All patches and comments are welcome. Please squash your changes to logical
commits before using git-format-patch and git-send-email to
patches@git.madduck.net.
If you'd read over the Git project's submission guidelines and adhered to them,
I'd be especially grateful.
3 Foundational knowledge on using and configuring Black.
5 _Black_ is a well-behaved Unix-style command-line tool:
7 - it does nothing if it finds no sources to format;
8 - it will read from standard input and write to standard output if `-` is used as the
10 - it only outputs messages to users on standard error;
11 - exits with code 0 unless an internal error occurred or a CLI option prompted it.
15 To get started right away with sensible defaults:
18 black {source_file_or_directory}
21 You can run _Black_ as a package if running it as a script doesn't work:
24 python -m black {source_file_or_directory}
27 ### Command line options
29 The CLI options of _Black_ can be displayed by expanding the view below or by running
30 `black --help`. While _Black_ has quite a few knobs these days, it is still opinionated
31 so style options are deliberately limited and rarely added.
35 <summary>CLI reference</summary>
37 ```{program-output} black --help
43 ### Code input alternatives
47 _Black_ supports formatting code via stdin, with the result being printed to stdout.
48 Just let _Black_ know with `-` as the path.
51 $ echo "print ( 'hello, world' )" | black -
58 **Tip:** if you need _Black_ to treat stdin input as a file passed directly via the CLI,
59 use `--stdin-filename`. Useful to make sure _Black_ will respect the `--force-exclude`
60 option on some editors that rely on using stdin.
64 You can also pass code as a string using the `-c` / `--code` option.
67 $ black --code "print ( 'hello, world' )"
71 ### Writeback and reporting
73 By default _Black_ reformats the files given and/or found in place. Sometimes you need
74 _Black_ to just tell you what it _would_ do without actually rewriting the Python files.
76 There's two variations to this mode that are independently enabled by their respective
77 flags. Both variations can be enabled at once.
81 Passing `--check` will make _Black_ exit with:
83 - code 0 if nothing would change;
84 - code 1 if some files would be reformatted; or
85 - code 123 if there was an internal error
88 $ black test.py --check
90 1 file would be left unchanged.
94 $ black test.py --check
95 would reformat test.py
97 1 file would be reformatted.
101 $ black test.py --check
102 error: cannot format test.py: INTERNAL ERROR: Black produced code that is not equivalent to the source. Please report a bug on https://github.com/psf/black/issues. This diff might be helpful: /tmp/blk_kjdr1oog.log
104 1 file would fail to reformat.
111 Passing `--diff` will make _Black_ print out diffs that indicate what changes _Black_
112 would've made. They are printed to stdout so capturing them is simple.
114 If you'd like colored diffs, you can enable them with the `--color`.
117 $ black test.py --diff
118 --- test.py 2021-03-08 22:23:40.848954 +0000
119 +++ test.py 2021-03-08 22:23:47.126319 +0000
121 -print ( 'hello, world' )
122 +print("hello, world")
123 would reformat test.py
125 1 file would be reformatted.
130 _Black_ in general tries to produce the right amount of output, balancing between
131 usefulness and conciseness. By default, _Black_ emits files modified and error messages,
132 plus a short summary.
136 error: cannot format src/black_primer/cli.py: Cannot parse: 5:6: mport asyncio
137 reformatted src/black_primer/lib.py
138 reformatted src/blackd/__init__.py
139 reformatted src/black/__init__.py
141 3 files reformatted, 2 files left unchanged, 1 file failed to reformat.
144 Passing `-v` / `--verbose` will cause _Black_ to also emit messages about files that
145 were not changed or were ignored due to exclusion patterns. If _Black_ is using a
146 configuration file, a blue message detailing which one it is using will be emitted.
150 Using configuration from /tmp/pyproject.toml.
151 src/blib2to3 ignored: matches the --extend-exclude regular expression
152 src/_black_version.py wasn't modified on disk since last run.
153 src/black/__main__.py wasn't modified on disk since last run.
154 error: cannot format src/black_primer/cli.py: Cannot parse: 5:6: mport asyncio
155 reformatted src/black_primer/lib.py
156 reformatted src/blackd/__init__.py
157 reformatted src/black/__init__.py
159 3 files reformatted, 2 files left unchanged, 1 file failed to reformat
162 Passing `-q` / `--quiet` will cause _Black_ to stop emitting all non-critial output.
163 Error messages will still be emitted (which can silenced by `2>/dev/null`).
167 error: cannot format src/black_primer/cli.py: Cannot parse: 5:6: mport asyncio
172 You can check the version of _Black_ you have installed using the `--version` flag.
176 black, version 22.3.0
179 An option to require a specific version to be running is also provided.
182 $ black --required-version 21.9b0 -c "format = 'this'"
184 $ black --required-version 31.5b2 -c "still = 'beta?!'"
185 Oh no! 💥 💔 💥 The required version does not match the running version!
188 This is useful for example when running _Black_ in multiple environments that haven't
189 necessarily installed the correct version. This option can be set in a configuration
190 file for consistent results across environments.
192 ## Configuration via a file
194 _Black_ is able to read project-specific default values for its command line options
195 from a `pyproject.toml` file. This is especially useful for specifying custom
196 `--include` and `--exclude`/`--force-exclude`/`--extend-exclude` patterns for your
199 **Pro-tip**: If you're asking yourself "Do I need to configure anything?" the answer is
200 "No". _Black_ is all about sensible defaults. Applying those defaults will have your
201 code in compliance with many other _Black_ formatted projects.
203 ### What on Earth is a `pyproject.toml` file?
205 [PEP 518](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0518/) defines `pyproject.toml` as a
206 configuration file to store build system requirements for Python projects. With the help
207 of tools like [Poetry](https://python-poetry.org/) or
208 [Flit](https://flit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) it can fully replace the need for
209 `setup.py` and `setup.cfg` files.
211 ### Where _Black_ looks for the file
213 By default _Black_ looks for `pyproject.toml` starting from the common base directory of
214 all files and directories passed on the command line. If it's not there, it looks in
215 parent directories. It stops looking when it finds the file, or a `.git` directory, or a
216 `.hg` directory, or the root of the file system, whichever comes first.
218 If you're formatting standard input, _Black_ will look for configuration starting from
219 the current working directory.
221 You can use a "global" configuration, stored in a specific location in your home
222 directory. This will be used as a fallback configuration, that is, it will be used if
223 and only if _Black_ doesn't find any configuration as mentioned above. Depending on your
224 operating system, this configuration file should be stored as:
226 - Windows: `~\.black`
227 - Unix-like (Linux, MacOS, etc.): `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/black` (`~/.config/black` if the
228 `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` environment variable is not set)
230 Note that these are paths to the TOML file itself (meaning that they shouldn't be named
231 as `pyproject.toml`), not directories where you store the configuration. Here, `~`
232 refers to the path to your home directory. On Windows, this will be something like
233 `C:\\Users\UserName`.
235 You can also explicitly specify the path to a particular file that you want with
236 `--config`. In this situation _Black_ will not look for any other file.
238 If you're running with `--verbose`, you will see a blue message if a file was found and
241 Please note `blackd` will not use `pyproject.toml` configuration.
243 ### Configuration format
245 As the file extension suggests, `pyproject.toml` is a
246 [TOML](https://github.com/toml-lang/toml) file. It contains separate sections for
247 different tools. _Black_ is using the `[tool.black]` section. The option keys are the
248 same as long names of options on the command line.
250 Note that you have to use single-quoted strings in TOML for regular expressions. It's
251 the equivalent of r-strings in Python. Multiline strings are treated as verbose regular
252 expressions by Black. Use `[ ]` to denote a significant space character.
255 <summary>Example <code>pyproject.toml</code></summary>
260 target-version = ['py37']
263 # A regex preceded with ^/ will apply only to files and directories
264 # in the root of the project.
265 ^/foo.py # exclude a file named foo.py in the root of the project (in addition to the defaults)
273 Command-line options have defaults that you can see in `--help`. A `pyproject.toml` can
274 override those defaults. Finally, options provided by the user on the command line
277 _Black_ will only ever use one `pyproject.toml` file during an entire run. It doesn't
278 look for multiple files, and doesn't compose configuration from different levels of the
283 You've probably noted that not all of the options you can pass to _Black_ have been
284 covered. Don't worry, the rest will be covered in a later section.
286 A good next step would be configuring auto-discovery so `black .` is all you need
287 instead of laborously listing every file or directory. You can get started by heading
288 over to [File collection and discovery](./file_collection_and_discovery.md).
290 Another good choice would be setting up an
291 [integration with your editor](../integrations/editors.md) of choice or with
292 [pre-commit for source version control](../integrations/source_version_control.md).