEXT                  A regular expression that matches files and
+                                  directories that should be included on
+                                  recursive searches.  An empty value means
+                                  all files are included regardless of the
+                                  name.  Use forward slashes for directories
+                                  on all platforms (Windows, too).  Exclusions
+                                  are calculated first, inclusions later.
+                                  [default: \.pyi?$]
+
+  --exclude TEXT                  A regular expression that matches files and
+                                  directories that should be excluded on
+                                  recursive searches.  An empty value means no
+                                  paths are excluded. Use forward slashes for
+                                  directories on all platforms (Windows, too).
+                                  Exclusions are calculated first, inclusions
+                                  later.  [default: /(\.eggs|\.git|\.hg|\.mypy
+                                  _cache|\.nox|\.tox|\.venv|\.svn|_build|buck-
+                                  out|build|dist)/]
+
+  --force-exclude TEXT            Like --exclude, but files and directories
+                                  matching this regex will be excluded even
+                                  when they are passed explicitly as arguments
+
+  -q, --quiet                     Don't emit non-error messages to stderr.
+                                  Errors are still emitted; silence those with
+                                  2>/dev/null.
+
+  -v, --verbose                   Also emit messages to stderr about files
+                                  that were not changed or were ignored due to
+                                  --exclude=.
+
+  --version                       Show the version and exit.
+  --config FILE                   Read configuration from PATH.
+  -h, --help                      Show this message and exit.

 ```
 
 ```
 

-*Black* is a well-behaved Unix-style command-line tool:
-* it does nothing if no sources are passed to it;
-* it will read from standard input and write to standard output if `-`
-  is used as the filename;
-* it only outputs messages to users on standard error;
-* exits with code 0 unless an internal error occurred (or `--check` was
-  used).
+_Black_ is a well-behaved Unix-style command-line tool:

 
 

+- it does nothing if no sources are passed to it;
+- it will read from standard input and write to standard output if `-` is used as the
+  filename;
+- it only outputs messages to users on standard error;
+- exits with code 0 unless an internal error occurred (or `--check` was used).

 
 

-### NOTE: This is a beta product
+### Using _Black_ with other tools
+
+While _Black_ enforces formatting that conforms to PEP 8, other tools may raise warnings
+about _Black_'s changes or will overwrite _Black_'s changes. A good example of this is
+[isort](https://pypi.org/p/isort). Since _Black_ is barely configurable, these tools
+should be configured to neither warn about nor overwrite _Black_'s changes.
+
+Actual details on _Black_ compatible configurations for various tools can be found in
+[compatible_configs](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/docs/compatible_configs.md).
+
+### Migrating your code style without ruining git blame
+
+A long-standing argument against moving to automated code formatters like _Black_ is
+that the migration will clutter up the output of `git blame`. This was a valid argument,
+but since Git version 2.23, Git natively supports
+[ignoring revisions in blame](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-blame#Documentation/git-blame.txt---ignore-revltrevgt)
+with the `--ignore-rev` option. You can also pass a file listing the revisions to ignore
+using the `--ignore-revs-file` option. The changes made by the revision will be ignored
+when assigning blame. Lines modified by an ignored revision will be blamed on the
+previous revision that modified those lines.
+
+So when migrating your project's code style to _Black_, reformat everything and commit
+the changes (preferably in one massive commit). Then put the full 40 characters commit
+identifier(s) into a file.
+
+```
+# Migrate code style to Black
+5b4ab991dede475d393e9d69ec388fd6bd949699
+```
+
+Afterwards, you can pass that file to `git blame` and see clean and meaningful blame
+information.
+
+```console
+$ git blame important.py --ignore-revs-file .git-blame-ignore-revs
+7a1ae265 (John Smith 2019-04-15 15:55:13 -0400 1) def very_important_function(text, file):
+abdfd8b0 (Alice Doe  2019-09-23 11:39:32 -0400 2)     text = text.lstrip()
+7a1ae265 (John Smith 2019-04-15 15:55:13 -0400 3)     with open(file, "r+") as f:
+7a1ae265 (John Smith 2019-04-15 15:55:13 -0400 4)         f.write(formatted)
+```

 
 

-*Black* is already successfully used by several projects, small and big.
-It also sports a decent test suite.  However, it is still very new.
-Things will probably be wonky for a while. This is made explicit by the
-"Beta" trove classifier, as well as by the "b" in the version number.
-What this means for you is that **until the formatter becomes stable,
-you should expect some formatting to change in the future**.  That being
-said, no drastic stylistic changes are planned, mostly responses to bug
-reports.
+You can even configure `git` to automatically ignore revisions listed in a file on every
+call to `git blame`.

 
 

-Also, as a temporary safety measure, *Black* will check that the
-reformatted code still produces a valid AST that is equivalent to the
-original.  This slows it down.  If you're feeling confident, use
-``--fast``.
+```console
+$ git config blame.ignoreRevsFile .git-blame-ignore-revs
+```
+
+**The one caveat is that GitHub and GitLab do not yet support ignoring revisions using
+their native UI of blame.** So blame information will be cluttered with a reformatting
+commit on those platforms. (If you'd like this feature, there's an open issue for
+[GitLab](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/31423) and please let GitHub
+know!)
+
+### NOTE: This is a beta product
+
+_Black_ is already [successfully used](#used-by) by many projects, small and big. It
+also sports a decent test suite. However, it is still very new. Things will probably be
+wonky for a while. This is made explicit by the "Beta" trove classifier, as well as by
+the "b" in the version number. What this means for you is that **until the formatter
+becomes stable, you should expect some formatting to change in the future**. That being
+said, no drastic stylistic changes are planned, mostly responses to bug reports.

 
 

+Also, as a temporary safety measure, _Black_ will check that the reformatted code still
+produces a valid AST that is equivalent to the original. This slows it down. If you're
+feeling confident, use `--fast`.

 
 

-## The *Black* code style
+## The _Black_ code style

 
 

-*Black* reformats entire files in place.  It is not configurable.  It
-doesn't take previous formatting into account.  It doesn't reformat
-blocks that start with `# fmt: off` and end with `# fmt: on`. `# fmt: on/off`
-have to be on the same level of indentation. It also
-recognizes [YAPF](https://github.com/google/yapf)'s block comments to
-the same effect, as a courtesy for straddling code.
+_Black_ reformats entire files in place. It is not configurable. It doesn't take
+previous formatting into account. It doesn't reformat blocks that start with
+`# fmt: off` and end with `# fmt: on`. `# fmt: on/off` have to be on the same level of
+indentation. It also recognizes [YAPF](https://github.com/google/yapf)'s block comments
+to the same effect, as a courtesy for straddling code.

 
 

+### How _Black_ wraps lines

 
 

-### How *Black* wraps lines
+_Black_ ignores previous formatting and applies uniform horizontal and vertical
+whitespace to your code. The rules for horizontal whitespace can be summarized as: do
+whatever makes `pycodestyle` happy. The coding style used by _Black_ can be viewed as a
+strict subset of PEP 8.

 
 

-*Black* ignores previous formatting and applies uniform horizontal
-and vertical whitespace to your code.  The rules for horizontal
-whitespace can be summarized as: do whatever makes `pycodestyle` happy.
-The coding style used by *Black* can be viewed as a strict subset of
-PEP 8.
+As for vertical whitespace, _Black_ tries to render one full expression or simple
+statement per line. If this fits the allotted line length, great.

 
 

-As for vertical whitespace, *Black* tries to render one full expression
-or simple statement per line.  If this fits the allotted line length,
-great.

 ```py3
 # in:
 
 ```py3
 # in:
 

-l = [1,
+j = [1,

      2,
      2,

-     3,
+     3

 ]
 
 # out:
 
 ]
 
 # out:
 

-l = [1, 2, 3]
+j = [1, 2, 3]

 ```
 
 ```
 

-If not, *Black* will look at the contents of the first outer matching
-brackets and put that in a separate indented line.
+If not, _Black_ will look at the contents of the first outer matching brackets and put
+that in a separate indented line.
+

 ```py3
 # in:
 
 ```py3
 # in:
 

-TracebackException.from_exception(exc, limit, lookup_lines, capture_locals)
+ImportantClass.important_method(exc, limit, lookup_lines, capture_locals, extra_argument)

 
 # out:
 
 
 # out:
 

-TracebackException.from_exception(
-    exc, limit, lookup_lines, capture_locals
+ImportantClass.important_method(
+    exc, limit, lookup_lines, capture_locals, extra_argument

 )
 ```
 
 )
 ```
 

-If that still doesn't fit the bill, it will decompose the internal
-expression further using the same rule, indenting matching brackets
-every time.  If the contents of the matching brackets pair are
-comma-separated (like an argument list, or a dict literal, and so on)
-then *Black* will first try to keep them on the same line with the
-matching brackets.  If that doesn't work, it will put all of them in
-separate lines.
+If that still doesn't fit the bill, it will decompose the internal expression further
+using the same rule, indenting matching brackets every time. If the contents of the
+matching brackets pair are comma-separated (like an argument list, or a dict literal,
+and so on) then _Black_ will first try to keep them on the same line with the matching
+brackets. If that doesn't work, it will put all of them in separate lines.
+

 ```py3
 # in:
 
 ```py3
 # in:
 

-def very_important_function(template: str, *variables, file: os.PathLike, debug: bool = False):
+def very_important_function(template: str, *variables, file: os.PathLike, engine: str, header: bool = True, debug: bool = False):

     """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`."""
     with open(file, 'w') as f:
         ...
     """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`."""
     with open(file, 'w') as f:
         ...


@@ -208,6 +274,8 @@ def very_important_function(
     template: str,
     *variables,
     file: os.PathLike,
     template: str,
     *variables,
     file: os.PathLike,

+    engine: str,
+    header: bool = True,

     debug: bool = False,
 ):
     """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`."""
     debug: bool = False,
 ):
     """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`."""


@@ -215,19 +283,79 @@ def very_important_function(
         ...
 ```
 
         ...
 ```
 

-You might have noticed that closing brackets are always dedented and
-that a trailing comma is always added.  Such formatting produces smaller
-diffs; when you add or remove an element, it's always just one line.
-Also, having the closing bracket dedented provides a clear delimiter
-between two distinct sections of the code that otherwise share the same
-indentation level (like the arguments list and the docstring in the
-example above).
-
-If a data structure literal (tuple, list, set, dict) or a line of "from"
-imports cannot fit in the allotted length, it's always split into one
-element per line.  This minimizes diffs as well as enables readers of
-code to find which commit introduced a particular entry.  This also
-makes *Black* compatible with [isort](https://pypi.org/p/isort/) with
+_Black_ prefers parentheses over backslashes, and will remove backslashes if found.
+
+```py3
+# in:
+
+if some_short_rule1 \
+  and some_short_rule2:
+      ...
+
+# out:
+
+if some_short_rule1 and some_short_rule2:
+  ...
+
+
+# in:
+
+if some_long_rule1 \
+  and some_long_rule2:
+    ...
+
+# out:
+
+if (
+    some_long_rule1
+    and some_long_rule2
+):
+    ...
+
+```
+
+Backslashes and multiline strings are one of the two places in the Python grammar that
+break significant indentation. You never need backslashes, they are used to force the
+grammar to accept breaks that would otherwise be parse errors. That makes them confusing
+to look at and brittle to modify. This is why _Black_ always gets rid of them.
+
+If you're reaching for backslashes, that's a clear signal that you can do better if you
+slightly refactor your code. I hope some of the examples above show you that there are
+many ways in which you can do it.
+
+However there is one exception: `with` statements using multiple context managers.
+Python's grammar does not allow organizing parentheses around the series of context
+managers.
+
+We don't want formatting like:
+
+```py3
+with make_context_manager1() as cm1, make_context_manager2() as cm2, make_context_manager3() as cm3, make_context_manager4() as cm4:
+    ...  # nothing to split on - line too long
+```
+
+So _Black_ will now format it like this:
+
+```py3
+with \
+     make_context_manager(1) as cm1, \
+     make_context_manager(2) as cm2, \
+     make_context_manager(3) as cm3, \
+     make_context_manager(4) as cm4 \
+:
+    ...  # backslashes and an ugly stranded colon
+```
+
+You might have noticed that closing brackets are always dedented and that a trailing
+comma is always added. Such formatting produces smaller diffs; when you add or remove an
+element, it's always just one line. Also, having the closing bracket dedented provides a
+clear delimiter between two distinct sections of the code that otherwise share the same
+indentation level (like the arguments list and the docstring in the example above).
+
+If a data structure literal (tuple, list, set, dict) or a line of "from" imports cannot
+fit in the allotted length, it's always split into one element per line. This minimizes
+diffs as well as enables readers of code to find which commit introduced a particular
+entry. This also makes _Black_ compatible with [isort](https://pypi.org/p/isort/) with

 the following configuration.
 
 <details>
 the following configuration.
 
 <details>


@@ -243,184 +371,176 @@ line_length=88
 ```
 
 The equivalent command line is:
 ```
 
 The equivalent command line is:

+

 ```
 $ isort --multi-line=3 --trailing-comma --force-grid-wrap=0 --use-parentheses --line-width=88 [ file.py ]
 ```
 ```
 $ isort --multi-line=3 --trailing-comma --force-grid-wrap=0 --use-parentheses --line-width=88 [ file.py ]
 ```

+

 </details>
 
 ### Line length
 
 </details>
 
 ### Line length
 

-You probably noticed the peculiar default line length.  *Black* defaults
-to 88 characters per line, which happens to be 10% over 80.  This number
-was found to produce significantly shorter files than sticking with 80
-(the most popular), or even 79 (used by the standard library).  In
-general, [90-ish seems like the wise choice](https://youtu.be/wf-BqAjZb8M?t=260).
-
-If you're paid by the line of code you write, you can pass
-`--line-length` with a lower number.  *Black* will try to respect that.
-However, sometimes it won't be able to without breaking other rules.  In
-those rare cases, auto-formatted code will exceed your allotted limit.
-
-You can also increase it, but remember that people with sight disabilities
-find it harder to work with line lengths exceeding 100 characters.
-It also adversely affects side-by-side diff review  on typical screen
-resolutions.  Long lines also make it harder to present code neatly
-in documentation or talk slides.
-
-If you're using Flake8, you can bump `max-line-length` to 88 and forget
-about it.  Alternatively, use [Bugbear](https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8-bugbear)'s
-B950 warning instead of E501 and keep the max line length at 80 which
-you are probably already using.  You'd do it like this:
+You probably noticed the peculiar default line length. _Black_ defaults to 88 characters
+per line, which happens to be 10% over 80. This number was found to produce
+significantly shorter files than sticking with 80 (the most popular), or even 79 (used
+by the standard library). In general,
+[90-ish seems like the wise choice](https://youtu.be/wf-BqAjZb8M?t=260).
+
+If you're paid by the line of code you write, you can pass `--line-length` with a lower
+number. _Black_ will try to respect that. However, sometimes it won't be able to without
+breaking other rules. In those rare cases, auto-formatted code will exceed your allotted
+limit.
+
+You can also increase it, but remember that people with sight disabilities find it
+harder to work with line lengths exceeding 100 characters. It also adversely affects
+side-by-side diff review on typical screen resolutions. Long lines also make it harder
+to present code neatly in documentation or talk slides.
+
+If you're using Flake8, you can bump `max-line-length` to 88 and forget about it.
+Alternatively, use [Bugbear](https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8-bugbear)'s B950 warning
+instead of E501 and keep the max line length at 80 which you are probably already using.
+You'd do it like this:
+

 ```ini
 [flake8]
 max-line-length = 80
 ...
 select = C,E,F,W,B,B950
 ```ini
 [flake8]
 max-line-length = 80
 ...
 select = C,E,F,W,B,B950

-ignore = E501
+ignore = E203, E501, W503

 ```
 
 ```
 

-You'll find *Black*'s own .flake8 config file is configured like this.
-If you're curious about the reasoning behind B950, 
+You'll find _Black_'s own .flake8 config file is configured like this. Explanation of
+why W503 and E203 are disabled can be found further in this documentation. And if you're
+curious about the reasoning behind B950,

 [Bugbear's documentation](https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8-bugbear#opinionated-warnings)
 [Bugbear's documentation](https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8-bugbear#opinionated-warnings)

-explains it.  The tl;dr is "it's like highway speed limits, we won't
-bother you if you overdo it by a few km/h".
+explains it. The tl;dr is "it's like highway speed limits, we won't bother you if you
+overdo it by a few km/h".
+
+**If you're looking for a minimal, black-compatible flake8 configuration:**

 
 

+```ini
+[flake8]
+max-line-length = 88
+extend-ignore = E203
+```

 
 ### Empty lines
 
 
 ### Empty lines
 

-*Black* avoids spurious vertical whitespace.  This is in the spirit of
-PEP 8 which says that in-function vertical whitespace should only be
-used sparingly.
+_Black_ avoids spurious vertical whitespace. This is in the spirit of PEP 8 which says
+that in-function vertical whitespace should only be used sparingly.

 
 

-*Black* will allow single empty lines inside functions, and single and
-double empty lines on module level left by the original editors, except
-when they're within parenthesized expressions.  Since such expressions
-are always reformatted to fit minimal space, this whitespace is lost.
+_Black_ will allow single empty lines inside functions, and single and double empty
+lines on module level left by the original editors, except when they're within
+parenthesized expressions. Since such expressions are always reformatted to fit minimal
+space, this whitespace is lost.

 
 

-It will also insert proper spacing before and after function definitions.
-It's one line before and after inner functions and two lines before and
-after module-level functions and classes.  *Black* will not put empty
-lines between function/class definitions and standalone comments that
-immediately precede the given function/class.
+It will also insert proper spacing before and after function definitions. It's one line
+before and after inner functions and two lines before and after module-level functions
+and classes. _Black_ will not put empty lines between function/class definitions and
+standalone comments that immediately precede the given function/class.

 
 

-*Black* will enforce single empty lines between a class-level docstring
-and the first following field or method.  This conforms to
+_Black_ will enforce single empty lines between a class-level docstring and the first
+following field or method. This conforms to

 [PEP 257](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/#multi-line-docstrings).
 
 [PEP 257](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/#multi-line-docstrings).
 

-*Black* won't insert empty lines after function docstrings unless that
-empty line is required due to an inner function starting immediately
-after.
-
+_Black_ won't insert empty lines after function docstrings unless that empty line is
+required due to an inner function starting immediately after.

 
 ### Trailing commas
 
 
 ### Trailing commas
 

-*Black* will add trailing commas to expressions that are split
-by comma where each element is on its own line.  This includes function
-signatures.
-
-Unnecessary trailing commas are removed if an expression fits in one
-line.  This makes it 1% more likely that your line won't exceed the
-allotted line length limit.  Moreover, in this scenario, if you added
-another argument to your call, you'd probably fit it in the same line
-anyway.  That doesn't make diffs any larger.
-
-One exception to removing trailing commas is tuple expressions with
-just one element.  In this case *Black* won't touch the single trailing
-comma as this would unexpectedly change the underlying data type.  Note
-that this is also the case when commas are used while indexing.  This is
-a tuple in disguise: ```numpy_array[3, ]```.
-
-One exception to adding trailing commas is function signatures
-containing `*`, `*args`, or `**kwargs`.  In this case a trailing comma
-is only safe to use on Python 3.6.  *Black* will detect if your file is
-already 3.6+ only and use trailing commas in this situation.  If you
-wonder how it knows, it looks for f-strings and existing use of trailing
-commas in function signatures that have stars in them.  In other words,
-if you'd like a trailing comma in this situation and *Black* didn't
-recognize it was safe to do so, put it there manually and *Black* will
-keep it.
+_Black_ will add trailing commas to expressions that are split by comma where each
+element is on its own line. This includes function signatures.
+
+Unnecessary trailing commas are removed if an expression fits in one line. This makes it
+1% more likely that your line won't exceed the allotted line length limit. Moreover, in
+this scenario, if you added another argument to your call, you'd probably fit it in the
+same line anyway. That doesn't make diffs any larger.
+
+One exception to removing trailing commas is tuple expressions with just one element. In
+this case _Black_ won't touch the single trailing comma as this would unexpectedly
+change the underlying data type. Note that this is also the case when commas are used
+while indexing. This is a tuple in disguise: `numpy_array[3, ]`.

 
 

+One exception to adding trailing commas is function signatures containing `*`, `*args`,
+or `**kwargs`. In this case a trailing comma is only safe to use on Python 3.6. _Black_
+will detect if your file is already 3.6+ only and use trailing commas in this situation.
+If you wonder how it knows, it looks for f-strings and existing use of trailing commas
+in function signatures that have stars in them. In other words, if you'd like a trailing
+comma in this situation and _Black_ didn't recognize it was safe to do so, put it there
+manually and _Black_ will keep it.

 
 ### Strings
 
 
 ### Strings
 

-*Black* prefers double quotes (`"` and `"""`) over single quotes (`'`
-and `'''`).  It will replace the latter with the former as long as it
-does not result in more backslash escapes than before.
-
-*Black* also standardizes string prefixes, making them always lowercase.
-On top of that, if your code is already Python 3.6+ only or it's using
-the `unicode_literals` future import, *Black* will remove `u` from the
-string prefix as it is meaningless in those scenarios.
-
-The main reason to standardize on a single form of quotes is aesthetics.
-Having one kind of quotes everywhere reduces reader distraction.
-It will also enable a future version of *Black* to merge consecutive
-string literals that ended up on the same line (see
-[#26](https://github.com/ambv/black/issues/26) for details).
-
-Why settle on double quotes?  They anticipate apostrophes in English
-text.  They match the docstring standard described in [PEP 257](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/#what-is-a-docstring).
-An empty string in double quotes (`""`) is impossible to confuse with
-a one double-quote regardless of fonts and syntax highlighting used.
-On top of this, double quotes for strings are consistent with C which
-Python interacts a lot with.
-
-On certain keyboard layouts like US English, typing single quotes is
-a bit easier than double quotes.  The latter requires use of the Shift
-key.  My recommendation here is to keep using whatever is faster to type
-and let *Black* handle the transformation.
-
-If you are adopting *Black* in a large project with pre-existing string
-conventions (like the popular ["single quotes for data, double quotes for
-human-readable strings"](https://stackoverflow.com/a/56190)), you can
-pass `--skip-string-normalization` on the command line.  This is meant as
-an adoption helper, avoid using this for new projects.
+_Black_ prefers double quotes (`"` and `"""`) over single quotes (`'` and `'''`). It
+will replace the latter with the former as long as it does not result in more backslash
+escapes than before.
+
+_Black_ also standardizes string prefixes, making them always lowercase. On top of that,
+if your code is already Python 3.6+ only or it's using the `unicode_literals` future
+import, _Black_ will remove `u` from the string prefix as it is meaningless in those
+scenarios.
+
+The main reason to standardize on a single form of quotes is aesthetics. Having one kind
+of quotes everywhere reduces reader distraction. It will also enable a future version of
+_Black_ to merge consecutive string literals that ended up on the same line (see
+[#26](https://github.com/psf/black/issues/26) for details).
+
+Why settle on double quotes? They anticipate apostrophes in English text. They match the
+docstring standard described in
+[PEP 257](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/#what-is-a-docstring). An empty
+string in double quotes (`""`) is impossible to confuse with a one double-quote
+regardless of fonts and syntax highlighting used. On top of this, double quotes for
+strings are consistent with C which Python interacts a lot with.
+
+On certain keyboard layouts like US English, typing single quotes is a bit easier than
+double quotes. The latter requires use of the Shift key. My recommendation here is to
+keep using whatever is faster to type and let _Black_ handle the transformation.
+
+If you are adopting _Black_ in a large project with pre-existing string conventions
+(like the popular
+["single quotes for data, double quotes for human-readable strings"](https://stackoverflow.com/a/56190)),
+you can pass `--skip-string-normalization` on the command line. This is meant as an
+adoption helper, avoid using this for new projects.

 
 ### Numeric literals
 
 
 ### Numeric literals
 

-*Black* standardizes most numeric literals to use lowercase letters for the
-syntactic parts and uppercase letters for the digits themselves: `0xAB`
-instead of `0XAB` and `1e10` instead of `1E10`. Python 2 long literals are
-styled as `2L` instead of `2l` to avoid confusion between `l` and `1`. In
-Python 3.6+, *Black* adds underscores to long numeric literals to aid
-readability: `100000000` becomes `100_000_000`.
-
-For regions where numerals are grouped differently (like [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_numbering_system)
-and [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_numerals#Whole_numbers)),
-the `-N` or `--skip-numeric-underscore-normalization` command line option
-makes *Black* preserve underscores in numeric literals.
+_Black_ standardizes most numeric literals to use lowercase letters for the syntactic
+parts and uppercase letters for the digits themselves: `0xAB` instead of `0XAB` and
+`1e10` instead of `1E10`. Python 2 long literals are styled as `2L` instead of `2l` to
+avoid confusion between `l` and `1`.

 
 ### Line breaks & binary operators
 
 
 ### Line breaks & binary operators
 

-*Black* will break a line before a binary operator when splitting a block
-of code over multiple lines. This is so that *Black* is compliant with the
-recent changes in the [PEP 8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#should-a-line-break-before-or-after-a-binary-operator)
+_Black_ will break a line before a binary operator when splitting a block of code over
+multiple lines. This is so that _Black_ is compliant with the recent changes in the
+[PEP 8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#should-a-line-break-before-or-after-a-binary-operator)

 style guide, which emphasizes that this approach improves readability.
 
 style guide, which emphasizes that this approach improves readability.
 

-This behaviour may raise ``W503 line break before binary operator`` warnings in
-style guide enforcement tools like Flake8. Since ``W503`` is not PEP 8 compliant,
-you should tell Flake8 to ignore these warnings.
-
+This behaviour may raise `W503 line break before binary operator` warnings in style
+guide enforcement tools like Flake8. Since `W503` is not PEP 8 compliant, you should
+tell Flake8 to ignore these warnings.

 
 ### Slices
 
 
 ### Slices
 

-PEP 8 [recommends](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#whitespace-in-expressions-and-statements)
-to treat ``:`` in slices as a binary operator with the lowest priority, and to
-leave an equal amount of space on either side, except if a parameter is omitted
-(e.g. ``ham[1 + 1 :]``). It also states that for extended slices, both ``:``
-operators have to have the same amount of spacing, except if a parameter is
-omitted (``ham[1 + 1 ::]``). *Black* enforces these rules consistently.
-
-This behaviour may raise ``E203 whitespace before ':'`` warnings in style guide
-enforcement tools like Flake8. Since ``E203`` is not PEP 8 compliant, you should
-tell Flake8 to ignore these warnings.
-
+PEP 8
+[recommends](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#whitespace-in-expressions-and-statements)
+to treat `:` in slices as a binary operator with the lowest priority, and to leave an
+equal amount of space on either side, except if a parameter is omitted (e.g.
+`ham[1 + 1 :]`). It recommends no spaces around `:` operators for "simple expressions"
+(`ham[lower:upper]`), and extra space for "complex expressions"
+(`ham[lower : upper + offset]`). _Black_ treats anything more than variable names as
+"complex" (`ham[lower : upper + 1]`). It also states that for extended slices, both `:`
+operators have to have the same amount of spacing, except if a parameter is omitted
+(`ham[1 + 1 ::]`). _Black_ enforces these rules consistently.
+
+This behaviour may raise `E203 whitespace before ':'` warnings in style guide
+enforcement tools like Flake8. Since `E203` is not PEP 8 compliant, you should tell
+Flake8 to ignore these warnings.

 
 ### Parentheses
 
 
 ### Parentheses
 

-Some parentheses are optional in the Python grammar.  Any expression can
-be wrapped in a pair of parentheses to form an atom.  There are a few
-interesting cases:
+Some parentheses are optional in the Python grammar. Any expression can be wrapped in a
+pair of parentheses to form an atom. There are a few interesting cases:

 
 - `if (...):`
 - `while (...):`
 
 - `if (...):`
 - `while (...):`


@@ -433,30 +553,29 @@ interesting cases:
   - `some, *un, packing = (...)`
   - `augmented += (...)`
 
   - `some, *un, packing = (...)`
   - `augmented += (...)`
 

-In those cases, parentheses are removed when the entire statement fits
-in one line, or if the inner expression doesn't have any delimiters to
-further split on.  If there is only a single delimiter and the expression
-starts or ends with a bracket, the parenthesis can also be successfully
-omitted since the existing bracket pair will organize the expression
-neatly anyway.  Otherwise, the parentheses are added.
-
-Please note that *Black* does not add or remove any additional nested
-parentheses that you might want to have for clarity or further
-code organization.  For example those parentheses are not going to be
-removed:
+In those cases, parentheses are removed when the entire statement fits in one line, or
+if the inner expression doesn't have any delimiters to further split on. If there is
+only a single delimiter and the expression starts or ends with a bracket, the
+parenthesis can also be successfully omitted since the existing bracket pair will
+organize the expression neatly anyway. Otherwise, the parentheses are added.
+
+Please note that _Black_ does not add or remove any additional nested parentheses that
+you might want to have for clarity or further code organization. For example those
+parentheses are not going to be removed:
+

 ```py3
 return not (this or that)
 decision = (maybe.this() and values > 0) or (maybe.that() and values < 0)
 ```
 
 ```py3
 return not (this or that)
 decision = (maybe.this() and values > 0) or (maybe.that() and values < 0)
 ```
 

-

 ### Call chains
 
 ### Call chains
 

-Some popular APIs, like ORMs, use call chaining.  This API style is known
-as a [fluent interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface).
-*Black* formats those by treating dots that follow a call or an indexing
-operation like a very low priority delimiter.  It's easier to show the
-behavior than to explain it.  Look at the example:
+Some popular APIs, like ORMs, use call chaining. This API style is known as a
+[fluent interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface). _Black_ formats
+those by treating dots that follow a call or an indexing operation like a very low
+priority delimiter. It's easier to show the behavior than to explain it. Look at the
+example:
+

 ```py3
 def example(session):
     result = (
 ```py3
 def example(session):
     result = (


@@ -470,98 +589,126 @@ def example(session):
     )
 ```
 
     )
 ```
 

-

 ### Typing stub files
 
 ### Typing stub files
 

-PEP 484 describes the syntax for type hints in Python.  One of the
-use cases for typing is providing type annotations for modules which
-cannot contain them directly (they might be written in C, or they might
-be third-party, or their implementation may be overly dynamic, and so on).
-
-To solve this, [stub files with the `.pyi` file
-extension](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484/#stub-files) can be
-used to describe typing information for an external module.  Those stub
-files omit the implementation of classes and functions they
-describe, instead they only contain the structure of the file (listing
-globals, functions, and classes with their members).  The recommended
-code style for those files is more terse than PEP 8:
-
-* prefer `...` on the same line as the class/function signature;
-* avoid vertical whitespace between consecutive module-level functions,
-  names, or methods and fields within a single class;
-* use a single blank line between top-level class definitions, or none
-  if the classes are very small.
-
-*Black* enforces the above rules.  There are additional guidelines for
-formatting `.pyi` file that are not enforced yet but might be in
-a future version of the formatter:
-
-* all function bodies should be empty (contain `...` instead of the body);
-* do not use docstrings;
-* prefer `...` over `pass`;
-* for arguments with a default, use `...` instead of the actual default;
-* avoid using string literals in type annotations, stub files support
-  forward references natively (like Python 3.7 code with `from __future__
-  import annotations`);
-* use variable annotations instead of type comments, even for stubs that
-  target older versions of Python;
-* for arguments that default to `None`, use `Optional[]` explicitly;
-* use `float` instead of `Union[int, float]`.
+PEP 484 describes the syntax for type hints in Python. One of the use cases for typing
+is providing type annotations for modules which cannot contain them directly (they might
+be written in C, or they might be third-party, or their implementation may be overly
+dynamic, and so on).

 
 

+To solve this,
+[stub files with the `.pyi` file extension](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484/#stub-files)
+can be used to describe typing information for an external module. Those stub files omit
+the implementation of classes and functions they describe, instead they only contain the
+structure of the file (listing globals, functions, and classes with their members). The
+recommended code style for those files is more terse than PEP 8:

 
 

-## pyproject.toml
+- prefer `...` on the same line as the class/function signature;
+- avoid vertical whitespace between consecutive module-level functions, names, or
+  methods and fields within a single class;
+- use a single blank line between top-level class definitions, or none if the classes
+  are very small.

 
 

-*Black* is able to read project-specific default values for its
-command line options from a `pyproject.toml` file.  This is
-especially useful for specifying custom `--include` and `--exclude`
-patterns for your project.
+_Black_ enforces the above rules. There are additional guidelines for formatting `.pyi`
+file that are not enforced yet but might be in a future version of the formatter:

 
 

-**Pro-tip**: If you're asking yourself "Do I need to configure anything?"
-the answer is "No".  *Black* is all about sensible defaults.
+- all function bodies should be empty (contain `...` instead of the body);
+- do not use docstrings;
+- prefer `...` over `pass`;
+- for arguments with a default, use `...` instead of the actual default;
+- avoid using string literals in type annotations, stub files support forward references
+  natively (like Python 3.7 code with `from __future__ import annotations`);
+- use variable annotations instead of type comments, even for stubs that target older
+  versions of Python;
+- for arguments that default to `None`, use `Optional[]` explicitly;
+- use `float` instead of `Union[int, float]`.

 
 

+## Pragmatism

 
 

-### What on Earth is a `pyproject.toml` file?
+Early versions of _Black_ used to be absolutist in some respects. They took after its
+initial author. This was fine at the time as it made the implementation simpler and
+there were not many users anyway. Not many edge cases were reported. As a mature tool,
+_Black_ does make some exceptions to rules it otherwise holds. This section documents
+what those exceptions are and why this is the case.

 
 

-[PEP 518](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0518/) defines
-`pyproject.toml` as a configuration file to store build system
-requirements for Python projects.  With the help of tools
-like [Poetry](https://poetry.eustace.io/) or
-[Flit](https://flit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) it can fully replace the
-need for `setup.py` and `setup.cfg` files.
+### The magic trailing comma

 
 

+_Black_ in general does not take existing formatting into account.

 
 

-### Where *Black* looks for the file
+However, there are cases where you put a short collection or function call in your code
+but you anticipate it will grow in the future.

 
 

-By default *Black* looks for `pyproject.toml` starting from the common
-base directory of all files and directories passed on the command line.
-If it's not there, it looks in parent directories.  It stops looking
-when it finds the file, or a `.git` directory, or a `.hg` directory,
-or the root of the file system, whichever comes first.
+For example:

 
 

-If you're formatting standard input, *Black* will look for configuration
-starting from the current working directory.
+```py3
+TRANSLATIONS = {
+    "en_us": "English (US)",
+    "pl_pl": "polski",
+}
+```

 
 

-You can also explicitly specify the path to a particular file that you
-want with `--config`.  In this situation *Black* will not look for any
-other file.
+Early versions of _Black_ used to ruthlessly collapse those into one line (it fits!).
+Now, you can communicate that you don't want that by putting a trailing comma in the
+collection yourself. When you do, _Black_ will know to always explode your collection
+into one item per line.

 
 

-If you're running with `--verbose`, you will see a blue message if
-a file was found and used.
+How do you make it stop? Just delete that trailing comma and _Black_ will collapse your
+collection into one line if it fits.

 
 

-Please note `blackd` will not use `pyproject.toml` configuration.
+### r"strings" and R"strings"
+
+_Black_ normalizes string quotes as well as string prefixes, making them lowercase. One
+exception to this rule is r-strings. It turns out that the very popular
+[MagicPython](https://github.com/MagicStack/MagicPython/) syntax highlighter, used by
+default by (among others) GitHub and Visual Studio Code, differentiates between
+r-strings and R-strings. The former are syntax highlighted as regular expressions while
+the latter are treated as true raw strings with no special semantics.
+
+## pyproject.toml
+
+_Black_ is able to read project-specific default values for its command line options
+from a `pyproject.toml` file. This is especially useful for specifying custom
+`--include` and `--exclude` patterns for your project.

 
 

+**Pro-tip**: If you're asking yourself "Do I need to configure anything?" the answer is
+"No". _Black_ is all about sensible defaults.
+
+### What on Earth is a `pyproject.toml` file?
+
+[PEP 518](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0518/) defines `pyproject.toml` as a
+configuration file to store build system requirements for Python projects. With the help
+of tools like [Poetry](https://poetry.eustace.io/) or
+[Flit](https://flit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) it can fully replace the need for
+`setup.py` and `setup.cfg` files.
+
+### Where _Black_ looks for the file
+
+By default _Black_ looks for `pyproject.toml` starting from the common base directory of
+all files and directories passed on the command line. If it's not there, it looks in
+parent directories. It stops looking when it finds the file, or a `.git` directory, or a
+`.hg` directory, or the root of the file system, whichever comes first.
+
+If you're formatting standard input, _Black_ will look for configuration starting from
+the current working directory.
+
+You can also explicitly specify the path to a particular file that you want with
+`--config`. In this situation _Black_ will not look for any other file.
+
+If you're running with `--verbose`, you will see a blue message if a file was found and
+used.
+
+Please note `blackd` will not use `pyproject.toml` configuration.

 
 ### Configuration format
 
 
 ### Configuration format
 

-As the file extension suggests, `pyproject.toml` is a [TOML](https://github.com/toml-lang/toml) file.  It contains separate
-sections for different tools.  *Black* is using the `[tool.black]`
-section.  The option keys are the same as long names of options on
-the command line.
+As the file extension suggests, `pyproject.toml` is a
+[TOML](https://github.com/toml-lang/toml) file. It contains separate sections for
+different tools. _Black_ is using the `[tool.black]` section. The option keys are the
+same as long names of options on the command line.

 
 

-Note that you have to use single-quoted strings in TOML for regular
-expressions. It's the equivalent of r-strings in Python.  Multiline
-strings are treated as verbose regular expressions by Black.  Use `[ ]`
-to denote a significant space character.
+Note that you have to use single-quoted strings in TOML for regular expressions. It's
+the equivalent of r-strings in Python. Multiline strings are treated as verbose regular
+expressions by Black. Use `[ ]` to denote a significant space character.

 
 <details>
 <summary>Example `pyproject.toml`</summary>
 
 <details>
 <summary>Example `pyproject.toml`</summary>


@@ -569,7 +716,7 @@ to denote a significant space character.
 ```toml
 [tool.black]
 line-length = 88
 ```toml
 [tool.black]
 line-length = 88

-py36 = true
+target-version = ['py37']

 include = '\.pyi?$'
 exclude = '''
 
 include = '\.pyi?$'
 exclude = '''
 


@@ -596,23 +743,25 @@ exclude = '''
 
 ### Lookup hierarchy
 
 
 ### Lookup hierarchy
 

-Command-line options have defaults that you can see in `--help`.
-A `pyproject.toml` can override those defaults.  Finally, options
-provided by the user on the command line override both.
-
-*Black* will only ever use one `pyproject.toml` file during an entire
-run. It doesn't look for multiple files, and doesn't compose
-configuration from different levels of the file hierarchy.
+Command-line options have defaults that you can see in `--help`. A `pyproject.toml` can
+override those defaults. Finally, options provided by the user on the command line
+override both.

 
 

+_Black_ will only ever use one `pyproject.toml` file during an entire run. It doesn't
+look for multiple files, and doesn't compose configuration from different levels of the
+file hierarchy.

 
 ## Editor integration
 
 ### Emacs
 
 
 ## Editor integration
 
 ### Emacs
 

-Use [proofit404/blacken](https://github.com/proofit404/blacken).
+Options include the following:

 
 

+- [purcell/reformatter.el](https://github.com/purcell/reformatter.el)
+- [proofit404/blacken](https://github.com/proofit404/blacken)
+- [Elpy](https://github.com/jorgenschaefer/elpy).

 
 

-### PyCharm
+### PyCharm/IntelliJ IDEA

 
 1. Install `black`.
 
 
 1. Install `black`.
 


@@ -622,708 +771,594 @@ $ pip install black
 
 2. Locate your `black` installation folder.
 
 
 2. Locate your `black` installation folder.
 

-  On macOS / Linux / BSD:
+On macOS / Linux / BSD:

 
 ```console
 $ which black
 /usr/local/bin/black  # possible location
 ```
 
 
 ```console
 $ which black
 /usr/local/bin/black  # possible location
 ```
 

-  On Windows:
+On Windows:

 
 ```console
 $ where black
 %LocalAppData%\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts\black.exe  # possible location
 ```
 
 
 ```console
 $ where black
 %LocalAppData%\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts\black.exe  # possible location
 ```
 

-3. Open External tools in PyCharm with `File -> Settings -> Tools -> External Tools`.
+Note that if you are using a virtual environment detected by PyCharm, this is an
+unneeded step. In this case the path to `black` is `$PyInterpreterDirectory$/black`.

 
 

-4. Click the + icon to add a new external tool with the following values:
-    - Name: Black
-    - Description: Black is the uncompromising Python code formatter.
-    - Program: <install_location_from_step_2>
-    - Arguments: `$FilePath$`
+3. Open External tools in PyCharm/IntelliJ IDEA

 
 

-5. Format the currently opened file by selecting `Tools -> External Tools -> black`.
-    - Alternatively, you can set a keyboard shortcut by navigating to `Preferences -> Keymap -> External Tools -> External Tools - Black`.
+On macOS:

 
 

-6. Optionally, run Black on every file save:
+`PyCharm -> Preferences -> Tools -> External Tools`

 
 

-    1. Make sure you have the [File Watcher](https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/7177-file-watchers) plugin installed.
-    2. Go to `Preferences -> Tools -> File Watchers` and click `+` to add a new watcher:
-        - Name: Black
-        - File type: Python
-        - Scope: Project Files
-        - Program: <install_location_from_step_2>
-        - Arguments: `$FilePath$`
-        - Output paths to refresh: `$FilePathRelativeToProjectRoot$`
-        - Working directory: `$ProjectFileDir$`
+On Windows / Linux / BSD:

 
 

-### Vim
+`File -> Settings -> Tools -> External Tools`

 
 

-Commands and shortcuts:
+4. Click the + icon to add a new external tool with the following values:

 
 

-* `:Black` to format the entire file (ranges not supported);
-* `:BlackUpgrade` to upgrade *Black* inside the virtualenv;
-* `:BlackVersion` to get the current version of *Black* inside the
-  virtualenv.
+   - Name: Black
+   - Description: Black is the uncompromising Python code formatter.
+   - Program: <install_location_from_step_2>
+   - Arguments: `"$FilePath$"`

 
 

-Configuration:
-* `g:black_fast` (defaults to `0`)
-* `g:black_linelength` (defaults to `88`)
-* `g:black_skip_string_normalization` (defaults to `0`)
-* `g:black_virtualenv` (defaults to `~/.vim/black`)
+5. Format the currently opened file by selecting `Tools -> External Tools -> black`.

 
 

-To install with [vim-plug](https://github.com/junegunn/vim-plug):
+   - Alternatively, you can set a keyboard shortcut by navigating to
+     `Preferences or Settings -> Keymap -> External Tools -> External Tools - Black`.

 
 

-```
-Plug 'ambv/black'
-```
+6. Optionally, run _Black_ on every file save:

 
 

-or with [Vundle](https://github.com/VundleVim/Vundle.vim):
+   1. Make sure you have the
+      [File Watchers](https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/7177-file-watchers) plugin
+      installed.
+   2. Go to `Preferences or Settings -> Tools -> File Watchers` and click `+` to add a
+      new watcher:
+      - Name: Black
+      - File type: Python
+      - Scope: Project Files
+      - Program: <install_location_from_step_2>
+      - Arguments: `$FilePath$`
+      - Output paths to refresh: `$FilePath$`
+      - Working directory: `$ProjectFileDir$`

 
 

-```
-Plugin 'ambv/black'
-```
+   - Uncheck "Auto-save edited files to trigger the watcher" in Advanced Options

 
 

-or you can copy the plugin from [plugin/black.vim](https://github.com/ambv/black/tree/master/plugin/black.vim).
-Let me know if this requires any changes to work with Vim 8's builtin
-`packadd`, or Pathogen, and so on.
+### Wing IDE

 
 

-This plugin **requires Vim 7.0+ built with Python 3.6+ support**.  It
-needs Python 3.6 to be able to run *Black* inside the Vim process which
-is much faster than calling an external command.
+Wing supports black via the OS Commands tool, as explained in the Wing documentation on
+[pep8 formatting](https://wingware.com/doc/edit/pep8). The detailed procedure is:

 
 

-On first run, the plugin creates its own virtualenv using the right
-Python version and automatically installs *Black*. You can upgrade it later
-by calling `:BlackUpgrade` and restarting Vim.
-
-If you need to do anything special to make your virtualenv work and
-install *Black* (for example you want to run a version from master),
-create a virtualenv manually and point `g:black_virtualenv` to it.
-The plugin will use it.
-
-To run *Black* on save, add the following line to `.vimrc` or `init.vim`:
+1. Install `black`.

 
 

-```
-autocmd BufWritePre *.py execute ':Black'
+```console
+$ pip install black

 ```
 
 ```
 

-**How to get Vim with Python 3.6?**
-On Ubuntu 17.10 Vim comes with Python 3.6 by default.
-On macOS with Homebrew run: `brew install vim --with-python3`.
-When building Vim from source, use:
-`./configure --enable-python3interp=yes`. There's many guides online how
-to do this.
+2. Make sure it runs from the command line, e.g.

 
 

+```console
+$ black --help
+```

 
 

-### Visual Studio Code
+3. In Wing IDE, activate the **OS Commands** panel and define the command **black** to
+   execute black on the currently selected file:

 
 

-Use the [Python extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-python.python)
-([instructions](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/python/editing#_formatting)).
+- Use the Tools -> OS Commands menu selection
+- click on **+** in **OS Commands** -> New: Command line..
+  - Title: black
+  - Command Line: black %s
+  - I/O Encoding: Use Default
+  - Key Binding: F1
+  - [x] Raise OS Commands when executed
+  - [x] Auto-save files before execution
+  - [x] Line mode

 
 

+4. Select a file in the editor and press **F1** , or whatever key binding you selected
+   in step 3, to reformat the file.

 
 

-### SublimeText 3
+### Vim

 
 

-Use [sublack plugin](https://github.com/jgirardet/sublack).
+Commands and shortcuts:

 
 

+- `:Black` to format the entire file (ranges not supported);
+- `:BlackUpgrade` to upgrade _Black_ inside the virtualenv;
+- `:BlackVersion` to get the current version of _Black_ inside the virtualenv.

 
 

-### Jupyter Notebook Magic
+Configuration:

 
 

-Use [blackcellmagic](https://github.com/csurfer/blackcellmagic).
+- `g:black_fast` (defaults to `0`)
+- `g:black_linelength` (defaults to `88`)
+- `g:black_skip_string_normalization` (defaults to `0`)
+- `g:black_virtualenv` (defaults to `~/.vim/black` or `~/.local/share/nvim/black`)

 
 

+To install with [vim-plug](https://github.com/junegunn/vim-plug):

 
 

-### Python Language Server
+```
+Plug 'psf/black', { 'branch': 'stable' }
+```

 
 

-If your editor supports the [Language Server Protocol](https://langserver.org/)
-(Atom, Sublime Text, Visual Studio Code and many more), you can use
-the [Python Language Server](https://github.com/palantir/python-language-server) with the
-[pyls-black](https://github.com/rupert/pyls-black) plugin.
+or with [Vundle](https://github.com/VundleVim/Vundle.vim):

 
 

+```
+Plugin 'psf/black'
+```

 
 

-### Atom/Nuclide
+and execute the following in a terminal:

 
 

-Use [python-black](https://atom.io/packages/python-black).
+```console
+$ cd ~/.vim/bundle/black
+$ git checkout origin/stable -b stable
+```

 
 

+or you can copy the plugin from
+[plugin/black.vim](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/stable/plugin/black.vim).

 
 

-### Other editors
+```
+mkdir -p ~/.vim/pack/python/start/black/plugin
+curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/black/master/plugin/black.vim -o ~/.vim/pack/python/start/black/plugin/black.vim
+```

 
 

-Other editors will require external contributions.
+Let me know if this requires any changes to work with Vim 8's builtin `packadd`, or
+Pathogen, and so on.

 
 

-Patches welcome! ✨ 🍰 ✨
+This plugin **requires Vim 7.0+ built with Python 3.6+ support**. It needs Python 3.6 to
+be able to run _Black_ inside the Vim process which is much faster than calling an
+external command.

 
 

-Any tool that can pipe code through *Black* using its stdio mode (just
-[use `-` as the file name](https://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/special-chars.html#DASHREF2)).
-The formatted code will be returned on stdout (unless `--check` was
-passed).  *Black* will still emit messages on stderr but that shouldn't
-affect your use case.
+On first run, the plugin creates its own virtualenv using the right Python version and
+automatically installs _Black_. You can upgrade it later by calling `:BlackUpgrade` and
+restarting Vim.

 
 

-This can be used for example with PyCharm's [File Watchers](https://www.jetbrains.com/help/pycharm/file-watchers.html).
+If you need to do anything special to make your virtualenv work and install _Black_ (for
+example you want to run a version from master), create a virtualenv manually and point
+`g:black_virtualenv` to it. The plugin will use it.

 
 

-## blackd
+To run _Black_ on save, add the following line to `.vimrc` or `init.vim`:

 
 

-`blackd` is a small HTTP server that exposes *Black*'s functionality over
-a simple protocol. The main benefit of using it is to avoid paying the
-cost of starting up a new *Black* process every time you want to blacken
-a file.
+```
+autocmd BufWritePre *.py execute ':Black'
+```

 
 

-### Usage
+To run _Black_ on a key press (e.g. F9 below), add this:

 
 

-`blackd` is not packaged alongside *Black* by default because it has additional
-dependencies. You will need to do `pip install black[d]` to install it.
+```
+nnoremap <F9> :Black<CR>
+```

 
 

-You can start the server on the default port, binding only to the local interface
-by running `blackd`. You will see a single line mentioning the server's version,
-and the host and port it's listening on. `blackd` will then print an access log
-similar to most web servers on standard output, merged with any exception traces
-caused by invalid formatting requests.
+**How to get Vim with Python 3.6?** On Ubuntu 17.10 Vim comes with Python 3.6 by
+default. On macOS with Homebrew run: `brew install vim`. When building Vim from source,
+use: `./configure --enable-python3interp=yes`. There's many guides online how to do
+this.

 
 

-`blackd` provides even less options than *Black*. You can see them by running
-`blackd --help`:
+**I get an import error when using _Black_ from a virtual environment**: If you get an
+error message like this:

 
 ```text
 
 ```text

-Usage: blackd [OPTIONS]
-
-Options:
-  --bind-host TEXT                Address to bind the server to.
-  --bind-port INTEGER             Port to listen on
-  --version                       Show the version and exit.
-  -h, --help                      Show this message and exit.
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<string>", line 63, in <module>
+  File "/home/gui/.vim/black/lib/python3.7/site-packages/black.py", line 45, in <module>
+    from typed_ast import ast3, ast27
+  File "/home/gui/.vim/black/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typed_ast/ast3.py", line 40, in <module>
+    from typed_ast import _ast3
+ImportError: /home/gui/.vim/black/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typed_ast/_ast3.cpython-37m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so: undefined symbool: PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt

 ```
 
 ```
 

-### Protocol
-
-`blackd` only accepts `POST` requests at the `/` path. The body of the request
-should contain the python source code to be formatted, encoded
-according to the `charset` field in the `Content-Type` request header. If no
-`charset` is specified, `blackd` assumes `UTF-8`.
-
-There are a few HTTP headers that control how the source is formatted. These
-correspond to command line flags for *Black*. There is one exception to this:
-`X-Protocol-Version` which if present, should have the value `1`, otherwise the
-request is rejected with `HTTP 501` (Not Implemented).
-
-The headers controlling how code is formatted are:
+Then you need to install `typed_ast` and `regex` directly from the source code. The
+error happens because `pip` will download [Python wheels](https://pythonwheels.com/) if
+they are available. Python wheels are a new standard of distributing Python packages and
+packages that have Cython and extensions written in C are already compiled, so the
+installation is much more faster. The problem here is that somehow the Python
+environment inside Vim does not match with those already compiled C extensions and these
+kind of errors are the result. Luckily there is an easy fix: installing the packages
+from the source code.

 
 

- - `X-Line-Length`: corresponds to the `--line-length` command line flag.
- - `X-Skip-String-Normalization`: corresponds to the `--skip-string-normalization`
-    command line flag. If present and its value is not the empty string, no string
-    normalization will be performed.
- - `X-Skip-Numeric-Underscore-Normalization`: corresponds to the
-    `--skip-numeric-underscore-normalization` command line flag.
- - `X-Fast-Or-Safe`: if set to `fast`, `blackd` will act as *Black* does when
-    passed the `--fast` command line flag.
- - `X-Python-Variant`: if set to `pyi`, `blackd` will act as *Black* does when
-    passed the `--pyi` command line flag. Otherwise, its value must correspond to
-    a Python version. If this value represents at least Python 3.6, `blackd` will
-    act as *Black* does when passed the `--py36` command line flag.
-
-If any of these headers are set to invalid values, `blackd` returns a `HTTP 400`
-error response, mentioning the name of the problematic header in the message body.
+The two packages that cause the problem are:

 
 

-Apart from the above, `blackd` can produce the following response codes:
+- [regex](https://pypi.org/project/regex/)
+- [typed-ast](https://pypi.org/project/typed-ast/)

 
 

- - `HTTP 204`: If the input is already well-formatted. The response body is
-       empty.
- - `HTTP 200`: If formatting was needed on the input. The response body
-       contains the blackened Python code, and the `Content-Type` header is set
-       accordingly.
- - `HTTP 400`: If the input contains a syntax error. Details of the error are
-       returned in the response body.
- - `HTTP 500`: If there was any kind of error while trying to format the input.
-       The response body contains a textual representation of the error.
+Now remove those two packages:

 
 

-## Version control integration
-
-Use [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com/). Once you [have it
-installed](https://pre-commit.com/#install), add this to the
-`.pre-commit-config.yaml` in your repository:
-```yaml
-repos:
--   repo: https://github.com/ambv/black
-    rev: stable
-    hooks:
-    - id: black
-      language_version: python3.6
+```console
+$ pip uninstall regex typed-ast -y

 ```
 ```

-Then run `pre-commit install` and you're ready to go.
-
-Avoid using `args` in the hook.  Instead, store necessary configuration
-in `pyproject.toml` so that editors and command-line usage of Black all
-behave consistently for your project.  See *Black*'s own `pyproject.toml`
-for an example.

 
 

-If you're already using Python 3.7, switch the `language_version`
-accordingly. Finally, `stable` is a tag that is pinned to the latest
-release on PyPI.  If you'd rather run on master, this is also an option.
+And now you can install them with:

 
 

+```console
+$ pip install --no-binary :all: regex typed-ast
+```

 
 

-## Ignoring unmodified files
-
-*Black* remembers files it has already formatted, unless the `--diff` flag is used or
-code is passed via standard input. This information is stored per-user. The exact
-location of the file depends on the *Black* version and the system on which *Black*
-is run. The file is non-portable. The standard location on common operating systems
-is:
-
-* Windows: `C:\\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\black\black\Cache\<version>\cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle`
-* macOS: `/Users/<username>/Library/Caches/black/<version>/cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle`
-* Linux: `/home/<username>/.cache/black/<version>/cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle`
-
-`file-mode` is an int flag that determines whether the file was formatted as 3.6+ only,
-as .pyi, and whether string normalization was omitted.
+The C extensions will be compiled and now Vim's Python environment will match. Note that
+you need to have the GCC compiler and the Python development files installed (on
+Ubuntu/Debian do `sudo apt-get install build-essential python3-dev`).

 
 

+If you later want to update _Black_, you should do it like this:

 
 

-## Testimonials
+```console
+$ pip install -U black --no-binary regex,typed-ast
+```

 
 

-**Dusty Phillips**, [writer](https://smile.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=dusty+phillips):
+### Visual Studio Code

 
 

-> *Black* is opinionated so you don't have to be.
+Use the
+[Python extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-python.python)
+([instructions](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/python/editing#_formatting)).

 
 

-**Hynek Schlawack**, [creator of `attrs`](https://www.attrs.org/), core
-developer of Twisted and CPython:
+### SublimeText 3

 
 

-> An auto-formatter that doesn't suck is all I want for Xmas!
+Use [sublack plugin](https://github.com/jgirardet/sublack).

 
 

-**Carl Meyer**, [Django](https://www.djangoproject.com/) core developer:
+### Jupyter Notebook Magic

 
 

-> At least the name is good.
+Use [blackcellmagic](https://github.com/csurfer/blackcellmagic).

 
 

-**Kenneth Reitz**, creator of [`requests`](http://python-requests.org/)
-and [`pipenv`](https://docs.pipenv.org/):
+### Python Language Server

 
 

-> This vastly improves the formatting of our code. Thanks a ton!
+If your editor supports the [Language Server Protocol](https://langserver.org/) (Atom,
+Sublime Text, Visual Studio Code and many more), you can use the
+[Python Language Server](https://github.com/palantir/python-language-server) with the
+[pyls-black](https://github.com/rupert/pyls-black) plugin.

 
 

+### Atom/Nuclide

 
 

-## Show your style
+Use [python-black](https://atom.io/packages/python-black).

 
 

-Use the badge in your project's README.md:
+### Kakoune

 
 

-```markdown
-[![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/ambv/black)
-```
+Add the following hook to your kakrc, then run _Black_ with `:format`.

 
 

-Using the badge in README.rst:

 ```
 ```

-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg
-    :target: https://github.com/ambv/black
+hook global WinSetOption filetype=python %{
+    set-option window formatcmd 'black -q  -'
+}

 ```
 
 ```
 

-Looks like this: [![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/ambv/black)
-
-
-## License
-
-MIT
-
-
-## Contributing to *Black*
-
-In terms of inspiration, *Black* is about as configurable as *gofmt*.
-This is deliberate.
-
-Bug reports and fixes are always welcome!  However, before you suggest a
-new feature or configuration knob, ask yourself why you want it.  If it
-enables better integration with some workflow, fixes an inconsistency,
-speeds things up, and so on - go for it!  On the other hand, if your
-answer is "because I don't like a particular formatting" then you're not
-ready to embrace *Black* yet. Such changes are unlikely to get accepted.
-You can still try but prepare to be disappointed.
-
-More details can be found in [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md).
-
-
-## Change Log
-
-### 18.9b0
-
-* numeric literals are now formatted by *Black* (#452, #461, #464, #469):
-
-  * numeric literals are normalized to include `_` separators on Python 3.6+ code
-
-  * added `--skip-numeric-underscore-normalization` to disable the above behavior and
-    leave numeric underscores as they were in the input
-
-  * code with `_` in numeric literals is recognized as Python 3.6+
-
-  * most letters in numeric literals are lowercased (e.g., in `1e10`, `0x01`)
-
-  * hexadecimal digits are always uppercased (e.g. `0xBADC0DE`)
-
-* added `blackd`, see [its documentation](#blackd) for more info (#349)
-
-* adjacent string literals are now correctly split into multiple lines (#463)
-
-* trailing comma is now added to single imports that don't fit on a line (#250)
-
-* cache is now populated when `--check` is successful for a file which speeds up
-  consecutive checks of properly formatted unmodified files (#448)
-
-* whitespace at the beginning of the file is now removed (#399)
-
-* fixed mangling [pweave](http://mpastell.com/pweave/) and
-  [Spyder IDE](https://pythonhosted.org/spyder/) special comments (#532)
-
-* fixed unstable formatting when unpacking big tuples (#267)
-
-* fixed parsing of `__future__` imports with renames (#389)
-
-* fixed scope of `# fmt: off` when directly preceding `yield` and other nodes (#385)
-
-* fixed formatting of lambda expressions with default arguments (#468)
-
-* fixed ``async for`` statements: *Black* no longer breaks them into separate
-  lines (#372)
-
-* note: the Vim plugin stopped registering ``,=`` as a default chord as it turned out
-  to be a bad idea (#415)
-
-
-### 18.6b4
-
-* hotfix: don't freeze when multiple comments directly precede `# fmt: off` (#371)
-
-
-### 18.6b3
-
-* typing stub files (`.pyi`) now have blank lines added after constants (#340)
-
-* `# fmt: off` and `# fmt: on` are now much more dependable:
-
-  * they now work also within bracket pairs (#329)
-
-  * they now correctly work across function/class boundaries (#335)
-
-  * they now work when an indentation block starts with empty lines or misaligned
-    comments (#334)
-
-* made Click not fail on invalid environments; note that Click is right but the
-  likelihood we'll need to access non-ASCII file paths when dealing with Python source
-  code is low (#277)
-
-* fixed improper formatting of f-strings with quotes inside interpolated
-  expressions (#322)
-
-* fixed unnecessary slowdown when long list literals where found in a file
-
-* fixed unnecessary slowdown on AST nodes with very many siblings
-
-* fixed cannibalizing backslashes during string normalization
-
-* fixed a crash due to symbolic links pointing outside of the project directory (#338)
-
-
-### 18.6b2
-
-* added `--config` (#65)
-
-* added `-h` equivalent to `--help` (#316)
-
-* fixed improper unmodified file caching when `-S` was used
-
-* fixed extra space in string unpacking (#305)
-
-* fixed formatting of empty triple quoted strings (#313)
-
-* fixed unnecessary slowdown in comment placement calculation on lines without
-  comments
-
-
-### 18.6b1
-
-* hotfix: don't output human-facing information on stdout (#299)
-
-* hotfix: don't output cake emoji on non-zero return code (#300)
-
-
-### 18.6b0
-
-* added `--include` and `--exclude` (#270)
-
-* added `--skip-string-normalization` (#118)
+### Thonny

 
 

-* added `--verbose` (#283)
+Use [Thonny-black-code-format](https://github.com/Franccisco/thonny-black-code-format).

 
 

-* the header output in `--diff` now actually conforms to the unified diff spec
-
-* fixed long trivial assignments being wrapped in unnecessary parentheses (#273)
-
-* fixed unnecessary parentheses when a line contained multiline strings (#232)
-
-* fixed stdin handling not working correctly if an old version of Click was
-  used (#276)
-
-* *Black* now preserves line endings when formatting a file in place (#258)
-
-
-### 18.5b1
-
-* added `--pyi` (#249)
-
-* added `--py36` (#249)
-
-* Python grammar pickle caches are stored with the formatting caches, making
-  *Black* work in environments where site-packages is not user-writable (#192)
-
-* *Black* now enforces a PEP 257 empty line after a class-level docstring
-  (and/or fields) and the first method
-
-* fixed invalid code produced when standalone comments were present in a trailer
-  that was omitted from line splitting on a large expression (#237)
-
-* fixed optional parentheses being removed within `# fmt: off` sections (#224)
-
-* fixed invalid code produced when stars in very long imports were incorrectly
-  wrapped in optional parentheses (#234)
-
-* fixed unstable formatting when inline comments were moved around in
-  a trailer that was omitted from line splitting on a large expression
-  (#238)
-
-* fixed extra empty line between a class declaration and the first
-  method if no class docstring or fields are present (#219)
-
-* fixed extra empty line between a function signature and an inner
-  function or inner class (#196)
-
-
-### 18.5b0
-
-* call chains are now formatted according to the
-  [fluent interfaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface)
-  style (#67)
-
-* data structure literals (tuples, lists, dictionaries, and sets) are
-  now also always exploded like imports when they don't fit in a single
-  line (#152)
-
-* slices are now formatted according to PEP 8 (#178)
-
-* parentheses are now also managed automatically on the right-hand side
-  of assignments and return statements (#140)
-
-* math operators now use their respective priorities for delimiting multiline
-  expressions (#148)
-
-* optional parentheses are now omitted on expressions that start or end
-  with a bracket and only contain a single operator (#177)
-
-* empty parentheses in a class definition are now removed (#145, #180)
-
-* string prefixes are now standardized to lowercase and `u` is removed
-  on Python 3.6+ only code and Python 2.7+ code with the `unicode_literals`
-  future import (#188, #198, #199)
-
-* typing stub files (`.pyi`) are now formatted in a style that is consistent
-  with PEP 484 (#207, #210)
-
-* progress when reformatting many files is now reported incrementally
-
-* fixed trailers (content with brackets) being unnecessarily exploded
-  into their own lines after a dedented closing bracket (#119)
-
-* fixed an invalid trailing comma sometimes left in imports (#185)
-
-* fixed non-deterministic formatting when multiple pairs of removable parentheses
-  were used (#183)
-
-* fixed multiline strings being unnecessarily wrapped in optional
-  parentheses in long assignments (#215)
-
-* fixed not splitting long from-imports with only a single name
-
-* fixed Python 3.6+ file discovery by also looking at function calls with
-  unpacking. This fixed non-deterministic formatting if trailing commas
-  where used both in function signatures with stars and function calls
-  with stars but the former would be reformatted to a single line.
-
-* fixed crash on dealing with optional parentheses (#193)
-
-* fixed "is", "is not", "in", and "not in" not considered operators for
-  splitting purposes
-
-* fixed crash when dead symlinks where encountered
-
-
-### 18.4a4
+### Other editors

 
 

-* don't populate the cache on `--check` (#175)
+Other editors will require external contributions.

 
 

+Patches welcome! ✨ 🍰 ✨

 
 

-### 18.4a3
+Any tool that can pipe code through _Black_ using its stdio mode (just
+[use `-` as the file name](https://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/special-chars.html#DASHREF2)).
+The formatted code will be returned on stdout (unless `--check` was passed). _Black_
+will still emit messages on stderr but that shouldn't affect your use case.

 
 

-* added a "cache"; files already reformatted that haven't changed on disk
-  won't be reformatted again (#109)
+This can be used for example with PyCharm's or IntelliJ's
+[File Watchers](https://www.jetbrains.com/help/pycharm/file-watchers.html).

 
 

-* `--check` and `--diff` are no longer mutually exclusive (#149)
+## blackd

 
 

-* generalized star expression handling, including double stars; this
-  fixes multiplication making expressions "unsafe" for trailing commas (#132)
+`blackd` is a small HTTP server that exposes _Black_'s functionality over a simple
+protocol. The main benefit of using it is to avoid paying the cost of starting up a new
+_Black_ process every time you want to blacken a file.

 
 

-* *Black* no longer enforces putting empty lines behind control flow statements
-  (#90)
+### Usage

 
 

-* *Black* now splits imports like "Mode 3 + trailing comma" of isort (#127)
+`blackd` is not packaged alongside _Black_ by default because it has additional
+dependencies. You will need to do `pip install black[d]` to install it.

 
 

-* fixed comment indentation when a standalone comment closes a block (#16, #32)
+You can start the server on the default port, binding only to the local interface by
+running `blackd`. You will see a single line mentioning the server's version, and the
+host and port it's listening on. `blackd` will then print an access log similar to most
+web servers on standard output, merged with any exception traces caused by invalid
+formatting requests.

 
 

-* fixed standalone comments receiving extra empty lines if immediately preceding
-  a class, def, or decorator (#56, #154)
+`blackd` provides even less options than _Black_. You can see them by running
+`blackd --help`:

 
 

-* fixed `--diff` not showing entire path (#130)
+```text
+Usage: blackd [OPTIONS]

 
 

-* fixed parsing of complex expressions after star and double stars in
-  function calls (#2)
+Options:
+  --bind-host TEXT                Address to bind the server to.
+  --bind-port INTEGER             Port to listen on
+  --version                       Show the version and exit.
+  -h, --help                      Show this message and exit.
+```

 
 

-* fixed invalid splitting on comma in lambda arguments (#133)
+There is no official blackd client tool (yet!). You can test that blackd is working
+using `curl`:

 
 

-* fixed missing splits of ternary expressions (#141)
+```sh
+blackd --bind-port 9090 &  # or let blackd choose a port
+curl -s -XPOST "localhost:9090" -d "print('valid')"
+```

 
 

+### Protocol

 
 

-### 18.4a2
+`blackd` only accepts `POST` requests at the `/` path. The body of the request should
+contain the python source code to be formatted, encoded according to the `charset` field
+in the `Content-Type` request header. If no `charset` is specified, `blackd` assumes
+`UTF-8`.

 
 

-* fixed parsing of unaligned standalone comments (#99, #112)
+There are a few HTTP headers that control how the source is formatted. These correspond
+to command line flags for _Black_. There is one exception to this: `X-Protocol-Version`
+which if present, should have the value `1`, otherwise the request is rejected with
+`HTTP 501` (Not Implemented).

 
 

-* fixed placement of dictionary unpacking inside dictionary literals (#111)
+The headers controlling how code is formatted are:

 
 

-* Vim plugin now works on Windows, too
+- `X-Line-Length`: corresponds to the `--line-length` command line flag.
+- `X-Skip-String-Normalization`: corresponds to the `--skip-string-normalization`
+  command line flag. If present and its value is not the empty string, no string
+  normalization will be performed.
+- `X-Fast-Or-Safe`: if set to `fast`, `blackd` will act as _Black_ does when passed the
+  `--fast` command line flag.
+- `X-Python-Variant`: if set to `pyi`, `blackd` will act as _Black_ does when passed the
+  `--pyi` command line flag. Otherwise, its value must correspond to a Python version or
+  a set of comma-separated Python versions, optionally prefixed with `py`. For example,
+  to request code that is compatible with Python 3.5 and 3.6, set the header to
+  `py3.5,py3.6`.
+- `X-Diff`: corresponds to the `--diff` command line flag. If present, a diff of the
+  formats will be output.
+
+If any of these headers are set to invalid values, `blackd` returns a `HTTP 400` error
+response, mentioning the name of the problematic header in the message body.

 
 

-* fixed unstable formatting when encountering unnecessarily escaped quotes
-  in a string (#120)
+Apart from the above, `blackd` can produce the following response codes:

 
 

+- `HTTP 204`: If the input is already well-formatted. The response body is empty.
+- `HTTP 200`: If formatting was needed on the input. The response body contains the
+  blackened Python code, and the `Content-Type` header is set accordingly.
+- `HTTP 400`: If the input contains a syntax error. Details of the error are returned in
+  the response body.
+- `HTTP 500`: If there was any kind of error while trying to format the input. The
+  response body contains a textual representation of the error.

 
 

-### 18.4a1
+The response headers include a `X-Black-Version` header containing the version of
+_Black_.

 
 

-* added `--quiet` (#78)
+## black-primer

 
 

-* added automatic parentheses management (#4)
+`black-primer` is a tool built for CI (and huumans) to have _Black_ `--check` a number
+of (configured in `primer.json`) Git accessible projects in parallel. _(A PR will be
+accepted to add Mercurial support.)_

 
 

-* added [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com) integration (#103, #104)
+### Run flow

 
 

-* fixed reporting on `--check` with multiple files (#101, #102)
+- Ensure we have a `black` + `git` in PATH
+- Load projects from `primer.json`
+- Run projects in parallel with `--worker` workers (defaults to CPU count / 2)
+  - Checkout projects
+  - Run black and record result
+  - Clean up repository checkout _(can optionally be disabled via `--keep`)_
+- Display results summary to screen
+- Default to cleaning up `--work-dir` (which defaults to tempfile schemantics)
+- Return
+  - 0 for successful run
+  - < 0 for environment / internal error
+  - > 0 for each project with an error

 
 

-* fixed removing backslash escapes from raw strings (#100, #105)
+### Speed up Runs 🏎

 
 

+If you're running locally yourself to test black on lots of code try:

 
 

-### 18.4a0
+- Using `-k` / `--keep` + `-w` / `--work-dir` so you don't have to re-checkout the repo
+  each run

 
 

-* added `--diff` (#87)
+### CLI Arguments

 
 

-* add line breaks before all delimiters, except in cases like commas, to
-  better comply with PEP 8 (#73)
+```text
+Usage: black-primer [OPTIONS]

 
 

-* standardize string literals to use double quotes (almost) everywhere
-  (#75)
+  primer - prime projects for blackening... 🏴

 
 

-* fixed handling of standalone comments within nested bracketed
-  expressions; *Black* will no longer produce super long lines or put all
-  standalone comments at the end of the expression (#22)
+Options:
+  -c, --config PATH      JSON config file path  [default: /Users/cooper/repos/
+                         black/src/black_primer/primer.json]

 
 

-* fixed 18.3a4 regression: don't crash and burn on empty lines with
-  trailing whitespace (#80)
+  --debug                Turn on debug logging  [default: False]
+  -k, --keep             Keep workdir + repos post run  [default: False]
+  -L, --long-checkouts   Pull big projects to test  [default: False]
+  -R, --rebase           Rebase project if already checked out  [default:
+                         False]

 
 

-* fixed 18.3a4 regression: `# yapf: disable` usage as trailing comment
-  would cause *Black* to not emit the rest of the file (#95)
+  -w, --workdir PATH     Directory Path for repo checkouts  [default: /var/fol
+                         ders/tc/hbwxh76j1hn6gqjd2n2sjn4j9k1glp/T/primer.20200
+                         517125229]

 
 

-* when CTRL+C is pressed while formatting many files, *Black* no longer
-  freaks out with a flurry of asyncio-related exceptions
+  -W, --workers INTEGER  Number of parallel worker coroutines  [default: 69]
+  -h, --help             Show this message and exit.
+```

 
 

-* only allow up to two empty lines on module level and only single empty
-  lines within functions (#74)
+### primer config file
+
+The config is JSON format. Its main element is the `"projects"` dictionary. Below
+explains each parameter:
+
+```json
+{
+  "projects": {
+    "00_Example": {
+      "cli_arguments": "List of extra CLI arguments to pass Black for this project",
+      "expect_formatting_changes": "Boolean to indicate that the version of Black is expected to cause changes",
+      "git_clone_url": "URL you would pass `git clone` to check out this repo",
+      "long_checkout": "Boolean to have repo skipped by defauult unless `--long-checkouts` is specified",
+      "py_versions": "List of major Python versions to run this project with - all will do as you'd expect - run on ALL versions"
+    },
+    "aioexabgp": {
+      "cli_arguments": [],
+      "expect_formatting_changes": true,
+      "git_clone_url": "https://github.com/cooperlees/aioexabgp.git",
+      "long_checkout": false,
+      "py_versions": ["all", "3.8"] // "all" ignores all other versions
+    }
+  }
+}
+```

 
 

+### Example run

 
 

-### 18.3a4
+```console
+cooper-mbp:black cooper$ ~/venvs/b/bin/black-primer
+[2020-05-17 13:06:40,830] INFO: 4 projects to run Black over (lib.py:270)
+[2020-05-17 13:06:44,215] INFO: Analyzing results (lib.py:285)
+-- primer results 📊 --
+
+3 / 4 succeeded (75.0%) ✅
+1 / 4 FAILED (25.0%) 💩
+ - 0 projects disabled by config
+ - 0 projects skipped due to Python version
+ - 0 skipped due to long checkout
+
+Failed projects:
+
+## flake8-bugbear:
+ - Returned 1
+ - stdout:
+--- tests/b303_b304.py 2020-05-17 20:04:09.991227 +0000
++++ tests/b303_b304.py 2020-05-17 20:06:42.753851 +0000
+@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@
+     maxint = 5  # this is okay
+     # the following shouldn't crash
+     (a, b, c) = list(range(3))
+     # it's different than this
+     a, b, c = list(range(3))
+-    a, b, c, = list(range(3))
++    a, b, c = list(range(3))
+     # and different than this
+     (a, b), c = list(range(3))
+     a, *b, c = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+     b[1:3] = [0, 0]
+
+would reformat tests/b303_b304.py
+Oh no! 💥 💔 💥
+1 file would be reformatted, 22 files would be left unchanged.
+```

 
 

-* `# fmt: off` and `# fmt: on` are implemented (#5)
+## Version control integration

 
 

-* automatic detection of deprecated Python 2 forms of print statements
-  and exec statements in the formatted file (#49)
+Use [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com/). Once you
+[have it installed](https://pre-commit.com/#install), add this to the
+`.pre-commit-config.yaml` in your repository:

 
 

-* use proper spaces for complex expressions in default values of typed
-  function arguments (#60)
+```yaml
+repos:
+  - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
+    rev: stable
+    hooks:
+      - id: black
+        language_version: python3.6
+```

 
 

-* only return exit code 1 when --check is used (#50)
+Then run `pre-commit install` and you're ready to go.

 
 

-* don't remove single trailing commas from square bracket indexing
-  (#59)
+Avoid using `args` in the hook. Instead, store necessary configuration in
+`pyproject.toml` so that editors and command-line usage of Black all behave consistently
+for your project. See _Black_'s own
+[pyproject.toml](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/pyproject.toml) for an
+example.

 
 

-* don't omit whitespace if the previous factor leaf wasn't a math
-  operator (#55)
+If you're already using Python 3.7, switch the `language_version` accordingly. Finally,
+`stable` is a branch that tracks the latest release on PyPI. If you'd rather run on
+master, this is also an option.

 
 

-* omit extra space in kwarg unpacking if it's the first argument (#46)
+## Ignoring unmodified files

 
 

-* omit extra space in [Sphinx auto-attribute comments](http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/stable/ext/autodoc.html#directive-autoattribute)
-  (#68)
+_Black_ remembers files it has already formatted, unless the `--diff` flag is used or
+code is passed via standard input. This information is stored per-user. The exact
+location of the file depends on the _Black_ version and the system on which _Black_ is
+run. The file is non-portable. The standard location on common operating systems is:

 
 

+- Windows:
+  `C:\\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\black\black\Cache\<version>\cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle`
+- macOS:
+  `/Users/<username>/Library/Caches/black/<version>/cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle`
+- Linux:
+  `/home/<username>/.cache/black/<version>/cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle`

 
 

-### 18.3a3
+`file-mode` is an int flag that determines whether the file was formatted as 3.6+ only,
+as .pyi, and whether string normalization was omitted.

 
 

-* don't remove single empty lines outside of bracketed expressions
-  (#19)
+To override the location of these files on macOS or Linux, set the environment variable
+`XDG_CACHE_HOME` to your preferred location. For example, if you want to put the cache
+in the directory you're running _Black_ from, set `XDG_CACHE_HOME=.cache`. _Black_ will
+then write the above files to `.cache/black/<version>/`.

 
 

-* added ability to pipe formatting from stdin to stdin (#25)
+## Used by

 
 

-* restored ability to format code with legacy usage of `async` as
-  a name (#20, #42)
+The following notable open-source projects trust _Black_ with enforcing a consistent
+code style: pytest, tox, Pyramid, Django Channels, Hypothesis, attrs, SQLAlchemy,
+Poetry, PyPA applications (Warehouse, Bandersnatch, Pipenv, virtualenv), pandas, Pillow,
+every Datadog Agent Integration, Home Assistant.

 
 

-* even better handling of numpy-style array indexing (#33, again)
+The following organizations use _Black_: Facebook, Dropbox.

 
 

+Are we missing anyone? Let us know.

 
 

-### 18.3a2
+## Testimonials

 
 

-* changed positioning of binary operators to occur at beginning of lines
-  instead of at the end, following [a recent change to PEP 8](https://github.com/python/peps/commit/c59c4376ad233a62ca4b3a6060c81368bd21e85b)
-  (#21)
+**Dusty Phillips**,
+[writer](https://smile.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=dusty+phillips):

 
 

-* ignore empty bracket pairs while splitting. This avoids very weirdly
-  looking formattings (#34, #35)
+> _Black_ is opinionated so you don't have to be.

 
 

-* remove a trailing comma if there is a single argument to a call
+**Hynek Schlawack**, [creator of `attrs`](https://www.attrs.org/), core developer of
+Twisted and CPython:

 
 

-* if top level functions were separated by a comment, don't put four
-  empty lines after the upper function
+> An auto-formatter that doesn't suck is all I want for Xmas!

 
 

-* fixed unstable formatting of newlines with imports
+**Carl Meyer**, [Django](https://www.djangoproject.com/) core developer:

 
 

-* fixed unintentional folding of post scriptum standalone comments
-  into last statement if it was a simple statement (#18, #28)
+> At least the name is good.

 
 

-* fixed missing space in numpy-style array indexing (#33)
+**Kenneth Reitz**, creator of [`requests`](http://python-requests.org/) and
+[`pipenv`](https://docs.pipenv.org/):

 
 

-* fixed spurious space after star-based unary expressions (#31)
+> This vastly improves the formatting of our code. Thanks a ton!

 
 

+## Show your style

 
 

-### 18.3a1
+Use the badge in your project's README.md:

 
 

-* added `--check`
+```markdown
+[![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/psf/black)
+```

 
 

-* only put trailing commas in function signatures and calls if it's
-  safe to do so. If the file is Python 3.6+ it's always safe, otherwise
-  only safe if there are no `*args` or `**kwargs` used in the signature
-  or call. (#8)
+Using the badge in README.rst:

 
 

-* fixed invalid spacing of dots in relative imports (#6, #13)
+```
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg
+    :target: https://github.com/psf/black
+```

 
 

-* fixed invalid splitting after comma on unpacked variables in for-loops
-  (#23)
+Looks like this:
+[![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/psf/black)

 
 

-* fixed spurious space in parenthesized set expressions (#7)
+## License

 
 

-* fixed spurious space after opening parentheses and in default
-  arguments (#14, #17)
+MIT

 
 

-* fixed spurious space after unary operators when the operand was
-  a complex expression (#15)
+## Contributing to _Black_

 
 

+In terms of inspiration, _Black_ is about as configurable as _gofmt_. This is
+deliberate.

 
 

-### 18.3a0
+Bug reports and fixes are always welcome! However, before you suggest a new feature or
+configuration knob, ask yourself why you want it. If it enables better integration with
+some workflow, fixes an inconsistency, speeds things up, and so on - go for it! On the
+other hand, if your answer is "because I don't like a particular formatting" then you're
+not ready to embrace _Black_ yet. Such changes are unlikely to get accepted. You can
+still try but prepare to be disappointed.

 
 

-* first published version, Happy 🍰 Day 2018!
+More details can be found in
+[CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).

 
 

-* alpha quality
+## Change Log

 
 

-* date-versioned (see: https://calver.org/)
+The log's become rather long. It moved to its own file.

 
 

+See [CHANGES](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/CHANGES.md).

 
 ## Authors
 
 
 ## Authors
 


@@ -1332,25 +1367,74 @@ Glued together by [Łukasz Langa](mailto:lukasz@langa.pl).
 Maintained with [Carol Willing](mailto:carolcode@willingconsulting.com),
 [Carl Meyer](mailto:carl@oddbird.net),
 [Jelle Zijlstra](mailto:jelle.zijlstra@gmail.com),
 Maintained with [Carol Willing](mailto:carolcode@willingconsulting.com),
 [Carl Meyer](mailto:carl@oddbird.net),
 [Jelle Zijlstra](mailto:jelle.zijlstra@gmail.com),

-[Mika Naylor](mailto:mail@autophagy.io), and
-[Zsolt Dollenstein](mailto:zsol.zsol@gmail.com).
+[Mika Naylor](mailto:mail@autophagy.io),
+[Zsolt Dollenstein](mailto:zsol.zsol@gmail.com), and
+[Cooper Lees](mailto:me@cooperlees.com).

 
 Multiple contributions by:
 
 Multiple contributions by:

-* [Anthony Sottile](mailto:asottile@umich.edu)
-* [Artem Malyshev](mailto:proofit404@gmail.com)
-* [Christian Heimes](mailto:christian@python.org)
-* [Daniel M. Capella](mailto:polycitizen@gmail.com)
-* [Eli Treuherz](mailto:eli@treuherz.com)
-* Hugo van Kemenade
-* [Ivan Katanić](mailto:ivan.katanic@gmail.com)
-* [Jonas Obrist](mailto:ojiidotch@gmail.com)
-* [Luka Sterbic](mailto:luka.sterbic@gmail.com)
-* [Miguel Gaiowski](mailto:miggaiowski@gmail.com)
-* [Miroslav Shubernetskiy](mailto:miroslav@miki725.com)
-* [Neraste](mailto:neraste.herr10@gmail.com)
-* [Osaetin Daniel](mailto:osaetindaniel@gmail.com)
-* [Peter Bengtsson](mailto:mail@peterbe.com)
-* [Stavros Korokithakis](mailto:hi@stavros.io)
-* [Sunil Kapil](mailto:snlkapil@gmail.com)
-* [Vishwas B Sharma](mailto:sharma.vishwas88@gmail.com)
-* [Chuck Wooters](mailto:chuck.wooters@microsoft.com)
+
+- [Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer](mailto:arj.python@gmail.com)
+- [Adam Johnson](mailto:me@adamj.eu)
+- [Alexander Huynh](mailto:github@grande.coffee)
+- [Andrew Thorp](mailto:andrew.thorp.dev@gmail.com)
+- [Andrey](mailto:dyuuus@yandex.ru)
+- [Andy Freeland](mailto:andy@andyfreeland.net)
+- [Anthony Sottile](mailto:asottile@umich.edu)
+- [Arjaan Buijk](mailto:arjaan.buijk@gmail.com)
+- [Artem Malyshev](mailto:proofit404@gmail.com)
+- [Asger Hautop Drewsen](mailto:asgerdrewsen@gmail.com)
+- [Augie Fackler](mailto:raf@durin42.com)
+- [Aviskar KC](mailto:aviskarkc10@gmail.com)
+- [Benjamin Woodruff](mailto:github@benjam.info)
+- [Brandt Bucher](mailto:brandtbucher@gmail.com)
+- Charles Reid
+- [Christian Heimes](mailto:christian@python.org)
+- [Chuck Wooters](mailto:chuck.wooters@microsoft.com)
+- [Cooper Ry Lees](mailto:me@cooperlees.com)
+- [Daniel Hahler](mailto:github@thequod.de)
+- [Daniel M. Capella](mailto:polycitizen@gmail.com)
+- Daniele Esposti
+- dylanjblack
+- [Eli Treuherz](mailto:eli@treuherz.com)
+- [Florent Thiery](mailto:fthiery@gmail.com)
+- hauntsaninja
+- Hugo van Kemenade
+- [Ivan Katanić](mailto:ivan.katanic@gmail.com)
+- [Jason Fried](mailto:me@jasonfried.info)
+- [jgirardet](mailto:ijkl@netc.fr)
+- [Joe Antonakakis](mailto:jma353@cornell.edu)
+- [Jon Dufresne](mailto:jon.dufresne@gmail.com)
+- [Jonas Obrist](mailto:ojiidotch@gmail.com)
+- [Josh Bode](mailto:joshbode@fastmail.com)
+- [Juan Luis Cano Rodríguez](mailto:hello@juanlu.space)
+- [Katie McLaughlin](mailto:katie@glasnt.com)
+- Lawrence Chan
+- [Linus Groh](mailto:mail@linusgroh.de)
+- [Luka Sterbic](mailto:luka.sterbic@gmail.com)
+- Mariatta
+- [Matt VanEseltine](mailto:vaneseltine@gmail.com)
+- [Michael Flaxman](mailto:michael.flaxman@gmail.com)
+- [Michael J. Sullivan](mailto:sully@msully.net)
+- [Michael McClimon](mailto:michael@mcclimon.org)
+- [Miguel Gaiowski](mailto:miggaiowski@gmail.com)
+- [Mike](mailto:roshi@fedoraproject.org)
+- [Min ho Kim](mailto:minho42@gmail.com)
+- [Miroslav Shubernetskiy](mailto:miroslav@miki725.com)
+- [Neraste](mailto:neraste.herr10@gmail.com)
+- [Ofek Lev](mailto:ofekmeister@gmail.com)
+- [Osaetin Daniel](mailto:osaetindaniel@gmail.com)
+- [Pablo Galindo](mailto:Pablogsal@gmail.com)
+- [Peter Bengtsson](mailto:mail@peterbe.com)
+- pmacosta
+- [Rishikesh Jha](mailto:rishijha424@gmail.com)
+- [Stavros Korokithakis](mailto:hi@stavros.io)
+- [Stephen Rosen](mailto:sirosen@globus.org)
+- [Sunil Kapil](mailto:snlkapil@gmail.com)
+- [Thom Lu](mailto:thomas.c.lu@gmail.com)
+- [Tom Christie](mailto:tom@tomchristie.com)
+- [Tzu-ping Chung](mailto:uranusjr@gmail.com)
+- [Utsav Shah](mailto:ukshah2@illinois.edu)
+- vezeli
+- [Vishwas B Sharma](mailto:sharma.vishwas88@gmail.com)
+- [Yngve Høiseth](mailto:yngve@hoiseth.net)
+- [Yurii Karabas](mailto:1998uriyyo@gmail.com)