All patches and comments are welcome. Please squash your changes to logical
commits before using git-format-patch and git-send-email to
patches@git.madduck.net.
If you'd read over the Git project's submission guidelines and adhered to them,
I'd be especially grateful.
1 # The (future of the) Black code style
4 Changes to this document often aren't tied and don't relate to releases of
5 _Black_. It's recommended that you read the latest version available.
8 ## Using backslashes for with statements
10 [Backslashes are bad and should be never be used](labels/why-no-backslashes) however
11 there is one exception: `with` statements using multiple context managers. Before Python
12 3.9 Python's grammar does not allow organizing parentheses around the series of context
15 We don't want formatting like:
18 with make_context_manager1() as cm1, make_context_manager2() as cm2, make_context_manager3() as cm3, make_context_manager4() as cm4:
19 ... # nothing to split on - line too long
22 So _Black_ will, when we implement this, format it like this:
26 make_context_manager1() as cm1, \
27 make_context_manager2() as cm2, \
28 make_context_manager3() as cm3, \
29 make_context_manager4() as cm4 \
31 ... # backslashes and an ugly stranded colon
34 Although when the target version is Python 3.9 or higher, _Black_ uses parentheses
35 instead in `--preview` mode (see below) since they're allowed in Python 3.9 and higher.
37 An alternative to consider if the backslashes in the above formatting are undesirable is
38 to use {external:py:obj}`contextlib.ExitStack` to combine context managers in the
42 with contextlib.ExitStack() as exit_stack:
43 cm1 = exit_stack.enter_context(make_context_manager1())
44 cm2 = exit_stack.enter_context(make_context_manager2())
45 cm3 = exit_stack.enter_context(make_context_manager3())
46 cm4 = exit_stack.enter_context(make_context_manager4())
52 Experimental, potentially disruptive style changes are gathered under the `--preview`
53 CLI flag. At the end of each year, these changes may be adopted into the default style,
54 as described in [The Black Code Style](index.md). Because the functionality is
55 experimental, feedback and issue reports are highly encouraged!
57 ### Improved string processing
59 _Black_ will split long string literals and merge short ones. Parentheses are used where
60 appropriate. When split, parts of f-strings that don't need formatting are converted to
61 plain strings. User-made splits are respected when they do not exceed the line length
62 limit. Line continuation backslashes are converted into parenthesized strings.
63 Unnecessary parentheses are stripped. The stability and status of this feature is
64 tracked in [this issue](https://github.com/psf/black/issues/2188).
66 ### Improved line breaks
68 For assignment expressions, _Black_ now prefers to split and wrap the right side of the
69 assignment instead of left side. For example:
74 ] = some_looooooooong_module.some_looooooooooooooong_function_name(
75 first_argument, second_argument, third_argument
82 some_dict["with_a_long_key"] = (
83 some_looooooooong_module.some_looooooooooooooong_function_name(
84 first_argument, second_argument, third_argument
89 ### Improved parentheses management
91 For dict literals with long values, they are now wrapped in parentheses. Unnecessary
92 parentheses are now removed. For example:
96 "a key in my dict": a_very_long_variable
97 * and_a_very_long_function_call()
99 "another key": (short_value),
107 "a key in my dict": (
108 a_very_long_variable * and_a_very_long_function_call() / 100000.0
110 "another key": short_value,
114 ### Improved multiline string handling
116 _Black_ is smarter when formatting multiline strings, especially in function arguments,
117 to avoid introducing extra line breaks. Previously, it would always consider multiline
118 strings as not fitting on a single line. With this new feature, _Black_ looks at the
119 context around the multiline string to decide if it should be inlined or split to a
120 separate line. For example, when a multiline string is passed to a function, _Black_
121 will only split the multiline string if a line is too long or if multiple arguments are
124 For example, _Black_ will reformat
159 """.replace("\n", "")