All patches and comments are welcome. Please squash your changes to logical
commits before using git-format-patch and git-send-email to
patches@git.madduck.net.
If you'd read over the Git project's submission guidelines and adhered to them,
I'd be especially grateful.
1 # The (future of the) Black code style
4 Changes to this document often aren't tied and don't relate to releases of
5 _Black_. It's recommended that you read the latest version available.
8 ## Using backslashes for with statements
10 [Backslashes are bad and should be never be used](labels/why-no-backslashes) however
11 there is one exception: `with` statements using multiple context managers. Before Python
12 3.9 Python's grammar does not allow organizing parentheses around the series of context
15 We don't want formatting like:
18 with make_context_manager1() as cm1, make_context_manager2() as cm2, make_context_manager3() as cm3, make_context_manager4() as cm4:
19 ... # nothing to split on - line too long
22 So _Black_ will, when we implement this, format it like this:
26 make_context_manager1() as cm1, \
27 make_context_manager2() as cm2, \
28 make_context_manager3() as cm3, \
29 make_context_manager4() as cm4 \
31 ... # backslashes and an ugly stranded colon
34 Although when the target version is Python 3.9 or higher, _Black_ uses parentheses
35 instead in `--preview` mode (see below) since they're allowed in Python 3.9 and higher.
37 An alternative to consider if the backslashes in the above formatting are undesirable is
38 to use {external:py:obj}`contextlib.ExitStack` to combine context managers in the
42 with contextlib.ExitStack() as exit_stack:
43 cm1 = exit_stack.enter_context(make_context_manager1())
44 cm2 = exit_stack.enter_context(make_context_manager2())
45 cm3 = exit_stack.enter_context(make_context_manager3())
46 cm4 = exit_stack.enter_context(make_context_manager4())
50 (labels/preview-style)=
54 Experimental, potentially disruptive style changes are gathered under the `--preview`
55 CLI flag. At the end of each year, these changes may be adopted into the default style,
56 as described in [The Black Code Style](index.md). Because the functionality is
57 experimental, feedback and issue reports are highly encouraged!
59 ### Improved string processing
61 _Black_ will split long string literals and merge short ones. Parentheses are used where
62 appropriate. When split, parts of f-strings that don't need formatting are converted to
63 plain strings. User-made splits are respected when they do not exceed the line length
64 limit. Line continuation backslashes are converted into parenthesized strings.
65 Unnecessary parentheses are stripped. The stability and status of this feature is
66 tracked in [this issue](https://github.com/psf/black/issues/2188).
68 ### Improved line breaks
70 For assignment expressions, _Black_ now prefers to split and wrap the right side of the
71 assignment instead of left side. For example:
76 ] = some_looooooooong_module.some_looooooooooooooong_function_name(
77 first_argument, second_argument, third_argument
84 some_dict["with_a_long_key"] = (
85 some_looooooooong_module.some_looooooooooooooong_function_name(
86 first_argument, second_argument, third_argument
91 ### Improved parentheses management
93 For dict literals with long values, they are now wrapped in parentheses. Unnecessary
94 parentheses are now removed. For example:
98 "a key in my dict": a_very_long_variable
99 * and_a_very_long_function_call()
101 "another key": (short_value),
109 "a key in my dict": (
110 a_very_long_variable * and_a_very_long_function_call() / 100000.0
112 "another key": short_value,
116 ### Improved multiline string handling
118 _Black_ is smarter when formatting multiline strings, especially in function arguments,
119 to avoid introducing extra line breaks. Previously, it would always consider multiline
120 strings as not fitting on a single line. With this new feature, _Black_ looks at the
121 context around the multiline string to decide if it should be inlined or split to a
122 separate line. For example, when a multiline string is passed to a function, _Black_
123 will only split the multiline string if a line is too long or if multiple arguments are
126 For example, _Black_ will reformat
161 """.replace("\n", "")