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Simple docs cleanup (#1168)
[etc/vim.git] / black.py
index fd0364ba8d5422865f7047fbb2a6cb58f8bfd33f..68c0052fdfe80bcdd2ec3be6d81165b65460b324 100644 (file)
--- a/black.py
+++ b/black.py
@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
+import ast
 import asyncio
-from asyncio.base_events import BaseEventLoop
 from concurrent.futures import Executor, ProcessPoolExecutor
+from contextlib import contextmanager
 from datetime import datetime
-from enum import Enum, Flag
+from enum import Enum
 from functools import lru_cache, partial, wraps
 import io
 import itertools
-import keyword
 import logging
-from multiprocessing import Manager
+from multiprocessing import Manager, freeze_support
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
 import pickle
-import re
+import regex as re
 import signal
 import sys
+import tempfile
 import tokenize
+import traceback
 from typing import (
     Any,
     Callable,
@@ -35,24 +37,27 @@ from typing import (
     Union,
     cast,
 )
+from typing_extensions import Final
+from mypy_extensions import mypyc_attr
 
 from appdirs import user_cache_dir
-from attr import dataclass, Factory
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace
 import click
 import toml
+from typed_ast import ast3, ast27
+from pathspec import PathSpec
 
 # lib2to3 fork
 from blib2to3.pytree import Node, Leaf, type_repr
 from blib2to3 import pygram, pytree
 from blib2to3.pgen2 import driver, token
+from blib2to3.pgen2.grammar import Grammar
 from blib2to3.pgen2.parse import ParseError
 
+from _black_version import version as __version__
 
-__version__ = "18.9b0"
 DEFAULT_LINE_LENGTH = 88
-DEFAULT_EXCLUDES = (
-    r"/(\.git|\.hg|\.mypy_cache|\.nox|\.tox|\.venv|_build|buck-out|build|dist)/"
-)
+DEFAULT_EXCLUDES = r"/(\.eggs|\.git|\.hg|\.mypy_cache|\.nox|\.tox|\.venv|\.svn|_build|buck-out|build|dist)/"  # noqa: B950
 DEFAULT_INCLUDES = r"\.pyi?$"
 CACHE_DIR = Path(user_cache_dir("black", version=__version__))
 
@@ -67,7 +72,7 @@ LeafID = int
 Priority = int
 Index = int
 LN = Union[Leaf, Node]
-SplitFunc = Callable[["Line", bool], Iterator["Line"]]
+SplitFunc = Callable[["Line", Collection["Feature"]], Iterator["Line"]]
 Timestamp = float
 FileSize = int
 CacheInfo = Tuple[Timestamp, FileSize]
@@ -111,32 +116,101 @@ class Changed(Enum):
     YES = 2
 
 
-class FileMode(Flag):
-    AUTO_DETECT = 0
-    PYTHON36 = 1
-    PYI = 2
-    NO_STRING_NORMALIZATION = 4
-    NO_NUMERIC_UNDERSCORE_NORMALIZATION = 8
+class TargetVersion(Enum):
+    PY27 = 2
+    PY33 = 3
+    PY34 = 4
+    PY35 = 5
+    PY36 = 6
+    PY37 = 7
+    PY38 = 8
+
+    def is_python2(self) -> bool:
+        return self is TargetVersion.PY27
+
+
+PY36_VERSIONS = {TargetVersion.PY36, TargetVersion.PY37, TargetVersion.PY38}
+
+
+class Feature(Enum):
+    # All string literals are unicode
+    UNICODE_LITERALS = 1
+    F_STRINGS = 2
+    NUMERIC_UNDERSCORES = 3
+    TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL = 4
+    TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF = 5
+    # The following two feature-flags are mutually exclusive, and exactly one should be
+    # set for every version of python.
+    ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS = 6
+    ASYNC_KEYWORDS = 7
+    ASSIGNMENT_EXPRESSIONS = 8
+    POS_ONLY_ARGUMENTS = 9
+
+
+VERSION_TO_FEATURES: Dict[TargetVersion, Set[Feature]] = {
+    TargetVersion.PY27: {Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS},
+    TargetVersion.PY33: {Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS, Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS},
+    TargetVersion.PY34: {Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS, Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS},
+    TargetVersion.PY35: {
+        Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL,
+        Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS,
+    },
+    TargetVersion.PY36: {
+        Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS,
+        Feature.F_STRINGS,
+        Feature.NUMERIC_UNDERSCORES,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF,
+        Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS,
+    },
+    TargetVersion.PY37: {
+        Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS,
+        Feature.F_STRINGS,
+        Feature.NUMERIC_UNDERSCORES,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF,
+        Feature.ASYNC_KEYWORDS,
+    },
+    TargetVersion.PY38: {
+        Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS,
+        Feature.F_STRINGS,
+        Feature.NUMERIC_UNDERSCORES,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL,
+        Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF,
+        Feature.ASYNC_KEYWORDS,
+        Feature.ASSIGNMENT_EXPRESSIONS,
+        Feature.POS_ONLY_ARGUMENTS,
+    },
+}
 
-    @classmethod
-    def from_configuration(
-        cls,
-        *,
-        py36: bool,
-        pyi: bool,
-        skip_string_normalization: bool,
-        skip_numeric_underscore_normalization: bool,
-    ) -> "FileMode":
-        mode = cls.AUTO_DETECT
-        if py36:
-            mode |= cls.PYTHON36
-        if pyi:
-            mode |= cls.PYI
-        if skip_string_normalization:
-            mode |= cls.NO_STRING_NORMALIZATION
-        if skip_numeric_underscore_normalization:
-            mode |= cls.NO_NUMERIC_UNDERSCORE_NORMALIZATION
-        return mode
+
+@dataclass
+class FileMode:
+    target_versions: Set[TargetVersion] = field(default_factory=set)
+    line_length: int = DEFAULT_LINE_LENGTH
+    string_normalization: bool = True
+    is_pyi: bool = False
+
+    def get_cache_key(self) -> str:
+        if self.target_versions:
+            version_str = ",".join(
+                str(version.value)
+                for version in sorted(self.target_versions, key=lambda v: v.value)
+            )
+        else:
+            version_str = "-"
+        parts = [
+            version_str,
+            str(self.line_length),
+            str(int(self.string_normalization)),
+            str(int(self.is_pyi)),
+        ]
+        return ".".join(parts)
+
+
+def supports_feature(target_versions: Set[TargetVersion], feature: Feature) -> bool:
+    return all(feature in VERSION_TO_FEATURES[version] for version in target_versions)
 
 
 def read_pyproject_toml(
@@ -160,7 +234,9 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
         pyproject_toml = toml.load(value)
         config = pyproject_toml.get("tool", {}).get("black", {})
     except (toml.TomlDecodeError, OSError) as e:
-        raise click.BadOptionUsage(f"Error reading configuration file: {e}", ctx)
+        raise click.FileError(
+            filename=value, hint=f"Error reading configuration file: {e}"
+        )
 
     if not config:
         return None
@@ -173,7 +249,19 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
     return value
 
 
+def target_version_option_callback(
+    c: click.Context, p: Union[click.Option, click.Parameter], v: Tuple[str, ...]
+) -> List[TargetVersion]:
+    """Compute the target versions from a --target-version flag.
+
+    This is its own function because mypy couldn't infer the type correctly
+    when it was a lambda, causing mypyc trouble.
+    """
+    return [TargetVersion[val.upper()] for val in v]
+
+
 @click.command(context_settings=dict(help_option_names=["-h", "--help"]))
+@click.option("-c", "--code", type=str, help="Format the code passed in as a string.")
 @click.option(
     "-l",
     "--line-length",
@@ -182,13 +270,25 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
     help="How many characters per line to allow.",
     show_default=True,
 )
+@click.option(
+    "-t",
+    "--target-version",
+    type=click.Choice([v.name.lower() for v in TargetVersion]),
+    callback=target_version_option_callback,
+    multiple=True,
+    help=(
+        "Python versions that should be supported by Black's output. [default: "
+        "per-file auto-detection]"
+    ),
+)
 @click.option(
     "--py36",
     is_flag=True,
     help=(
         "Allow using Python 3.6-only syntax on all input files.  This will put "
         "trailing commas in function signatures and calls also after *args and "
-        "**kwargs.  [default: per-file auto-detection]"
+        "**kwargs. Deprecated; use --target-version instead. "
+        "[default: per-file auto-detection]"
     ),
 )
 @click.option(
@@ -205,12 +305,6 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
     is_flag=True,
     help="Don't normalize string quotes or prefixes.",
 )
-@click.option(
-    "-N",
-    "--skip-numeric-underscore-normalization",
-    is_flag=True,
-    help="Don't normalize underscores in numeric literals.",
-)
 @click.option(
     "--check",
     is_flag=True,
@@ -260,7 +354,7 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
     "--quiet",
     is_flag=True,
     help=(
-        "Don't emit non-error messages to stderr. Errors are still emitted, "
+        "Don't emit non-error messages to stderr. Errors are still emitted; "
         "silence those with 2>/dev/null."
     ),
 )
@@ -294,31 +388,50 @@ def read_pyproject_toml(
 @click.pass_context
 def main(
     ctx: click.Context,
+    code: Optional[str],
     line_length: int,
+    target_version: List[TargetVersion],
     check: bool,
     diff: bool,
     fast: bool,
     pyi: bool,
     py36: bool,
     skip_string_normalization: bool,
-    skip_numeric_underscore_normalization: bool,
     quiet: bool,
     verbose: bool,
     include: str,
     exclude: str,
-    src: Tuple[str],
+    src: Tuple[str, ...],
     config: Optional[str],
 ) -> None:
     """The uncompromising code formatter."""
     write_back = WriteBack.from_configuration(check=check, diff=diff)
-    mode = FileMode.from_configuration(
-        py36=py36,
-        pyi=pyi,
-        skip_string_normalization=skip_string_normalization,
-        skip_numeric_underscore_normalization=skip_numeric_underscore_normalization,
+    if target_version:
+        if py36:
+            err(f"Cannot use both --target-version and --py36")
+            ctx.exit(2)
+        else:
+            versions = set(target_version)
+    elif py36:
+        err(
+            "--py36 is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. "
+            "Use --target-version py36 instead."
+        )
+        versions = PY36_VERSIONS
+    else:
+        # We'll autodetect later.
+        versions = set()
+    mode = FileMode(
+        target_versions=versions,
+        line_length=line_length,
+        is_pyi=pyi,
+        string_normalization=not skip_string_normalization,
     )
     if config and verbose:
         out(f"Using configuration from {config}.", bold=False, fg="blue")
+    if code is not None:
+        print(format_str(code, mode=mode))
+        ctx.exit(0)
     try:
         include_regex = re_compile_maybe_verbose(include)
     except re.error:
@@ -332,11 +445,14 @@ def main(
     report = Report(check=check, quiet=quiet, verbose=verbose)
     root = find_project_root(src)
     sources: Set[Path] = set()
+    path_empty(src, quiet, verbose, ctx)
     for s in src:
         p = Path(s)
         if p.is_dir():
             sources.update(
-                gen_python_files_in_dir(p, root, include_regex, exclude_regex, report)
+                gen_python_files_in_dir(
+                    p, root, include_regex, exclude_regex, report, get_gitignore(root)
+                )
             )
         elif p.is_file() or s == "-":
             # if a file was explicitly given, we don't care about its extension
@@ -345,108 +461,123 @@ def main(
             err(f"invalid path: {s}")
     if len(sources) == 0:
         if verbose or not quiet:
-            out("No paths given. Nothing to do 😴")
+            out("No Python files are present to be formatted. Nothing to do 😴")
         ctx.exit(0)
 
     if len(sources) == 1:
         reformat_one(
             src=sources.pop(),
-            line_length=line_length,
             fast=fast,
             write_back=write_back,
             mode=mode,
             report=report,
         )
     else:
-        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
-        executor = ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=os.cpu_count())
-        try:
-            loop.run_until_complete(
-                schedule_formatting(
-                    sources=sources,
-                    line_length=line_length,
-                    fast=fast,
-                    write_back=write_back,
-                    mode=mode,
-                    report=report,
-                    loop=loop,
-                    executor=executor,
-                )
-            )
-        finally:
-            shutdown(loop)
+        reformat_many(
+            sources=sources, fast=fast, write_back=write_back, mode=mode, report=report
+        )
+
     if verbose or not quiet:
-        bang = "💥 💔 💥" if report.return_code else "✨ 🍰 ✨"
-        out(f"All done! {bang}")
+        out("Oh no! 💥 💔 💥" if report.return_code else "All done! ✨ 🍰 ✨")
         click.secho(str(report), err=True)
     ctx.exit(report.return_code)
 
 
+def path_empty(
+    src: Tuple[str, ...], quiet: bool, verbose: bool, ctx: click.Context
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Exit if there is no `src` provided for formatting
+    """
+    if not src:
+        if verbose or not quiet:
+            out("No Path provided. Nothing to do 😴")
+            ctx.exit(0)
+
+
 def reformat_one(
-    src: Path,
-    line_length: int,
-    fast: bool,
-    write_back: WriteBack,
-    mode: FileMode,
-    report: "Report",
+    src: Path, fast: bool, write_back: WriteBack, mode: FileMode, report: "Report"
 ) -> None:
     """Reformat a single file under `src` without spawning child processes.
 
-    If `quiet` is True, non-error messages are not output. `line_length`,
-    `write_back`, `fast` and `pyi` options are passed to
+    `fast`, `write_back`, and `mode` options are passed to
     :func:`format_file_in_place` or :func:`format_stdin_to_stdout`.
     """
     try:
         changed = Changed.NO
         if not src.is_file() and str(src) == "-":
-            if format_stdin_to_stdout(
-                line_length=line_length, fast=fast, write_back=write_back, mode=mode
-            ):
+            if format_stdin_to_stdout(fast=fast, write_back=write_back, mode=mode):
                 changed = Changed.YES
         else:
             cache: Cache = {}
             if write_back != WriteBack.DIFF:
-                cache = read_cache(line_length, mode)
+                cache = read_cache(mode)
                 res_src = src.resolve()
                 if res_src in cache and cache[res_src] == get_cache_info(res_src):
                     changed = Changed.CACHED
             if changed is not Changed.CACHED and format_file_in_place(
-                src,
-                line_length=line_length,
-                fast=fast,
-                write_back=write_back,
-                mode=mode,
+                src, fast=fast, write_back=write_back, mode=mode
             ):
                 changed = Changed.YES
             if (write_back is WriteBack.YES and changed is not Changed.CACHED) or (
                 write_back is WriteBack.CHECK and changed is Changed.NO
             ):
-                write_cache(cache, [src], line_length, mode)
+                write_cache(cache, [src], mode)
         report.done(src, changed)
     except Exception as exc:
         report.failed(src, str(exc))
 
 
+def reformat_many(
+    sources: Set[Path],
+    fast: bool,
+    write_back: WriteBack,
+    mode: FileMode,
+    report: "Report",
+) -> None:
+    """Reformat multiple files using a ProcessPoolExecutor."""
+    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+    worker_count = os.cpu_count()
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        # Work around https://bugs.python.org/issue26903
+        worker_count = min(worker_count, 61)
+    executor = ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=worker_count)
+    try:
+        loop.run_until_complete(
+            schedule_formatting(
+                sources=sources,
+                fast=fast,
+                write_back=write_back,
+                mode=mode,
+                report=report,
+                loop=loop,
+                executor=executor,
+            )
+        )
+    finally:
+        shutdown(loop)
+        executor.shutdown()
+
+
 async def schedule_formatting(
     sources: Set[Path],
-    line_length: int,
     fast: bool,
     write_back: WriteBack,
     mode: FileMode,
     report: "Report",
-    loop: BaseEventLoop,
+    loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop,
     executor: Executor,
 ) -> None:
     """Run formatting of `sources` in parallel using the provided `executor`.
 
     (Use ProcessPoolExecutors for actual parallelism.)
 
-    `line_length`, `write_back`, `fast`, and `pyi` options are passed to
+    `write_back`, `fast`, and `mode` options are passed to
     :func:`format_file_in_place`.
     """
     cache: Cache = {}
     if write_back != WriteBack.DIFF:
-        cache = read_cache(line_length, mode)
+        cache = read_cache(mode)
         sources, cached = filter_cached(cache, sources)
         for src in sorted(cached):
             report.done(src, Changed.CACHED)
@@ -462,19 +593,14 @@ async def schedule_formatting(
         manager = Manager()
         lock = manager.Lock()
     tasks = {
-        loop.run_in_executor(
-            executor,
-            format_file_in_place,
-            src,
-            line_length,
-            fast,
-            write_back,
-            mode,
-            lock,
+        asyncio.ensure_future(
+            loop.run_in_executor(
+                executor, format_file_in_place, src, fast, mode, write_back, lock
+            )
         ): src
         for src in sorted(sources)
     }
-    pending: Iterable[asyncio.Task] = tasks.keys()
+    pending: Iterable["asyncio.Future[bool]"] = tasks.keys()
     try:
         loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGINT, cancel, pending)
         loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGTERM, cancel, pending)
@@ -501,47 +627,43 @@ async def schedule_formatting(
     if cancelled:
         await asyncio.gather(*cancelled, loop=loop, return_exceptions=True)
     if sources_to_cache:
-        write_cache(cache, sources_to_cache, line_length, mode)
+        write_cache(cache, sources_to_cache, mode)
 
 
 def format_file_in_place(
     src: Path,
-    line_length: int,
     fast: bool,
+    mode: FileMode,
     write_back: WriteBack = WriteBack.NO,
-    mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT,
     lock: Any = None,  # multiprocessing.Manager().Lock() is some crazy proxy
 ) -> bool:
     """Format file under `src` path. Return True if changed.
 
     If `write_back` is DIFF, write a diff to stdout. If it is YES, write reformatted
     code to the file.
-    `line_length` and `fast` options are passed to :func:`format_file_contents`.
+    `mode` and `fast` options are passed to :func:`format_file_contents`.
     """
     if src.suffix == ".pyi":
-        mode |= FileMode.PYI
+        mode = replace(mode, is_pyi=True)
 
     then = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(src.stat().st_mtime)
     with open(src, "rb") as buf:
         src_contents, encoding, newline = decode_bytes(buf.read())
     try:
-        dst_contents = format_file_contents(
-            src_contents, line_length=line_length, fast=fast, mode=mode
-        )
+        dst_contents = format_file_contents(src_contents, fast=fast, mode=mode)
     except NothingChanged:
         return False
 
-    if write_back == write_back.YES:
+    if write_back == WriteBack.YES:
         with open(src, "w", encoding=encoding, newline=newline) as f:
             f.write(dst_contents)
-    elif write_back == write_back.DIFF:
+    elif write_back == WriteBack.DIFF:
         now = datetime.utcnow()
         src_name = f"{src}\t{then} +0000"
         dst_name = f"{src}\t{now} +0000"
         diff_contents = diff(src_contents, dst_contents, src_name, dst_name)
-        if lock:
-            lock.acquire()
-        try:
+
+        with lock or nullcontext():
             f = io.TextIOWrapper(
                 sys.stdout.buffer,
                 encoding=encoding,
@@ -550,30 +672,24 @@ def format_file_in_place(
             )
             f.write(diff_contents)
             f.detach()
-        finally:
-            if lock:
-                lock.release()
+
     return True
 
 
 def format_stdin_to_stdout(
-    line_length: int,
-    fast: bool,
-    write_back: WriteBack = WriteBack.NO,
-    mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT,
+    fast: bool, *, write_back: WriteBack = WriteBack.NO, mode: FileMode
 ) -> bool:
     """Format file on stdin. Return True if changed.
 
     If `write_back` is YES, write reformatted code back to stdout. If it is DIFF,
-    write a diff to stdout.
-    `line_length`, `fast`, `is_pyi`, and `force_py36` arguments are passed to
+    write a diff to stdout. The `mode` argument is passed to
     :func:`format_file_contents`.
     """
     then = datetime.utcnow()
     src, encoding, newline = decode_bytes(sys.stdin.buffer.read())
     dst = src
     try:
-        dst = format_file_contents(src, line_length=line_length, fast=fast, mode=mode)
+        dst = format_file_contents(src, fast=fast, mode=mode)
         return True
 
     except NothingChanged:
@@ -594,64 +710,66 @@ def format_stdin_to_stdout(
 
 
 def format_file_contents(
-    src_contents: str,
-    *,
-    line_length: int,
-    fast: bool,
-    mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT,
+    src_contents: str, *, fast: bool, mode: FileMode
 ) -> FileContent:
     """Reformat contents a file and return new contents.
 
     If `fast` is False, additionally confirm that the reformatted code is
     valid by calling :func:`assert_equivalent` and :func:`assert_stable` on it.
-    `line_length` is passed to :func:`format_str`.
+    `mode` is passed to :func:`format_str`.
     """
     if src_contents.strip() == "":
         raise NothingChanged
 
-    dst_contents = format_str(src_contents, line_length=line_length, mode=mode)
+    dst_contents = format_str(src_contents, mode=mode)
     if src_contents == dst_contents:
         raise NothingChanged
 
     if not fast:
         assert_equivalent(src_contents, dst_contents)
-        assert_stable(src_contents, dst_contents, line_length=line_length, mode=mode)
+        assert_stable(src_contents, dst_contents, mode=mode)
     return dst_contents
 
 
-def format_str(
-    src_contents: str, line_length: int, *, mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT
-) -> FileContent:
+def format_str(src_contents: str, *, mode: FileMode) -> FileContent:
     """Reformat a string and return new contents.
 
-    `line_length` determines how many characters per line are allowed.
+    `mode` determines formatting options, such as how many characters per line are
+    allowed.
     """
-    src_node = lib2to3_parse(src_contents.lstrip())
-    dst_contents = ""
+    src_node = lib2to3_parse(src_contents.lstrip(), mode.target_versions)
+    dst_contents = []
     future_imports = get_future_imports(src_node)
-    is_pyi = bool(mode & FileMode.PYI)
-    py36 = bool(mode & FileMode.PYTHON36) or is_python36(src_node)
-    normalize_strings = not bool(mode & FileMode.NO_STRING_NORMALIZATION)
+    if mode.target_versions:
+        versions = mode.target_versions
+    else:
+        versions = detect_target_versions(src_node)
     normalize_fmt_off(src_node)
     lines = LineGenerator(
-        remove_u_prefix=py36 or "unicode_literals" in future_imports,
-        is_pyi=is_pyi,
-        normalize_strings=normalize_strings,
-        allow_underscores=py36
-        and not bool(mode & FileMode.NO_NUMERIC_UNDERSCORE_NORMALIZATION),
+        remove_u_prefix="unicode_literals" in future_imports
+        or supports_feature(versions, Feature.UNICODE_LITERALS),
+        is_pyi=mode.is_pyi,
+        normalize_strings=mode.string_normalization,
     )
-    elt = EmptyLineTracker(is_pyi=is_pyi)
+    elt = EmptyLineTracker(is_pyi=mode.is_pyi)
     empty_line = Line()
     after = 0
+    split_line_features = {
+        feature
+        for feature in {Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL, Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF}
+        if supports_feature(versions, feature)
+    }
     for current_line in lines.visit(src_node):
         for _ in range(after):
-            dst_contents += str(empty_line)
+            dst_contents.append(str(empty_line))
         before, after = elt.maybe_empty_lines(current_line)
         for _ in range(before):
-            dst_contents += str(empty_line)
-        for line in split_line(current_line, line_length=line_length, py36=py36):
-            dst_contents += str(line)
-    return dst_contents
+            dst_contents.append(str(empty_line))
+        for line in split_line(
+            current_line, line_length=mode.line_length, features=split_line_features
+        ):
+            dst_contents.append(str(line))
+    return "".join(dst_contents)
 
 
 def decode_bytes(src: bytes) -> Tuple[FileContent, Encoding, NewLine]:
@@ -671,18 +789,51 @@ def decode_bytes(src: bytes) -> Tuple[FileContent, Encoding, NewLine]:
         return tiow.read(), encoding, newline
 
 
-GRAMMARS = [
-    pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement_no_exec_statement,
-    pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement,
-    pygram.python_grammar,
-]
+def get_grammars(target_versions: Set[TargetVersion]) -> List[Grammar]:
+    if not target_versions:
+        # No target_version specified, so try all grammars.
+        return [
+            # Python 3.7+
+            pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement_no_exec_statement_async_keywords,
+            # Python 3.0-3.6
+            pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement_no_exec_statement,
+            # Python 2.7 with future print_function import
+            pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement,
+            # Python 2.7
+            pygram.python_grammar,
+        ]
 
+    if all(version.is_python2() for version in target_versions):
+        # Python 2-only code, so try Python 2 grammars.
+        return [
+            # Python 2.7 with future print_function import
+            pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement,
+            # Python 2.7
+            pygram.python_grammar,
+        ]
+
+    # Python 3-compatible code, so only try Python 3 grammar.
+    grammars = []
+    # If we have to parse both, try to parse async as a keyword first
+    if not supports_feature(target_versions, Feature.ASYNC_IDENTIFIERS):
+        # Python 3.7+
+        grammars.append(
+            pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement_no_exec_statement_async_keywords
+        )
+    if not supports_feature(target_versions, Feature.ASYNC_KEYWORDS):
+        # Python 3.0-3.6
+        grammars.append(pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement_no_exec_statement)
+    # At least one of the above branches must have been taken, because every Python
+    # version has exactly one of the two 'ASYNC_*' flags
+    return grammars
 
-def lib2to3_parse(src_txt: str) -> Node:
+
+def lib2to3_parse(src_txt: str, target_versions: Iterable[TargetVersion] = ()) -> Node:
     """Given a string with source, return the lib2to3 Node."""
     if src_txt[-1:] != "\n":
         src_txt += "\n"
-    for grammar in GRAMMARS:
+
+    for grammar in get_grammars(set(target_versions)):
         drv = driver.Driver(grammar, pytree.convert)
         try:
             result = drv.parse_string(src_txt, True)
@@ -729,8 +880,16 @@ class Visitor(Generic[T]):
         if node.type < 256:
             name = token.tok_name[node.type]
         else:
-            name = type_repr(node.type)
-        yield from getattr(self, f"visit_{name}", self.visit_default)(node)
+            name = str(type_repr(node.type))
+        # We explicitly branch on whether a visitor exists (instead of
+        # using self.visit_default as the default arg to getattr) in order
+        # to save needing to create a bound method object and so mypyc can
+        # generate a native call to visit_default.
+        visitf = getattr(self, f"visit_{name}", None)
+        if visitf:
+            yield from visitf(node)
+        else:
+            yield from self.visit_default(node)
 
     def visit_default(self, node: LN) -> Iterator[T]:
         """Default `visit_*()` implementation. Recurses to children of `node`."""
@@ -775,10 +934,8 @@ class DebugVisitor(Visitor[T]):
         list(v.visit(code))
 
 
-KEYWORDS = set(keyword.kwlist)
-WHITESPACE = {token.DEDENT, token.INDENT, token.NEWLINE}
-FLOW_CONTROL = {"return", "raise", "break", "continue"}
-STATEMENT = {
+WHITESPACE: Final = {token.DEDENT, token.INDENT, token.NEWLINE}
+STATEMENT: Final = {
     syms.if_stmt,
     syms.while_stmt,
     syms.for_stmt,
@@ -788,10 +945,10 @@ STATEMENT = {
     syms.funcdef,
     syms.classdef,
 }
-STANDALONE_COMMENT = 153
+STANDALONE_COMMENT: Final = 153
 token.tok_name[STANDALONE_COMMENT] = "STANDALONE_COMMENT"
-LOGIC_OPERATORS = {"and", "or"}
-COMPARATORS = {
+LOGIC_OPERATORS: Final = {"and", "or"}
+COMPARATORS: Final = {
     token.LESS,
     token.GREATER,
     token.EQEQUAL,
@@ -799,7 +956,7 @@ COMPARATORS = {
     token.LESSEQUAL,
     token.GREATEREQUAL,
 }
-MATH_OPERATORS = {
+MATH_OPERATORS: Final = {
     token.VBAR,
     token.CIRCUMFLEX,
     token.AMPER,
@@ -815,22 +972,23 @@ MATH_OPERATORS = {
     token.TILDE,
     token.DOUBLESTAR,
 }
-STARS = {token.STAR, token.DOUBLESTAR}
-VARARGS_PARENTS = {
+STARS: Final = {token.STAR, token.DOUBLESTAR}
+VARARGS_SPECIALS: Final = STARS | {token.SLASH}
+VARARGS_PARENTS: Final = {
     syms.arglist,
     syms.argument,  # double star in arglist
     syms.trailer,  # single argument to call
     syms.typedargslist,
     syms.varargslist,  # lambdas
 }
-UNPACKING_PARENTS = {
+UNPACKING_PARENTS: Final = {
     syms.atom,  # single element of a list or set literal
     syms.dictsetmaker,
     syms.listmaker,
     syms.testlist_gexp,
     syms.testlist_star_expr,
 }
-TEST_DESCENDANTS = {
+TEST_DESCENDANTS: Final = {
     syms.test,
     syms.lambdef,
     syms.or_test,
@@ -847,7 +1005,7 @@ TEST_DESCENDANTS = {
     syms.term,
     syms.power,
 }
-ASSIGNMENTS = {
+ASSIGNMENTS: Final = {
     "=",
     "+=",
     "-=",
@@ -863,13 +1021,13 @@ ASSIGNMENTS = {
     "**=",
     "//=",
 }
-COMPREHENSION_PRIORITY = 20
-COMMA_PRIORITY = 18
-TERNARY_PRIORITY = 16
-LOGIC_PRIORITY = 14
-STRING_PRIORITY = 12
-COMPARATOR_PRIORITY = 10
-MATH_PRIORITIES = {
+COMPREHENSION_PRIORITY: Final = 20
+COMMA_PRIORITY: Final = 18
+TERNARY_PRIORITY: Final = 16
+LOGIC_PRIORITY: Final = 14
+STRING_PRIORITY: Final = 12
+COMPARATOR_PRIORITY: Final = 10
+MATH_PRIORITIES: Final = {
     token.VBAR: 9,
     token.CIRCUMFLEX: 8,
     token.AMPER: 7,
@@ -885,7 +1043,7 @@ MATH_PRIORITIES = {
     token.TILDE: 3,
     token.DOUBLESTAR: 2,
 }
-DOT_PRIORITY = 1
+DOT_PRIORITY: Final = 1
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -893,11 +1051,11 @@ class BracketTracker:
     """Keeps track of brackets on a line."""
 
     depth: int = 0
-    bracket_match: Dict[Tuple[Depth, NodeType], Leaf] = Factory(dict)
-    delimiters: Dict[LeafID, Priority] = Factory(dict)
+    bracket_match: Dict[Tuple[Depth, NodeType], Leaf] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    delimiters: Dict[LeafID, Priority] = field(default_factory=dict)
     previous: Optional[Leaf] = None
-    _for_loop_depths: List[int] = Factory(list)
-    _lambda_argument_depths: List[int] = Factory(list)
+    _for_loop_depths: List[int] = field(default_factory=list)
+    _lambda_argument_depths: List[int] = field(default_factory=list)
 
     def mark(self, leaf: Leaf) -> None:
         """Mark `leaf` with bracket-related metadata. Keep track of delimiters.
@@ -943,7 +1101,7 @@ class BracketTracker:
         """Return True if there is an yet unmatched open bracket on the line."""
         return bool(self.bracket_match)
 
-    def max_delimiter_priority(self, exclude: Iterable[LeafID] = ()) -> int:
+    def max_delimiter_priority(self, exclude: Iterable[LeafID] = ()) -> Priority:
         """Return the highest priority of a delimiter found on the line.
 
         Values are consistent with what `is_split_*_delimiter()` return.
@@ -951,7 +1109,7 @@ class BracketTracker:
         """
         return max(v for k, v in self.delimiters.items() if k not in exclude)
 
-    def delimiter_count_with_priority(self, priority: int = 0) -> int:
+    def delimiter_count_with_priority(self, priority: Priority = 0) -> int:
         """Return the number of delimiters with the given `priority`.
 
         If no `priority` is passed, defaults to max priority on the line.
@@ -1025,11 +1183,10 @@ class Line:
     """Holds leaves and comments. Can be printed with `str(line)`."""
 
     depth: int = 0
-    leaves: List[Leaf] = Factory(list)
-    # The LeafID keys of comments must remain ordered by the corresponding leaf's index
-    # in leaves
-    comments: Dict[LeafID, List[Leaf]] = Factory(dict)
-    bracket_tracker: BracketTracker = Factory(BracketTracker)
+    leaves: List[Leaf] = field(default_factory=list)
+    # keys ordered like `leaves`
+    comments: Dict[LeafID, List[Leaf]] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    bracket_tracker: BracketTracker = field(default_factory=BracketTracker)
     inside_brackets: bool = False
     should_explode: bool = False
 
@@ -1109,6 +1266,69 @@ class Line:
             Leaf(token.DOT, ".") for _ in range(3)
         ]
 
+    @property
+    def is_collection_with_optional_trailing_comma(self) -> bool:
+        """Is this line a collection literal with a trailing comma that's optional?
+
+        Note that the trailing comma in a 1-tuple is not optional.
+        """
+        if not self.leaves or len(self.leaves) < 4:
+            return False
+
+        # Look for and address a trailing colon.
+        if self.leaves[-1].type == token.COLON:
+            closer = self.leaves[-2]
+            close_index = -2
+        else:
+            closer = self.leaves[-1]
+            close_index = -1
+        if closer.type not in CLOSING_BRACKETS or self.inside_brackets:
+            return False
+
+        if closer.type == token.RPAR:
+            # Tuples require an extra check, because if there's only
+            # one element in the tuple removing the comma unmakes the
+            # tuple.
+            #
+            # We also check for parens before looking for the trailing
+            # comma because in some cases (eg assigning a dict
+            # literal) the literal gets wrapped in temporary parens
+            # during parsing. This case is covered by the
+            # collections.py test data.
+            opener = closer.opening_bracket
+            for _open_index, leaf in enumerate(self.leaves):
+                if leaf is opener:
+                    break
+
+            else:
+                # Couldn't find the matching opening paren, play it safe.
+                return False
+
+            commas = 0
+            comma_depth = self.leaves[close_index - 1].bracket_depth
+            for leaf in self.leaves[_open_index + 1 : close_index]:
+                if leaf.bracket_depth == comma_depth and leaf.type == token.COMMA:
+                    commas += 1
+            if commas > 1:
+                # We haven't looked yet for the trailing comma because
+                # we might also have caught noop parens.
+                return self.leaves[close_index - 1].type == token.COMMA
+
+            elif commas == 1:
+                return False  # it's either a one-tuple or didn't have a trailing comma
+
+            if self.leaves[close_index - 1].type in CLOSING_BRACKETS:
+                close_index -= 1
+                closer = self.leaves[close_index]
+                if closer.type == token.RPAR:
+                    # TODO: this is a gut feeling. Will we ever see this?
+                    return False
+
+        if self.leaves[close_index - 1].type != token.COMMA:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
     @property
     def is_def(self) -> bool:
         """Is this a function definition? (Also returns True for async defs.)"""
@@ -1156,9 +1376,72 @@ class Line:
     def contains_standalone_comments(self, depth_limit: int = sys.maxsize) -> bool:
         """If so, needs to be split before emitting."""
         for leaf in self.leaves:
-            if leaf.type == STANDALONE_COMMENT:
-                if leaf.bracket_depth <= depth_limit:
-                    return True
+            if leaf.type == STANDALONE_COMMENT and leaf.bracket_depth <= depth_limit:
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def contains_uncollapsable_type_comments(self) -> bool:
+        ignored_ids = set()
+        try:
+            last_leaf = self.leaves[-1]
+            ignored_ids.add(id(last_leaf))
+            if last_leaf.type == token.COMMA or (
+                last_leaf.type == token.RPAR and not last_leaf.value
+            ):
+                # When trailing commas or optional parens are inserted by Black for
+                # consistency, comments after the previous last element are not moved
+                # (they don't have to, rendering will still be correct).  So we ignore
+                # trailing commas and invisible.
+                last_leaf = self.leaves[-2]
+                ignored_ids.add(id(last_leaf))
+        except IndexError:
+            return False
+
+        # A type comment is uncollapsable if it is attached to a leaf
+        # that isn't at the end of the line (since that could cause it
+        # to get associated to a different argument) or if there are
+        # comments before it (since that could cause it to get hidden
+        # behind a comment.
+        comment_seen = False
+        for leaf_id, comments in self.comments.items():
+            for comment in comments:
+                if is_type_comment(comment):
+                    if leaf_id not in ignored_ids or comment_seen:
+                        return True
+
+                comment_seen = True
+
+        return False
+
+    def contains_unsplittable_type_ignore(self) -> bool:
+        if not self.leaves:
+            return False
+
+        # If a 'type: ignore' is attached to the end of a line, we
+        # can't split the line, because we can't know which of the
+        # subexpressions the ignore was meant to apply to.
+        #
+        # We only want this to apply to actual physical lines from the
+        # original source, though: we don't want the presence of a
+        # 'type: ignore' at the end of a multiline expression to
+        # justify pushing it all onto one line. Thus we
+        # (unfortunately) need to check the actual source lines and
+        # only report an unsplittable 'type: ignore' if this line was
+        # one line in the original code.
+
+        # Grab the first and last line numbers, skipping generated leaves
+        first_line = next((l.lineno for l in self.leaves if l.lineno != 0), 0)
+        last_line = next((l.lineno for l in reversed(self.leaves) if l.lineno != 0), 0)
+
+        if first_line == last_line:
+            # We look at the last two leaves since a comma or an
+            # invisible paren could have been added at the end of the
+            # line.
+            for node in self.leaves[-2:]:
+                for comment in self.comments.get(id(node), []):
+                    if is_type_comment(comment, " ignore"):
+                        return True
 
         return False
 
@@ -1171,57 +1454,40 @@ class Line:
 
     def maybe_remove_trailing_comma(self, closing: Leaf) -> bool:
         """Remove trailing comma if there is one and it's safe."""
+        if not (self.leaves and self.leaves[-1].type == token.COMMA):
+            return False
+
+        # We remove trailing commas only in the case of importing a
+        # single name from a module.
         if not (
             self.leaves
+            and self.is_import
+            and len(self.leaves) > 4
             and self.leaves[-1].type == token.COMMA
             and closing.type in CLOSING_BRACKETS
+            and self.leaves[-4].type == token.NAME
+            and (
+                # regular `from foo import bar,`
+                self.leaves[-4].value == "import"
+                # `from foo import (bar as baz,)
+                or (
+                    len(self.leaves) > 6
+                    and self.leaves[-6].value == "import"
+                    and self.leaves[-3].value == "as"
+                )
+                # `from foo import bar as baz,`
+                or (
+                    len(self.leaves) > 5
+                    and self.leaves[-5].value == "import"
+                    and self.leaves[-3].value == "as"
+                )
+            )
+            and closing.type == token.RPAR
         ):
             return False
 
-        if closing.type == token.RBRACE:
-            self.remove_trailing_comma()
-            return True
-
-        if closing.type == token.RSQB:
-            comma = self.leaves[-1]
-            if comma.parent and comma.parent.type == syms.listmaker:
-                self.remove_trailing_comma()
-                return True
-
-        # For parens let's check if it's safe to remove the comma.
-        # Imports are always safe.
-        if self.is_import:
-            self.remove_trailing_comma()
-            return True
-
-        # Otherwise, if the trailing one is the only one, we might mistakenly
-        # change a tuple into a different type by removing the comma.
-        depth = closing.bracket_depth + 1
-        commas = 0
-        opening = closing.opening_bracket
-        for _opening_index, leaf in enumerate(self.leaves):
-            if leaf is opening:
-                break
-
-        else:
-            return False
-
-        for leaf in self.leaves[_opening_index + 1 :]:
-            if leaf is closing:
-                break
-
-            bracket_depth = leaf.bracket_depth
-            if bracket_depth == depth and leaf.type == token.COMMA:
-                commas += 1
-                if leaf.parent and leaf.parent.type == syms.arglist:
-                    commas += 1
-                    break
-
-        if commas > 1:
-            self.remove_trailing_comma()
-            return True
-
-        return False
+        self.remove_trailing_comma()
+        return True
 
     def append_comment(self, comment: Leaf) -> bool:
         """Add an inline or standalone comment to the line."""
@@ -1240,13 +1506,25 @@ class Line:
             comment.prefix = ""
             return False
 
-        else:
-            leaf_id = id(self.leaves[-1])
-            if leaf_id not in self.comments:
-                self.comments[leaf_id] = [comment]
-            else:
-                self.comments[leaf_id].append(comment)
-            return True
+        last_leaf = self.leaves[-1]
+        if (
+            last_leaf.type == token.RPAR
+            and not last_leaf.value
+            and last_leaf.parent
+            and len(list(last_leaf.parent.leaves())) <= 3
+            and not is_type_comment(comment)
+        ):
+            # Comments on an optional parens wrapping a single leaf should belong to
+            # the wrapped node except if it's a type comment. Pinning the comment like
+            # this avoids unstable formatting caused by comment migration.
+            if len(self.leaves) < 2:
+                comment.type = STANDALONE_COMMENT
+                comment.prefix = ""
+                return False
+
+            last_leaf = self.leaves[-2]
+        self.comments.setdefault(id(last_leaf), []).append(comment)
+        return True
 
     def comments_after(self, leaf: Leaf) -> List[Leaf]:
         """Generate comments that should appear directly after `leaf`."""
@@ -1254,17 +1532,11 @@ class Line:
 
     def remove_trailing_comma(self) -> None:
         """Remove the trailing comma and moves the comments attached to it."""
-        # Remember, the LeafID keys of self.comments are ordered by the
-        # corresponding leaf's index in self.leaves
-        # If id(self.leaves[-2]) is in self.comments, the order doesn't change.
-        # Otherwise, we insert it into self.comments, and it becomes the last entry.
-        # However, since we delete id(self.leaves[-1]) from self.comments, the invariant
-        # is maintained
-        self.comments.setdefault(id(self.leaves[-2]), []).extend(
-            self.comments.get(id(self.leaves[-1]), [])
+        trailing_comma = self.leaves.pop()
+        trailing_comma_comments = self.comments.pop(id(trailing_comma), [])
+        self.comments.setdefault(id(self.leaves[-1]), []).extend(
+            trailing_comma_comments
         )
-        self.comments.pop(id(self.leaves[-1]), None)
-        self.leaves.pop()
 
     def is_complex_subscript(self, leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
         """Return True iff `leaf` is part of a slice with non-trivial exprs."""
@@ -1317,7 +1589,7 @@ class EmptyLineTracker:
     is_pyi: bool = False
     previous_line: Optional[Line] = None
     previous_after: int = 0
-    previous_defs: List[int] = Factory(list)
+    previous_defs: List[int] = field(default_factory=list)
 
     def maybe_empty_lines(self, current_line: Line) -> Tuple[int, int]:
         """Return the number of extra empty lines before and after the `current_line`.
@@ -1326,7 +1598,13 @@ class EmptyLineTracker:
         lines (two on module-level).
         """
         before, after = self._maybe_empty_lines(current_line)
-        before -= self.previous_after
+        before = (
+            # Black should not insert empty lines at the beginning
+            # of the file
+            0
+            if self.previous_line is None
+            else before - self.previous_after
+        )
         self.previous_after = after
         self.previous_line = current_line
         return before, after
@@ -1425,9 +1703,8 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]):
 
     is_pyi: bool = False
     normalize_strings: bool = True
-    current_line: Line = Factory(Line)
+    current_line: Line = field(default_factory=Line)
     remove_u_prefix: bool = False
-    allow_underscores: bool = False
 
     def line(self, indent: int = 0) -> Iterator[Line]:
         """Generate a line.
@@ -1470,18 +1747,18 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]):
                 normalize_string_prefix(node, remove_u_prefix=self.remove_u_prefix)
                 normalize_string_quotes(node)
             if node.type == token.NUMBER:
-                normalize_numeric_literal(node, self.allow_underscores)
+                normalize_numeric_literal(node)
             if node.type not in WHITESPACE:
                 self.current_line.append(node)
         yield from super().visit_default(node)
 
-    def visit_INDENT(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]:
+    def visit_INDENT(self, node: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]:
         """Increase indentation level, maybe yield a line."""
         # In blib2to3 INDENT never holds comments.
         yield from self.line(+1)
         yield from self.visit_default(node)
 
-    def visit_DEDENT(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]:
+    def visit_DEDENT(self, node: Leaf) -> Iterator[Line]:
         """Decrease indentation level, maybe yield a line."""
         # The current line might still wait for trailing comments.  At DEDENT time
         # there won't be any (they would be prefixes on the preceding NEWLINE).
@@ -1574,7 +1851,24 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]):
             yield from self.line()
         yield from self.visit_default(leaf)
 
-    def __attrs_post_init__(self) -> None:
+    def visit_factor(self, node: Node) -> Iterator[Line]:
+        """Force parentheses between a unary op and a binary power:
+
+        -2 ** 8 -> -(2 ** 8)
+        """
+        _operator, operand = node.children
+        if (
+            operand.type == syms.power
+            and len(operand.children) == 3
+            and operand.children[1].type == token.DOUBLESTAR
+        ):
+            lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "(")
+            rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, ")")
+            index = operand.remove() or 0
+            node.insert_child(index, Node(syms.atom, [lpar, operand, rpar]))
+        yield from self.visit_default(node)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
         """You are in a twisty little maze of passages."""
         v = self.visit_stmt
         Ø: Set[str] = set()
@@ -1594,6 +1888,7 @@ class LineGenerator(Visitor[Line]):
         self.visit_expr_stmt = partial(v, keywords=Ø, parens=ASSIGNMENTS)
         self.visit_return_stmt = partial(v, keywords={"return"}, parens={"return"})
         self.visit_import_from = partial(v, keywords=Ø, parens={"import"})
+        self.visit_del_stmt = partial(v, keywords=Ø, parens={"del"})
         self.visit_async_funcdef = self.visit_async_stmt
         self.visit_decorated = self.visit_decorators
 
@@ -1606,7 +1901,7 @@ BRACKETS = OPENING_BRACKETS | CLOSING_BRACKETS
 ALWAYS_NO_SPACE = CLOSING_BRACKETS | {token.COMMA, STANDALONE_COMMENT}
 
 
-def whitespace(leaf: Leaf, *, complex_subscript: bool) -> str:  # noqa C901
+def whitespace(leaf: Leaf, *, complex_subscript: bool) -> str:  # noqa: C901
     """Return whitespace prefix if needed for the given `leaf`.
 
     `complex_subscript` signals whether the given leaf is part of a subscription
@@ -1663,7 +1958,7 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf, *, complex_subscript: bool) -> str:  # noqa C901
                     # that, too.
                     return prevp.prefix
 
-        elif prevp.type in STARS:
+        elif prevp.type in VARARGS_SPECIALS:
             if is_vararg(prevp, within=VARARGS_PARENTS | UNPACKING_PARENTS):
                 return NO
 
@@ -1753,7 +2048,7 @@ def whitespace(leaf: Leaf, *, complex_subscript: bool) -> str:  # noqa C901
             if not prevp or prevp.type == token.LPAR:
                 return NO
 
-        elif prev.type in {token.EQUAL} | STARS:
+        elif prev.type in {token.EQUAL} | VARARGS_SPECIALS:
             return NO
 
     elif p.type == syms.decorator:
@@ -1887,7 +2182,7 @@ def container_of(leaf: Leaf) -> LN:
     return container
 
 
-def is_split_after_delimiter(leaf: Leaf, previous: Optional[Leaf] = None) -> int:
+def is_split_after_delimiter(leaf: Leaf, previous: Optional[Leaf] = None) -> Priority:
     """Return the priority of the `leaf` delimiter, given a line break after it.
 
     The delimiter priorities returned here are from those delimiters that would
@@ -1901,7 +2196,7 @@ def is_split_after_delimiter(leaf: Leaf, previous: Optional[Leaf] = None) -> int
     return 0
 
 
-def is_split_before_delimiter(leaf: Leaf, previous: Optional[Leaf] = None) -> int:
+def is_split_before_delimiter(leaf: Leaf, previous: Optional[Leaf] = None) -> Priority:
     """Return the priority of the `leaf` delimiter, given a line break before it.
 
     The delimiter priorities returned here are from those delimiters that would
@@ -2051,15 +2346,21 @@ def list_comments(prefix: str, *, is_endmarker: bool) -> List[ProtoComment]:
 
     consumed = 0
     nlines = 0
+    ignored_lines = 0
     for index, line in enumerate(prefix.split("\n")):
         consumed += len(line) + 1  # adding the length of the split '\n'
         line = line.lstrip()
         if not line:
             nlines += 1
         if not line.startswith("#"):
+            # Escaped newlines outside of a comment are not really newlines at
+            # all. We treat a single-line comment following an escaped newline
+            # as a simple trailing comment.
+            if line.endswith("\\"):
+                ignored_lines += 1
             continue
 
-        if index == 0 and not is_endmarker:
+        if index == ignored_lines and not is_endmarker:
             comment_type = token.COMMENT  # simple trailing comment
         else:
             comment_type = STANDALONE_COMMENT
@@ -2093,7 +2394,10 @@ def make_comment(content: str) -> str:
 
 
 def split_line(
-    line: Line, line_length: int, inner: bool = False, py36: bool = False
+    line: Line,
+    line_length: int,
+    inner: bool = False,
+    features: Collection[Feature] = (),
 ) -> Iterator[Line]:
     """Split a `line` into potentially many lines.
 
@@ -2102,16 +2406,22 @@ def split_line(
     current `line`, possibly transitively. This means we can fallback to splitting
     by delimiters if the LHS/RHS don't yield any results.
 
-    If `py36` is True, splitting may generate syntax that is only compatible
-    with Python 3.6 and later.
+    `features` are syntactical features that may be used in the output.
     """
     if line.is_comment:
         yield line
         return
 
     line_str = str(line).strip("\n")
-    if not line.should_explode and is_line_short_enough(
-        line, line_length=line_length, line_str=line_str
+
+    if (
+        not line.contains_uncollapsable_type_comments()
+        and not line.should_explode
+        and not line.is_collection_with_optional_trailing_comma
+        and (
+            is_line_short_enough(line, line_length=line_length, line_str=line_str)
+            or line.contains_unsplittable_type_ignore()
+        )
     ):
         yield line
         return
@@ -2121,9 +2431,9 @@ def split_line(
         split_funcs = [left_hand_split]
     else:
 
-        def rhs(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
+        def rhs(line: Line, features: Collection[Feature]) -> Iterator[Line]:
             for omit in generate_trailers_to_omit(line, line_length):
-                lines = list(right_hand_split(line, line_length, py36, omit=omit))
+                lines = list(right_hand_split(line, line_length, features, omit=omit))
                 if is_line_short_enough(lines[0], line_length=line_length):
                     yield from lines
                     return
@@ -2131,7 +2441,9 @@ def split_line(
             # All splits failed, best effort split with no omits.
             # This mostly happens to multiline strings that are by definition
             # reported as not fitting a single line.
-            yield from right_hand_split(line, py36)
+            # line_length=1 here was historically a bug that somehow became a feature.
+            # See #762 and #781 for the full story.
+            yield from right_hand_split(line, line_length=1, features=features)
 
         if line.inside_brackets:
             split_funcs = [delimiter_split, standalone_comment_split, rhs]
@@ -2143,12 +2455,14 @@ def split_line(
         # split altogether.
         result: List[Line] = []
         try:
-            for l in split_func(line, py36):
+            for l in split_func(line, features):
                 if str(l).strip("\n") == line_str:
                     raise CannotSplit("Split function returned an unchanged result")
 
                 result.extend(
-                    split_line(l, line_length=line_length, inner=True, py36=py36)
+                    split_line(
+                        l, line_length=line_length, inner=True, features=features
+                    )
                 )
         except CannotSplit:
             continue
@@ -2161,7 +2475,7 @@ def split_line(
         yield line
 
 
-def left_hand_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
+def left_hand_split(line: Line, features: Collection[Feature] = ()) -> Iterator[Line]:
     """Split line into many lines, starting with the first matching bracket pair.
 
     Note: this usually looks weird, only use this for function definitions.
@@ -2172,7 +2486,7 @@ def left_hand_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
     body_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     head_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     current_leaves = head_leaves
-    matching_bracket = None
+    matching_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None
     for leaf in line.leaves:
         if (
             current_leaves is body_leaves
@@ -2198,7 +2512,10 @@ def left_hand_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
 
 
 def right_hand_split(
-    line: Line, line_length: int, py36: bool = False, omit: Collection[LeafID] = ()
+    line: Line,
+    line_length: int,
+    features: Collection[Feature] = (),
+    omit: Collection[LeafID] = (),
 ) -> Iterator[Line]:
     """Split line into many lines, starting with the last matching bracket pair.
 
@@ -2212,8 +2529,8 @@ def right_hand_split(
     body_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     head_leaves: List[Leaf] = []
     current_leaves = tail_leaves
-    opening_bracket = None
-    closing_bracket = None
+    opening_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None
+    closing_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None
     for leaf in reversed(line.leaves):
         if current_leaves is body_leaves:
             if leaf is opening_bracket:
@@ -2256,7 +2573,7 @@ def right_hand_split(
     ):
         omit = {id(closing_bracket), *omit}
         try:
-            yield from right_hand_split(line, line_length, py36=py36, omit=omit)
+            yield from right_hand_split(line, line_length, features=features, omit=omit)
             return
 
         except CannotSplit:
@@ -2324,10 +2641,23 @@ def bracket_split_build_line(
         if leaves:
             # Since body is a new indent level, remove spurious leading whitespace.
             normalize_prefix(leaves[0], inside_brackets=True)
-            # Ensure a trailing comma when expected.
-            if original.is_import:
-                if leaves[-1].type != token.COMMA:
-                    leaves.append(Leaf(token.COMMA, ","))
+            # Ensure a trailing comma for imports and standalone function arguments, but
+            # be careful not to add one after any comments or within type annotations.
+            no_commas = (
+                original.is_def
+                and opening_bracket.value == "("
+                and not any(l.type == token.COMMA for l in leaves)
+            )
+
+            if original.is_import or no_commas:
+                for i in range(len(leaves) - 1, -1, -1):
+                    if leaves[i].type == STANDALONE_COMMENT:
+                        continue
+
+                    if leaves[i].type != token.COMMA:
+                        leaves.insert(i + 1, Leaf(token.COMMA, ","))
+                    break
+
     # Populate the line
     for leaf in leaves:
         result.append(leaf, preformatted=True)
@@ -2345,8 +2675,8 @@ def dont_increase_indentation(split_func: SplitFunc) -> SplitFunc:
     """
 
     @wraps(split_func)
-    def split_wrapper(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
-        for l in split_func(line, py36):
+    def split_wrapper(line: Line, features: Collection[Feature] = ()) -> Iterator[Line]:
+        for l in split_func(line, features):
             normalize_prefix(l.leaves[0], inside_brackets=True)
             yield l
 
@@ -2354,11 +2684,11 @@ def dont_increase_indentation(split_func: SplitFunc) -> SplitFunc:
 
 
 @dont_increase_indentation
-def delimiter_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
+def delimiter_split(line: Line, features: Collection[Feature] = ()) -> Iterator[Line]:
     """Split according to delimiters of the highest priority.
 
-    If `py36` is True, the split will add trailing commas also in function
-    signatures that contain `*` and `**`.
+    If the appropriate Features are given, the split will add trailing commas
+    also in function signatures and calls that contain `*` and `**`.
     """
     try:
         last_leaf = line.leaves[-1]
@@ -2397,10 +2727,16 @@ def delimiter_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
             yield from append_to_line(comment_after)
 
         lowest_depth = min(lowest_depth, leaf.bracket_depth)
-        if leaf.bracket_depth == lowest_depth and is_vararg(
-            leaf, within=VARARGS_PARENTS
-        ):
-            trailing_comma_safe = trailing_comma_safe and py36
+        if leaf.bracket_depth == lowest_depth:
+            if is_vararg(leaf, within={syms.typedargslist}):
+                trailing_comma_safe = (
+                    trailing_comma_safe and Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF in features
+                )
+            elif is_vararg(leaf, within={syms.arglist, syms.argument}):
+                trailing_comma_safe = (
+                    trailing_comma_safe and Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL in features
+                )
+
         leaf_priority = bt.delimiters.get(id(leaf))
         if leaf_priority == delimiter_priority:
             yield current_line
@@ -2418,7 +2754,9 @@ def delimiter_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
 
 
 @dont_increase_indentation
-def standalone_comment_split(line: Line, py36: bool = False) -> Iterator[Line]:
+def standalone_comment_split(
+    line: Line, features: Collection[Feature] = ()
+) -> Iterator[Line]:
     """Split standalone comments from the rest of the line."""
     if not line.contains_standalone_comments(0):
         raise CannotSplit("Line does not have any standalone comments")
@@ -2460,6 +2798,14 @@ def is_import(leaf: Leaf) -> bool:
     )
 
 
+def is_type_comment(leaf: Leaf, suffix: str = "") -> bool:
+    """Return True if the given leaf is a special comment.
+    Only returns true for type comments for now."""
+    t = leaf.type
+    v = leaf.value
+    return t in {token.COMMENT, STANDALONE_COMMENT} and v.startswith("# type:" + suffix)
+
+
 def normalize_prefix(leaf: Leaf, *, inside_brackets: bool) -> None:
     """Leave existing extra newlines if not `inside_brackets`. Remove everything
     else.
@@ -2542,11 +2888,20 @@ def normalize_string_quotes(leaf: Leaf) -> None:
         new_body = sub_twice(escaped_orig_quote, rf"\1\2{orig_quote}", new_body)
         new_body = sub_twice(unescaped_new_quote, rf"\1\\{new_quote}", new_body)
     if "f" in prefix.casefold():
-        matches = re.findall(r"[^{]\{(.*?)\}[^}]", new_body)
+        matches = re.findall(
+            r"""
+            (?:[^{]|^)\{  # start of the string or a non-{ followed by a single {
+                ([^{].*?)  # contents of the brackets except if begins with {{
+            \}(?:[^}]|$)  # A } followed by end of the string or a non-}
+            """,
+            new_body,
+            re.VERBOSE,
+        )
         for m in matches:
             if "\\" in str(m):
                 # Do not introduce backslashes in interpolated expressions
                 return
+
     if new_quote == '"""' and new_body[-1:] == '"':
         # edge case:
         new_body = new_body[:-1] + '\\"'
@@ -2561,11 +2916,11 @@ def normalize_string_quotes(leaf: Leaf) -> None:
     leaf.value = f"{prefix}{new_quote}{new_body}{new_quote}"
 
 
-def normalize_numeric_literal(leaf: Leaf, allow_underscores: bool) -> None:
+def normalize_numeric_literal(leaf: Leaf) -> None:
     """Normalizes numeric (float, int, and complex) literals.
 
     All letters used in the representation are normalized to lowercase (except
-    in Python 2 long literals), and long number literals are split using underscores.
+    in Python 2 long literals).
     """
     text = leaf.value.lower()
     if text.startswith(("0o", "0b")):
@@ -2583,8 +2938,7 @@ def normalize_numeric_literal(leaf: Leaf, allow_underscores: bool) -> None:
             sign = "-"
         elif after.startswith("+"):
             after = after[1:]
-        before = format_float_or_int_string(before, allow_underscores)
-        after = format_int_string(after, allow_underscores)
+        before = format_float_or_int_string(before)
         text = f"{before}e{sign}{after}"
     elif text.endswith(("j", "l")):
         number = text[:-1]
@@ -2592,56 +2946,25 @@ def normalize_numeric_literal(leaf: Leaf, allow_underscores: bool) -> None:
         # Capitalize in "2L" because "l" looks too similar to "1".
         if suffix == "l":
             suffix = "L"
-        text = f"{format_float_or_int_string(number, allow_underscores)}{suffix}"
+        text = f"{format_float_or_int_string(number)}{suffix}"
     else:
-        text = format_float_or_int_string(text, allow_underscores)
+        text = format_float_or_int_string(text)
     leaf.value = text
 
 
-def format_float_or_int_string(text: str, allow_underscores: bool) -> str:
+def format_float_or_int_string(text: str) -> str:
     """Formats a float string like "1.0"."""
     if "." not in text:
-        return format_int_string(text, allow_underscores)
-
-    before, after = text.split(".")
-    before = format_int_string(before, allow_underscores) if before else "0"
-    if after:
-        after = format_int_string(after, allow_underscores, count_from_end=False)
-    else:
-        after = "0"
-    return f"{before}.{after}"
-
-
-def format_int_string(
-    text: str, allow_underscores: bool, count_from_end: bool = True
-) -> str:
-    """Normalizes underscores in a string to e.g. 1_000_000.
-
-    Input must be a string of digits and optional underscores.
-    If count_from_end is False, we add underscores after groups of three digits
-    counting from the beginning instead of the end of the strings. This is used
-    for the fractional part of float literals.
-    """
-    if not allow_underscores:
-        return text
-
-    text = text.replace("_", "")
-    if len(text) <= 5:
-        # No underscores for numbers <= 5 digits long.
         return text
 
-    if count_from_end:
-        # Avoid removing leading zeros, which are important if we're formatting
-        # part of a number like "0.001".
-        return format(int("1" + text), "3_")[1:].lstrip("_")
-    else:
-        return "_".join(text[i : i + 3] for i in range(0, len(text), 3))
+    before, after = text.split(".")
+    return f"{before or 0}.{after or 0}"
 
 
 def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None:
     """Make existing optional parentheses invisible or create new ones.
 
-    `parens_after` is a set of string leaf values immeditely after which parens
+    `parens_after` is a set of string leaf values immediately after which parens
     should be put.
 
     Standardizes on visible parentheses for single-element tuples, and keeps
@@ -2651,22 +2974,25 @@ def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None:
         if pc.value in FMT_OFF:
             # This `node` has a prefix with `# fmt: off`, don't mess with parens.
             return
-
     check_lpar = False
     for index, child in enumerate(list(node.children)):
+        # Add parentheses around long tuple unpacking in assignments.
+        if (
+            index == 0
+            and isinstance(child, Node)
+            and child.type == syms.testlist_star_expr
+        ):
+            check_lpar = True
+
         if check_lpar:
+            if is_walrus_assignment(child):
+                continue
+
             if child.type == syms.atom:
-                if maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(child):
-                    lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "")
-                    rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, "")
-                    index = child.remove() or 0
-                    node.insert_child(index, Node(syms.atom, [lpar, child, rpar]))
+                if maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(child, parent=node):
+                    wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=False)
             elif is_one_tuple(child):
-                # wrap child in visible parentheses
-                lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "(")
-                rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, ")")
-                child.remove()
-                node.insert_child(index, Node(syms.atom, [lpar, child, rpar]))
+                wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=True)
             elif node.type == syms.import_from:
                 # "import from" nodes store parentheses directly as part of
                 # the statement
@@ -2681,11 +3007,7 @@ def normalize_invisible_parens(node: Node, parens_after: Set[str]) -> None:
                 break
 
             elif not (isinstance(child, Leaf) and is_multiline_string(child)):
-                # wrap child in invisible parentheses
-                lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "")
-                rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, "")
-                index = child.remove() or 0
-                node.insert_child(index, Node(syms.atom, [lpar, child, rpar]))
+                wrap_in_parentheses(node, child, visible=False)
 
         check_lpar = isinstance(child, Leaf) and child.value in parens_after
 
@@ -2729,7 +3051,7 @@ def convert_one_fmt_off_pair(node: Node) -> bool:
                     # That happens when one of the `ignored_nodes` ended with a NEWLINE
                     # leaf (possibly followed by a DEDENT).
                     hidden_value = hidden_value[:-1]
-                first_idx = None
+                first_idx: Optional[int] = None
                 for ignored in ignored_nodes:
                     index = ignored.remove()
                     if first_idx is None:
@@ -2758,17 +3080,24 @@ def generate_ignored_nodes(leaf: Leaf) -> Iterator[LN]:
     """
     container: Optional[LN] = container_of(leaf)
     while container is not None and container.type != token.ENDMARKER:
+        is_fmt_on = False
         for comment in list_comments(container.prefix, is_endmarker=False):
             if comment.value in FMT_ON:
-                return
+                is_fmt_on = True
+            elif comment.value in FMT_OFF:
+                is_fmt_on = False
+        if is_fmt_on:
+            return
 
         yield container
 
         container = container.next_sibling
 
 
-def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node: LN) -> bool:
+def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node: LN, parent: LN) -> bool:
     """If it's safe, make the parens in the atom `node` invisible, recursively.
+    Additionally, remove repeated, adjacent invisible parens from the atom `node`
+    as they are redundant.
 
     Returns whether the node should itself be wrapped in invisible parentheses.
 
@@ -2777,7 +3106,7 @@ def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node: LN) -> bool:
         node.type != syms.atom
         or is_empty_tuple(node)
         or is_one_tuple(node)
-        or is_yield(node)
+        or (is_yield(node) and parent.type != syms.expr_stmt)
         or max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node) >= COMMA_PRIORITY
     ):
         return False
@@ -2785,16 +3114,40 @@ def maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node: LN) -> bool:
     first = node.children[0]
     last = node.children[-1]
     if first.type == token.LPAR and last.type == token.RPAR:
+        middle = node.children[1]
         # make parentheses invisible
         first.value = ""  # type: ignore
         last.value = ""  # type: ignore
-        if len(node.children) > 1:
-            maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(node.children[1])
+        maybe_make_parens_invisible_in_atom(middle, parent=parent)
+
+        if is_atom_with_invisible_parens(middle):
+            # Strip the invisible parens from `middle` by replacing
+            # it with the child in-between the invisible parens
+            middle.replace(middle.children[1])
+
         return False
 
     return True
 
 
+def is_atom_with_invisible_parens(node: LN) -> bool:
+    """Given a `LN`, determines whether it's an atom `node` with invisible
+    parens. Useful in dedupe-ing and normalizing parens.
+    """
+    if isinstance(node, Leaf) or node.type != syms.atom:
+        return False
+
+    first, last = node.children[0], node.children[-1]
+    return (
+        isinstance(first, Leaf)
+        and first.type == token.LPAR
+        and first.value == ""
+        and isinstance(last, Leaf)
+        and last.type == token.RPAR
+        and last.value == ""
+    )
+
+
 def is_empty_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
     """Return True if `node` holds an empty tuple."""
     return (
@@ -2805,18 +3158,43 @@ def is_empty_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
     )
 
 
+def unwrap_singleton_parenthesis(node: LN) -> Optional[LN]:
+    """Returns `wrapped` if `node` is of the shape ( wrapped ).
+
+    Parenthesis can be optional. Returns None otherwise"""
+    if len(node.children) != 3:
+        return None
+
+    lpar, wrapped, rpar = node.children
+    if not (lpar.type == token.LPAR and rpar.type == token.RPAR):
+        return None
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def wrap_in_parentheses(parent: Node, child: LN, *, visible: bool = True) -> None:
+    """Wrap `child` in parentheses.
+
+    This replaces `child` with an atom holding the parentheses and the old
+    child.  That requires moving the prefix.
+
+    If `visible` is False, the leaves will be valueless (and thus invisible).
+    """
+    lpar = Leaf(token.LPAR, "(" if visible else "")
+    rpar = Leaf(token.RPAR, ")" if visible else "")
+    prefix = child.prefix
+    child.prefix = ""
+    index = child.remove() or 0
+    new_child = Node(syms.atom, [lpar, child, rpar])
+    new_child.prefix = prefix
+    parent.insert_child(index, new_child)
+
+
 def is_one_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
     """Return True if `node` holds a tuple with one element, with or without parens."""
     if node.type == syms.atom:
-        if len(node.children) != 3:
-            return False
-
-        lpar, gexp, rpar = node.children
-        if not (
-            lpar.type == token.LPAR
-            and gexp.type == syms.testlist_gexp
-            and rpar.type == token.RPAR
-        ):
+        gexp = unwrap_singleton_parenthesis(node)
+        if gexp is None or gexp.type != syms.testlist_gexp:
             return False
 
         return len(gexp.children) == 2 and gexp.children[1].type == token.COMMA
@@ -2828,6 +3206,12 @@ def is_one_tuple(node: LN) -> bool:
     )
 
 
+def is_walrus_assignment(node: LN) -> bool:
+    """Return True iff `node` is of the shape ( test := test )"""
+    inner = unwrap_singleton_parenthesis(node)
+    return inner is not None and inner.type == syms.namedexpr_test
+
+
 def is_yield(node: LN) -> bool:
     """Return True if `node` holds a `yield` or `yield from` expression."""
     if node.type == syms.yield_expr:
@@ -2857,7 +3241,7 @@ def is_vararg(leaf: Leaf, within: Set[NodeType]) -> bool:
     extended iterable unpacking (PEP 3132) and additional unpacking
     generalizations (PEP 448).
     """
-    if leaf.type not in STARS or not leaf.parent:
+    if leaf.type not in VARARGS_SPECIALS or not leaf.parent:
         return False
 
     p = leaf.parent
@@ -2907,7 +3291,7 @@ def is_stub_body(node: LN) -> bool:
     )
 
 
-def max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node: LN) -> int:
+def max_delimiter_priority_in_atom(node: LN) -> Priority:
     """Return maximum delimiter priority inside `node`.
 
     This is specific to atoms with contents contained in a pair of parentheses.
@@ -2939,7 +3323,7 @@ def ensure_visible(leaf: Leaf) -> None:
     """Make sure parentheses are visible.
 
     They could be invisible as part of some statements (see
-    :func:`normalize_invible_parens` and :func:`visit_import_from`).
+    :func:`normalize_invisible_parens` and :func:`visit_import_from`).
     """
     if leaf.type == token.LPAR:
         leaf.value = "("
@@ -2949,6 +3333,7 @@ def ensure_visible(leaf: Leaf) -> None:
 
 def should_explode(line: Line, opening_bracket: Leaf) -> bool:
     """Should `line` immediately be split with `delimiter_split()` after RHS?"""
+
     if not (
         opening_bracket.parent
         and opening_bracket.parent.type in {syms.atom, syms.import_from}
@@ -2966,39 +3351,61 @@ def should_explode(line: Line, opening_bracket: Leaf) -> bool:
     return max_priority == COMMA_PRIORITY
 
 
-def is_python36(node: Node) -> bool:
-    """Return True if the current file is using Python 3.6+ features.
+def get_features_used(node: Node) -> Set[Feature]:
+    """Return a set of (relatively) new Python features used in this file.
 
     Currently looking for:
     - f-strings;
-    - underscores in numeric literals; and
-    - trailing commas after * or ** in function signatures and calls.
+    - underscores in numeric literals;
+    - trailing commas after * or ** in function signatures and calls;
+    - positional only arguments in function signatures and lambdas;
     """
+    features: Set[Feature] = set()
     for n in node.pre_order():
         if n.type == token.STRING:
             value_head = n.value[:2]  # type: ignore
             if value_head in {'f"', 'F"', "f'", "F'", "rf", "fr", "RF", "FR"}:
-                return True
+                features.add(Feature.F_STRINGS)
 
         elif n.type == token.NUMBER:
             if "_" in n.value:  # type: ignore
-                return True
+                features.add(Feature.NUMERIC_UNDERSCORES)
+
+        elif n.type == token.SLASH:
+            if n.parent and n.parent.type in {syms.typedargslist, syms.arglist}:
+                features.add(Feature.POS_ONLY_ARGUMENTS)
+
+        elif n.type == token.COLONEQUAL:
+            features.add(Feature.ASSIGNMENT_EXPRESSIONS)
 
         elif (
             n.type in {syms.typedargslist, syms.arglist}
             and n.children
             and n.children[-1].type == token.COMMA
         ):
+            if n.type == syms.typedargslist:
+                feature = Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_DEF
+            else:
+                feature = Feature.TRAILING_COMMA_IN_CALL
+
             for ch in n.children:
                 if ch.type in STARS:
-                    return True
+                    features.add(feature)
 
                 if ch.type == syms.argument:
                     for argch in ch.children:
                         if argch.type in STARS:
-                            return True
+                            features.add(feature)
+
+    return features
 
-    return False
+
+def detect_target_versions(node: Node) -> Set[TargetVersion]:
+    """Detect the version to target based on the nodes used."""
+    features = get_features_used(node)
+    return {
+        version for version in TargetVersion if features <= VERSION_TO_FEATURES[version]
+    }
 
 
 def generate_trailers_to_omit(line: Line, line_length: int) -> Iterator[Set[LeafID]]:
@@ -3015,8 +3422,8 @@ def generate_trailers_to_omit(line: Line, line_length: int) -> Iterator[Set[Leaf
     yield omit
 
     length = 4 * line.depth
-    opening_bracket = None
-    closing_bracket = None
+    opening_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None
+    closing_bracket: Optional[Leaf] = None
     inner_brackets: Set[LeafID] = set()
     for index, leaf, leaf_length in enumerate_with_length(line, reversed=True):
         length += leaf_length
@@ -3060,19 +3467,23 @@ def get_future_imports(node: Node) -> Set[str]:
             if isinstance(child, Leaf):
                 if child.type == token.NAME:
                     yield child.value
+
             elif child.type == syms.import_as_name:
                 orig_name = child.children[0]
                 assert isinstance(orig_name, Leaf), "Invalid syntax parsing imports"
                 assert orig_name.type == token.NAME, "Invalid syntax parsing imports"
                 yield orig_name.value
+
             elif child.type == syms.import_as_names:
                 yield from get_imports_from_children(child.children)
+
             else:
-                assert False, "Invalid syntax parsing imports"
+                raise AssertionError("Invalid syntax parsing imports")
 
     for child in node.children:
         if child.type != syms.simple_stmt:
             break
+
         first_child = child.children[0]
         if isinstance(first_child, Leaf):
             # Continue looking if we see a docstring; otherwise stop.
@@ -3082,24 +3493,39 @@ def get_future_imports(node: Node) -> Set[str]:
                 and child.children[1].type == token.NEWLINE
             ):
                 continue
-            else:
-                break
+
+            break
+
         elif first_child.type == syms.import_from:
             module_name = first_child.children[1]
             if not isinstance(module_name, Leaf) or module_name.value != "__future__":
                 break
+
             imports |= set(get_imports_from_children(first_child.children[3:]))
         else:
             break
+
     return imports
 
 
+@lru_cache()
+def get_gitignore(root: Path) -> PathSpec:
+    """ Return a PathSpec matching gitignore content if present."""
+    gitignore = root / ".gitignore"
+    lines: List[str] = []
+    if gitignore.is_file():
+        with gitignore.open() as gf:
+            lines = gf.readlines()
+    return PathSpec.from_lines("gitwildmatch", lines)
+
+
 def gen_python_files_in_dir(
     path: Path,
     root: Path,
     include: Pattern[str],
     exclude: Pattern[str],
     report: "Report",
+    gitignore: PathSpec,
 ) -> Iterator[Path]:
     """Generate all files under `path` whose paths are not excluded by the
     `exclude` regex, but are included by the `include` regex.
@@ -3110,8 +3536,18 @@ def gen_python_files_in_dir(
     """
     assert root.is_absolute(), f"INTERNAL ERROR: `root` must be absolute but is {root}"
     for child in path.iterdir():
+        # First ignore files matching .gitignore
+        if gitignore.match_file(child.as_posix()):
+            report.path_ignored(child, f"matches the .gitignore file content")
+            continue
+
+        # Then ignore with `exclude` option.
         try:
             normalized_path = "/" + child.resolve().relative_to(root).as_posix()
+        except OSError as e:
+            report.path_ignored(child, f"cannot be read because {e}")
+            continue
+
         except ValueError:
             if child.is_symlink():
                 report.path_ignored(
@@ -3123,13 +3559,16 @@ def gen_python_files_in_dir(
 
         if child.is_dir():
             normalized_path += "/"
+
         exclude_match = exclude.search(normalized_path)
         if exclude_match and exclude_match.group(0):
             report.path_ignored(child, f"matches the --exclude regular expression")
             continue
 
         if child.is_dir():
-            yield from gen_python_files_in_dir(child, root, include, exclude, report)
+            yield from gen_python_files_in_dir(
+                child, root, include, exclude, report, gitignore
+            )
 
         elif child.is_file():
             include_match = include.search(normalized_path)
@@ -3252,17 +3691,59 @@ class Report:
         return ", ".join(report) + "."
 
 
+def parse_ast(src: str) -> Union[ast.AST, ast3.AST, ast27.AST]:
+    filename = "<unknown>"
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+        # TODO: support Python 4+ ;)
+        for minor_version in range(sys.version_info[1], 4, -1):
+            try:
+                return ast.parse(src, filename, feature_version=(3, minor_version))
+            except SyntaxError:
+                continue
+    else:
+        for feature_version in (7, 6):
+            try:
+                return ast3.parse(src, filename, feature_version=feature_version)
+            except SyntaxError:
+                continue
+
+    return ast27.parse(src)
+
+
+def _fixup_ast_constants(
+    node: Union[ast.AST, ast3.AST, ast27.AST]
+) -> Union[ast.AST, ast3.AST, ast27.AST]:
+    """Map ast nodes deprecated in 3.8 to Constant."""
+    if isinstance(node, (ast.Str, ast3.Str, ast27.Str, ast.Bytes, ast3.Bytes)):
+        return ast.Constant(value=node.s)
+
+    if isinstance(node, (ast.Num, ast3.Num, ast27.Num)):
+        return ast.Constant(value=node.n)
+
+    if isinstance(node, (ast.NameConstant, ast3.NameConstant)):
+        return ast.Constant(value=node.value)
+
+    return node
+
+
 def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
     """Raise AssertionError if `src` and `dst` aren't equivalent."""
 
-    import ast
-    import traceback
-
-    def _v(node: ast.AST, depth: int = 0) -> Iterator[str]:
+    def _v(node: Union[ast.AST, ast3.AST, ast27.AST], depth: int = 0) -> Iterator[str]:
         """Simple visitor generating strings to compare ASTs by content."""
+
+        node = _fixup_ast_constants(node)
+
         yield f"{'  ' * depth}{node.__class__.__name__}("
 
-        for field in sorted(node._fields):
+        for field in sorted(node._fields):  # noqa: F402
+            # TypeIgnore has only one field 'lineno' which breaks this comparison
+            type_ignore_classes = (ast3.TypeIgnore, ast27.TypeIgnore)
+            if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+                type_ignore_classes += (ast.TypeIgnore,)
+            if isinstance(node, type_ignore_classes):
+                break
+
             try:
                 value = getattr(node, field)
             except AttributeError:
@@ -3272,10 +3753,20 @@ def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
 
             if isinstance(value, list):
                 for item in value:
-                    if isinstance(item, ast.AST):
+                    # Ignore nested tuples within del statements, because we may insert
+                    # parentheses and they change the AST.
+                    if (
+                        field == "targets"
+                        and isinstance(node, (ast.Delete, ast3.Delete, ast27.Delete))
+                        and isinstance(item, (ast.Tuple, ast3.Tuple, ast27.Tuple))
+                    ):
+                        for item in item.elts:
+                            yield from _v(item, depth + 2)
+
+                    elif isinstance(item, (ast.AST, ast3.AST, ast27.AST)):
                         yield from _v(item, depth + 2)
 
-            elif isinstance(value, ast.AST):
+            elif isinstance(value, (ast.AST, ast3.AST, ast27.AST)):
                 yield from _v(value, depth + 2)
 
             else:
@@ -3284,22 +3775,20 @@ def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
         yield f"{'  ' * depth})  # /{node.__class__.__name__}"
 
     try:
-        src_ast = ast.parse(src)
+        src_ast = parse_ast(src)
     except Exception as exc:
-        major, minor = sys.version_info[:2]
         raise AssertionError(
-            f"cannot use --safe with this file; failed to parse source file "
-            f"with Python {major}.{minor}'s builtin AST. Re-run with --fast "
-            f"or stop using deprecated Python 2 syntax. AST error message: {exc}"
+            f"cannot use --safe with this file; failed to parse source file.  "
+            f"AST error message: {exc}"
         )
 
     try:
-        dst_ast = ast.parse(dst)
+        dst_ast = parse_ast(dst)
     except Exception as exc:
         log = dump_to_file("".join(traceback.format_tb(exc.__traceback__)), dst)
         raise AssertionError(
             f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced invalid code: {exc}. "
-            f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/ambv/black/issues.  "
+            f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/psf/black/issues.  "
             f"This invalid output might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
 
@@ -3310,16 +3799,14 @@ def assert_equivalent(src: str, dst: str) -> None:
         raise AssertionError(
             f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced code that is not equivalent to "
             f"the source.  "
-            f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/ambv/black/issues.  "
+            f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/psf/black/issues.  "
             f"This diff might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
 
 
-def assert_stable(
-    src: str, dst: str, line_length: int, mode: FileMode = FileMode.AUTO_DETECT
-) -> None:
+def assert_stable(src: str, dst: str, mode: FileMode) -> None:
     """Raise AssertionError if `dst` reformats differently the second time."""
-    newdst = format_str(dst, line_length=line_length, mode=mode)
+    newdst = format_str(dst, mode=mode)
     if dst != newdst:
         log = dump_to_file(
             diff(src, dst, "source", "first pass"),
@@ -3328,15 +3815,14 @@ def assert_stable(
         raise AssertionError(
             f"INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced different code on the second pass "
             f"of the formatter.  "
-            f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/ambv/black/issues.  "
+            f"Please report a bug on https://github.com/psf/black/issues.  "
             f"This diff might be helpful: {log}"
         ) from None
 
 
+@mypyc_attr(patchable=True)
 def dump_to_file(*output: str) -> str:
     """Dump `output` to a temporary file. Return path to the file."""
-    import tempfile
-
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
         mode="w", prefix="blk_", suffix=".log", delete=False, encoding="utf8"
     ) as f:
@@ -3347,6 +3833,15 @@ def dump_to_file(*output: str) -> str:
     return f.name
 
 
+@contextmanager
+def nullcontext() -> Iterator[None]:
+    """Return an empty context manager.
+
+    To be used like `nullcontext` in Python 3.7.
+    """
+    yield
+
+
 def diff(a: str, b: str, a_name: str, b_name: str) -> str:
     """Return a unified diff string between strings `a` and `b`."""
     import difflib
@@ -3358,18 +3853,22 @@ def diff(a: str, b: str, a_name: str, b_name: str) -> str:
     )
 
 
-def cancel(tasks: Iterable[asyncio.Task]) -> None:
+def cancel(tasks: Iterable["asyncio.Task[Any]"]) -> None:
     """asyncio signal handler that cancels all `tasks` and reports to stderr."""
     err("Aborted!")
     for task in tasks:
         task.cancel()
 
 
-def shutdown(loop: BaseEventLoop) -> None:
+def shutdown(loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop) -> None:
     """Cancel all pending tasks on `loop`, wait for them, and close the loop."""
     try:
+        if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+            all_tasks = asyncio.all_tasks
+        else:
+            all_tasks = asyncio.Task.all_tasks
         # This part is borrowed from asyncio/runners.py in Python 3.7b2.
-        to_cancel = [task for task in asyncio.Task.all_tasks(loop) if not task.done()]
+        to_cancel = [task for task in all_tasks(loop) if not task.done()]
         if not to_cancel:
             return
 
@@ -3403,7 +3902,8 @@ def re_compile_maybe_verbose(regex: str) -> Pattern[str]:
     """
     if "\n" in regex:
         regex = "(?x)" + regex
-    return re.compile(regex)
+    compiled: Pattern[str] = re.compile(regex)
+    return compiled
 
 
 def enumerate_reversed(sequence: Sequence[T]) -> Iterator[Tuple[Index, T]]:
@@ -3430,7 +3930,6 @@ def enumerate_with_length(
         if "\n" in leaf.value:
             return  # Multiline strings, we can't continue.
 
-        comment: Optional[Leaf]
         for comment in line.comments_after(leaf):
             length += len(comment.value)
 
@@ -3576,23 +4075,23 @@ def can_omit_invisible_parens(line: Line, line_length: int) -> bool:
     return False
 
 
-def get_cache_file(line_length: int, mode: FileMode) -> Path:
-    return CACHE_DIR / f"cache.{line_length}.{mode.value}.pickle"
+def get_cache_file(mode: FileMode) -> Path:
+    return CACHE_DIR / f"cache.{mode.get_cache_key()}.pickle"
 
 
-def read_cache(line_length: int, mode: FileMode) -> Cache:
+def read_cache(mode: FileMode) -> Cache:
     """Read the cache if it exists and is well formed.
 
     If it is not well formed, the call to write_cache later should resolve the issue.
     """
-    cache_file = get_cache_file(line_length, mode)
+    cache_file = get_cache_file(mode)
     if not cache_file.exists():
         return {}
 
     with cache_file.open("rb") as fobj:
         try:
             cache: Cache = pickle.load(fobj)
-        except pickle.UnpicklingError:
+        except (pickle.UnpicklingError, ValueError):
             return {}
 
     return cache
@@ -3620,17 +4119,15 @@ def filter_cached(cache: Cache, sources: Iterable[Path]) -> Tuple[Set[Path], Set
     return todo, done
 
 
-def write_cache(
-    cache: Cache, sources: Iterable[Path], line_length: int, mode: FileMode
-) -> None:
+def write_cache(cache: Cache, sources: Iterable[Path], mode: FileMode) -> None:
     """Update the cache file."""
-    cache_file = get_cache_file(line_length, mode)
+    cache_file = get_cache_file(mode)
     try:
-        if not CACHE_DIR.exists():
-            CACHE_DIR.mkdir(parents=True)
+        CACHE_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         new_cache = {**cache, **{src.resolve(): get_cache_info(src) for src in sources}}
-        with cache_file.open("wb") as fobj:
-            pickle.dump(new_cache, fobj, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(dir=str(cache_file.parent), delete=False) as f:
+            pickle.dump(new_cache, f, protocol=4)
+        os.replace(f.name, cache_file)
     except OSError:
         pass
 
@@ -3658,6 +4155,7 @@ def patch_click() -> None:
 
 
 def patched_main() -> None:
+    freeze_support()
     patch_click()
     main()